manuel cohen

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  • Front page of Le Canard Enchaine, issue number 1838, 37th year, published 11th January 1956, with headlines and cartoons referring to Pierre Poujade, whose party won 52 seats in the 1956 election. The newspaper's title has been changed to Le Canard Empoujade, as Poujadism was on the ascendance. Le Canard Enchaine is a satirical weekly newspaper, founded in 1915 during the First World War by Maurice Marechal, Jeanne Marechal and H P Gassier. It features investigative journalism, political cartoons, business and political leaks and bogus interviews. In 2015 the newspaper celebrated its 100th anniversary. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC_HISTORY_MC_0207.jpg
  • Front page of Le Canard Dechaine (the newspaper's headline was briefly changed to this after WWI to celebrate the end of military censorship of the press), issue number 176 & 177, 4th year, published 12th & 19th November 1919, with headline, 'La France a vote' (France has voted) and a map of France filled with political figures, referring to the legislative election, the first election after WWI, held on 16th and 30th November 1919. Le Canard Enchaine is a satirical weekly newspaper, founded in 1915 during the First World War by Maurice Marechal, Jeanne Marechal and H P Gassier. It features investigative journalism, political cartoons, business and political leaks and bogus interviews. In 2015 the newspaper celebrated its 100th anniversary. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC_HISTORY_MC_0195.jpg
  • Framed portrait of Maurice Marechal, founder of Le Canard Enchaine, in the editorial offices of the newspaper, photograph. The photograph is in the collection of the Archives du Canard Enchaine. Le Canard Enchaine is a satirical weekly newspaper, founded in 1915 during the First World War by Maurice Marechal, Jeanne Marechal and H P Gassier. It features investigative journalism, political cartoons, business and political leaks and bogus interviews. In 2015 the newspaper celebrated its 100th anniversary. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC_HISTORY_MC_0213.jpg
  • Maurice Marechal and his wife Jeanne Marechal, founders of Le Canard Enchaine, and a framed portrait of Maurice Marechal, in the editorial offices of the newspaper, photograph. The photograph is in the collection of the Archives du Canard Enchaine. Le Canard Enchaine is a satirical weekly newspaper, founded in 1915 during the First World War by Maurice Marechal, Jeanne Marechal and H P Gassier. It features investigative journalism, political cartoons, business and political leaks and bogus interviews. In 2015 the newspaper celebrated its 100th anniversary. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC_HISTORY_MC_0212.jpg
  • Front page of Le Canard Enchaine, issue number 2771, 58th year, published 5th December 1973, with headline 'Oh! Marcellin, quelle Watergaffe!', in reference to the Affaire des Plombiers, with the Direction de la Surveillance du Territoire and Raymond Marcellin accused of spying on the offices of Le Canard Enchaine. Le Canard Enchaine is a satirical weekly newspaper, founded in 1915 during the First World War by Maurice Marechal, Jeanne Marechal and H P Gassier. It features investigative journalism, political cartoons, business and political leaks and bogus interviews. In 2015 the newspaper celebrated its 100th anniversary. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC_HISTORY_MC_0210.jpg
  • Journalists from Le Canard Enchaine playing cards at the Cafe du Cadran in Paris, c. 1930, photograph, with (right) Maurice Marechal and his wife Jeanne Marechal, (opposite) Henri Monnier and (centre) Jules Rivet, copyeditor of the newspaper. The photograph is in the collection of the Archives du Canard Enchaine. Le Canard Enchaine is a satirical weekly newspaper, founded in 1915 during the First World War by Maurice Marechal, Jeanne Marechal and H P Gassier. It features investigative journalism, political cartoons, business and political leaks and bogus interviews. In 2015 the newspaper celebrated its 100th anniversary. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC_HISTORY_MC_0211.jpg
  • Front page of Le Canard Enchaine, issue number 2000, 40th year, published 18th February 1959, with the headline 'La Fiscalite par la Joie' and poem celebrating the 2000th edition of the newspaper. Le Canard Enchaine is a satirical weekly newspaper, founded in 1915 during the First World War by Maurice Marechal, Jeanne Marechal and H P Gassier. It features investigative journalism, political cartoons, business and political leaks and bogus interviews. In 2015 the newspaper celebrated its 100th anniversary. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC_HISTORY_MC_0209.jpg
  • Front page of Le Canard Enchaine, issue number 2012, 40th year, published 13th May 1959, on the anniversary of the Algiers Putsch of 1958, with cartoons of crowds marching towards a trap door and the headline, 'General, nous voila! La grande parade du 13 mai'. Le Canard Enchaine is a satirical weekly newspaper, founded in 1915 during the First World War by Maurice Marechal, Jeanne Marechal and H P Gassier. It features investigative journalism, political cartoons, business and political leaks and bogus interviews. In 2015 the newspaper celebrated its 100th anniversary. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC_HISTORY_MC_0208.jpg
  • Front page of Le Canard Enchaine, issue number 1212, 24th year, published 20th September 1939 during WWII, with blank spaces as evidence of imposed military censorship. Le Canard Enchaine is a satirical weekly newspaper, founded in 1915 during the First World War by Maurice Marechal, Jeanne Marechal and H P Gassier. It features investigative journalism, political cartoons, business and political leaks and bogus interviews. In 2015 the newspaper celebrated its 100th anniversary. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC_HISTORY_MC_0206.jpg
  • Front page of Le Canard Enchaine, issue number 1211, 24th year, published 13th September 1939 during WWII, with blank spaces with scissors symbols symbolising imposed military censorship. Le Canard Enchaine is a satirical weekly newspaper, founded in 1915 during the First World War by Maurice Marechal, Jeanne Marechal and H P Gassier. It features investigative journalism, political cartoons, business and political leaks and bogus interviews. In 2015 the newspaper celebrated its 100th anniversary. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC_HISTORY_MC_0205.jpg
  • Page 3 of Le Canard Enchaine, issue number 1209, 24th year, published 30th August 1939, with cartoons and headlines referring to the imminent outbreak of WWII, and a blank space with cartoon of person cutting with scissors, symbolising imposed censorship. Le Canard Enchaine is a satirical weekly newspaper, founded in 1915 during the First World War by Maurice Marechal, Jeanne Marechal and H P Gassier. It features investigative journalism, political cartoons, business and political leaks and bogus interviews. In 2015 the newspaper celebrated its 100th anniversary. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC_HISTORY_MC_0204.jpg
  • Front page of Le Canard Enchaine, issue number 1209, 24th year, published 30th August 1939, with the headline 'Anastasie reprend du service', a reference to the imposition of military censorship on the eve of the outbreak of WWII. Le Canard Enchaine is a satirical weekly newspaper, founded in 1915 during the First World War by Maurice Marechal, Jeanne Marechal and H P Gassier. It features investigative journalism, political cartoons, business and political leaks and bogus interviews. In 2015 the newspaper celebrated its 100th anniversary. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC_HISTORY_MC_0203.jpg
  • Front page of Le Canard Enchaine, issue number 915, 19th year, published 10th January 1934, with cartoon by Guilac and headlines referring to the Stavisky Affair, the death of the embezzler Alexandre Stavisky and an alleged government cover-up. Le Canard Enchaine is a satirical weekly newspaper, founded in 1915 during the First World War by Maurice Marechal, Jeanne Marechal and H P Gassier. It features investigative journalism, political cartoons, business and political leaks and bogus interviews. In 2015 the newspaper celebrated its 100th anniversary. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC_HISTORY_MC_0201.jpg
  • Front page of Le Canard Enchaine, issue number 1065, 21st year, published 25th November 1936, with headlines referring to the suicide of politician Roger Salengro, who had been accused of desertion during WWI. Le Canard Enchaine is a satirical weekly newspaper, founded in 1915 during the First World War by Maurice Marechal, Jeanne Marechal and H P Gassier. It features investigative journalism, political cartoons, business and political leaks and bogus interviews. In 2015 the newspaper celebrated its 100th anniversary. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC_HISTORY_MC_0202.jpg
  • Front page of Le Canard Enchaine, issue number 915, 19th year, published 10th January 1934, with cartoon by Guilac and headlines referring to the Stavisky Affair, the death of the embezzler Alexandre Stavisky and an alleged government cover-up. Le Canard Enchaine is a satirical weekly newspaper, founded in 1915 during the First World War by Maurice Marechal, Jeanne Marechal and H P Gassier. It features investigative journalism, political cartoons, business and political leaks and bogus interviews. In 2015 the newspaper celebrated its 100th anniversary. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC_HISTORY_MC_0200.jpg
  • Front page of Le Canard Enchaine, issue number 944, 19th year, published 1st August 1934, with a cartoon featuring a skeleton soldier at a war cemetery and the headline, 'La Commemoration n'est pas le guerre', commenting on 20 years since the start of the First World War. Le Canard Enchaine is a satirical weekly newspaper, founded in 1915 during the First World War by Maurice Marechal, Jeanne Marechal and H P Gassier. It features investigative journalism, political cartoons, business and political leaks and bogus interviews. In 2015 the newspaper celebrated its 100th anniversary. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC_HISTORY_MC_0197.jpg
  • Front page of Le Canard Enchaine, issue number 946, 19th year, published 15th August 1934, with a satirical cartoon entitled 'Le Concours de Plage du Canard' and the headline 'Les Joies des Vacances', celebrating the holiday absences of politicians. Le Canard Enchaine is a satirical weekly newspaper, founded in 1915 during the First World War by Maurice Marechal, Jeanne Marechal and H P Gassier. It features investigative journalism, political cartoons, business and political leaks and bogus interviews. In 2015 the newspaper celebrated its 100th anniversary. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC_HISTORY_MC_0199.jpg
  • Front page of Le Canard Enchaine, issue number 201, 5th year, published 5th May 1920, with a cartoon by Guilac featuring a chained duck and a headline 'Le Canard de nouveau enchaine', as the newspaper's title reverted to its original from the brief period it was called Le Canard Dechaine after WWI to celebrate the end of military censorship of the press. Le Canard Enchaine is a satirical weekly newspaper, founded in 1915 during the First World War by Maurice Marechal, Jeanne Marechal and H P Gassier. It features investigative journalism, political cartoons, business and political leaks and bogus interviews. In 2015 the newspaper celebrated its 100th anniversary. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC_HISTORY_MC_0196.jpg
  • Front page of Le Canard Enchaine, issue number 1, 1st year, published 10th September 1915 during WWI, with a cartoon featuring a clown with the headline 'Pour faire un Journal en 1915'. Le Canard Enchaine is a satirical weekly newspaper, founded in 1915 during the First World War by Maurice Marechal, Jeanne Marechal and H P Gassier. It features investigative journalism, political cartoons, business and political leaks and bogus interviews. In 2015 the newspaper celebrated its 100th anniversary. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC_HISTORY_MC_0192.jpg
  • Front page of Le Canard Enchaine, issue number 1, published 5th July 1916 during WWI, with a cartoon by H P Gassier depicting a chained duck. Le Canard Enchaine is a satirical weekly newspaper, founded in 1915 during the First World War by  Maurice Marechal, Jeanne Marechal and H P Gassier. It features investigative journalism, political cartoons, business and political leaks and bogus interviews. In 2015 the newspaper celebrated its 100th anniversary. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC_HISTORY_MC_0191.jpg
  • Front page of Le Canard Enchaine, issue number 159, 4th year, published 16th July 1919, with a full-page cartoon by Lucien Laforge featuring crowds of animals and foreigners leaving the Arc de Triomphe in Paris, and a headline 'Down with German militarism, Long live French militarism'. Le Canard Enchaine is a satirical weekly newspaper, founded in 1915 during the First World War by Maurice Marechal, Jeanne Marechal and H P Gassier. It features investigative journalism, political cartoons, business and political leaks and bogus interviews. In 2015 the newspaper celebrated its 100th anniversary. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC_HISTORY_MC_0193.jpg
  • Front page of Le Canard Enchaine, issue number 945, 19th year, published 8th August 1934, with cartoon by Henri Monnier and the headline 'Le Marechal Hindenburg etait un grand ami de la France'. Le Canard Enchaine is a satirical weekly newspaper, founded in 1915 during the First World War by Maurice Marechal, Jeanne Marechal and H P Gassier. It features investigative journalism, political cartoons, business and political leaks and bogus interviews. In 2015 the newspaper celebrated its 100th anniversary. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC_HISTORY_MC_0198.jpg
  • Front page of Le Canard Dechaine, issue number 172, 4th year, published 15th October 1919, with satirical cartoons featuring ducks and a headline, 'Le Canard est dechaine' (the newspaper's headline was briefly changed to this after WWI to celebrate the end of military censorship of the press). Le Canard Enchaine is a satirical weekly newspaper, founded in 1915 during the First World War by Maurice Marechal, Jeanne Marechal and H P Gassier. It features investigative journalism, political cartoons, business and political leaks and bogus interviews. In 2015 the newspaper celebrated its 100th anniversary. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC_HISTORY_MC_0194.jpg
  • Le nez de la triplice, political cartoon on the Triple Alliance, wood engraving by Meyer on the cover of Le Petit Journal, issue 310, 25th October 1896, in the Musee Guerre et Paix en Ardennes, or Museum of War and Peace in the Ardennes, opened 2003 and reopened 2018 after refurbishment, commemorating the Franco-Prussian War, First World War and Second World War, in Novion-Porcien, Ardennes, Grand Est, France. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC21_FRANCE_MC_2477.jpg
  • Imperial Party, satirical political cartoon print of clashes between French, Prussians, Russians and Austrians, in the Musee Napoleon at Brienne-le-Chateau, Aube, Grand Est, France. The museum is in the former Royal Military School where Napoleon trained. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC21_FRANCE_MC_1488.jpg
  • The First Kiss this 10 years!, or The Meeting of Britannia and Citizen Francois, political cartoon, 1803, etching by James Gillray, 1756-1815, in the Antechamber, housing displays relating to Franco-British relations during the revolutionary period of the First Empire, in the Chateau de Hardelot, originally the site of a 12th century castle, rebuilt over the centuries and finally redeveloped in the 19th century, in Condette, Pas-de-Calais, France. In the cartoon, a rotund Britannia is embraced by a bedraggled French officer, beneath the portraits of Napoleon and George III. The current chateau dates from 1865-72, when its owner, Henry Guy, rebuilt it in Neo-Tudor style. Since 2009 the building has housed the Centre Culturel de l'Entente Cordiale, with an arts programme involving France and Britain. It is situated within the Reserve Naturelle Regionale du Marais de Condette, a protected marshland area. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC17_FRANCE_MC_1391.jpg
  • Pierre Pean, born 1938 in Sable-sur-Sarthe, French investigative journalist and author, photographed in his office by Manuel Cohen in 2017. Pierre Pean's works on political controversies include L'Homme de l'ombre (1990), Une jeunesse francaise: Francois Mitterrand (1994), Manipulations Africaines (2001), La Face cachee du Monde (2003), Noires fureurs, blancs menteurs (2005) and The World According to K (2008).
    06012017_PierrePean_MC001.jpg
  • Pierre Pean, born 1938 in Sable-sur-Sarthe, French investigative journalist and author, photographed in his office by Manuel Cohen in 2017. Pierre Pean's works on political controversies include L'Homme de l'ombre (1990), Une jeunesse francaise: Francois Mitterrand (1994), Manipulations Africaines (2001), La Face cachee du Monde (2003), Noires fureurs, blancs menteurs (2005) and The World According to K (2008).
    06012017_PierrePean_MC002.jpg
  • Pierre Pean, born 1938 in Sable-sur-Sarthe, French investigative journalist and author, photographed in his office by Manuel Cohen in 2017. Pierre Pean's works on political controversies include L'Homme de l'ombre (1990), Une jeunesse francaise: Francois Mitterrand (1994), Manipulations Africaines (2001), La Face cachee du Monde (2003), Noires fureurs, blancs menteurs (2005) and The World According to K (2008).
    06012017_PierrePean_MC003.JPG
  • Charles-Louis de Secondat, baron de La Brède et de Montesquieu, 1689 - 1755, French social commentator and political thinker, Louvre Museum, Paris, France Picture by Manuel Cohen
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  • Postblloku Memorial or Memorial to Communist Isolation, inaugurated 2013, with a concrete cast of the supports from the notorious mine of Spac, a forced labour camp for political prisoners from 1968 to 1990, Tirana, Albania. The memorial consists of 3 parts - the mine at Spac, a bunker and a section of the Berlin Wall. Tirana was founded by the Ottomans in 1614 by Sulejman Bargjini and became the capital of Albania in 1920. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC14_Albana_MC017.jpg
  • Honorary inscription by the Lycian League for the city of Patara, 1st century AD, from Patara, Antalya, Turkey. The Lycian League was the earliest known democracy. It was formed in 205 BC of 23 member states, each of whom could elect a representative to the senate which met at the Bouleuterion in Patara. The inscription reads, "The Lycian League has honoured again the people of Patara with a golden wreath and a colossal bronze statue because from the beginning they have been working in the best way for the political advantage of the Lycian League and made an important contribution towards achieving the goodwill of the divine Augusti." Patara was a maritime Greek and Roman city on the South West Mediterranean coast of Lycia near modern-day Gelemis. It was said to be founded by Patarus, son of Apollo, and was famous for its temple and oracle of Apollo. It was a leading city of the Lycian League. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC13_Turkey_MC613.jpg
  • Handwritten notes for a speech against the Loi Falloux, pages 14 and 15, 1850, by Victor Hugo, 1802-85, French writer, housed in the Bibliotheque de l'Assemblee Nationale, 2nd arrondissement, Paris, France. In his speech, given to the Assembly on 15th January 1850, Hugo criticises the growing influence of the catholic clergy, which had been granted control of education under the Falloux Law. Hugo calls for a separation of church and state. The Bibliotheque de l'Assemblee Nationale, or Library of the National Assembly, was created in 1796 and is housed in the Assemblee Nationale at the Palais Bourbon. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC_HISTORY_MC_0435.jpg
  • Handwritten notes for a speech against the Loi Falloux, pages 3 and 4, 1850, by Victor Hugo, 1802-85, French writer, housed in the Bibliotheque de l'Assemblee Nationale, 2nd arrondissement, Paris, France. In his speech, given to the Assembly on 15th January 1850, Hugo criticises the growing influence of the catholic clergy, which had been granted control of education under the Falloux Law. Hugo calls for a separation of church and state. The Bibliotheque de l'Assemblee Nationale, or Library of the National Assembly, was created in 1796 and is housed in the Assemblee Nationale at the Palais Bourbon. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC_HISTORY_MC_0430.jpg
  • Handwritten notes for a speech supporting a bill offering amnesty to the communards (participants in the Paris Commune), 1876, page 26, by Victor Hugo, 1802-85, French writer, housed in the Archives du Senat, in the Senate in the Palais du Luxembourg, 6th arrondissement, Paris, France. Hugo was a senator for Seine 1876-85, and gave this speech on 22nd May 1876. Although this bill was not passed, a general amnesty was granted in 1880. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC_HISTORY_MC_0421.jpg
  • Handwritten notes for a speech supporting a bill offering amnesty to the communards (participants in the Paris Commune), 1876, page 25, by Victor Hugo, 1802-85, French writer, housed in the Archives du Senat, in the Senate in the Palais du Luxembourg, 6th arrondissement, Paris, France. Hugo was a senator for Seine 1876-85, and gave this speech on 22nd May 1876. Although this bill was not passed, a general amnesty was granted in 1880. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC_HISTORY_MC_0420.jpg
  • Handwritten notes for a speech supporting a bill offering amnesty to the communards (participants in the Paris Commune), 1876, page 21, by Victor Hugo, 1802-85, French writer, housed in the Archives du Senat, in the Senate in the Palais du Luxembourg, 6th arrondissement, Paris, France. Hugo was a senator for Seine 1876-85, and gave this speech on 22nd May 1876. Although this bill was not passed, a general amnesty was granted in 1880. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC_HISTORY_MC_0416.jpg
  • Handwritten notes for a speech supporting a bill offering amnesty to the communards (participants in the Paris Commune), 1876, page 8, by Victor Hugo, 1802-85, French writer, housed in the Archives du Senat, in the Senate in the Palais du Luxembourg, 6th arrondissement, Paris, France. Hugo was a senator for Seine 1876-85, and gave this speech on 22nd May 1876. Although this bill was not passed, a general amnesty was granted in 1880. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC_HISTORY_MC_0403.jpg
  • The 10m high purple middle finger by sculptor David Cerny, erected October 2013 on a floating barge on the Vltava river in Prague, Czech Republic. The Czech artist is known for his anti-communist stance has positioned the hand to face Prague Castle, seat of the leftist president Zeman, days before parliamentary elections that could give the communists a taste of power almost a quarter-century after they were ousted. The historic centre of Prague was declared a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1992. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC13_PRAGUE_MC163.jpg
  • View of the Vltava river with the Charles Bridge or Karluv most, the Bedrich Smetana Museum on the right, and the 10m high purple middle finger by sculptor David Cerny, erected October 2013 facing the seat of the leftist president Zeman before the parliamentary elections (far right), Prague, Czech Republic. The historic centre of Prague was declared a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1992. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC13_PRAGUE_MC151.jpg
  • Pierre Corneille (1606-84), playwright, stone, 1952 by Georges Rispail, with Sainte-Etienne du Mont Church, 16th-17th century, Place du Pantheon, Paris, France. Based on a bronze sculpture, 1906, by Henri Allouard (1844-1929) which was melted down during the 2nd World War German Occupation of Paris. Photograph by Manuel Cohen.
    LC12_Paris_MC216.jpg
  • Luxembourg Palace, (Palais du Luxembourg), 17th-19th century, Paris, France. Marie de Medici (1573-1642) commissioned the gardens and palace in 1611, in Florentine style. They were extended and altered until the 19th century. The Palace now houses the French Senate, the public gardens contain many statues and are a peaceful haven in the busy city. Photograph by Manuel Cohen.
    LC12_Paris_MC218.jpg
  • St Genevieve, Patron Saint of Paris (423-512), stone, 1845, by  Michel-Louis Victor Mercier (1810-94), Luxembourg Gardens, Paris, France. Photograph by Manuel Cohen.
    LC12_Paris_MC199.jpg
  • Bust of Charles-Augustin Sainte-Beuve (1804-69), French writer and critic, 1898, by Denys Puech (1854-1942), Luxembourg Gardens, Paris, France. Photograph by Manuel Cohen.
    LC12_Paris_MC189.jpg
  • Detail of Dancing Fawn (Faune dansant), bronze, 1850, by Eugene Louis Lesquene (1815-87), Luxembourg Gardens, Paris. Inspired by the Dancing Fawn excavated in Pompeii, 1830, and exhibited at Naples Museum, this sculpture was made in Rome. Photograph by Manuel Cohen.
    LC12_Paris_MC183.jpg
  • Terrace of Pavillon de la Fontaine Cafe, Luxembourg Gardens and Palace, (Jardin et Palais du Luxembourg), 17th-19th century, Paris, France. Marie de Medici (1573-1642) commissioned the gardens and palace in 1611, in Florentine style. They were extended and altered until the 19th century. The Palace now houses the French Senate, the public gardens contain many statues and are a peaceful haven in the busy city. Photograph by Manuel Cohen.
    LC12_Paris_MC171.jpg
  • The Greek Actor (L'Acteur Grec), bronze, 19th century by Charles Arthur Bourgeois (1838-86), Luxembourg Gardens, Paris, France. The actor is holding a script and has a mask pushed back across his forehead. In the distance the Pantheon, 1758-90, the National Mausoleum, is visible. Photograph by Manuel Cohen.
    LC12_Paris_MC174.jpg
  • Medici Fountain (La Fontaine Medicis), 1630s, commissioned by Marie de Medici, and designed by Tomasso Francini (1571-1651), renovated 1853-54, with added statuary, Acis and Galatea, group, bronze, stone and marble, Luxembourg Gardens, Paris, France. Photograph by Manuel Cohen.
    LC12_Paris_MC177.jpg
  • Luxembourg Gardens and Palace, (Jardin et Palais du Luxembourg), 17th-19th century, Paris, France. Marie de Medici (1573-1642) commissioned the gardens and palace in 1611, in Florentine style. They were extended and altered until the 19th century. The Palace now houses the French Senate, the public gardens contain many statues and are a peaceful haven in the busy city. Photograph by Manuel Cohen.
    LC12_Paris_MC202.jpg
  • Luxembourg Gardens and Palace, (Jardin et Palais du Luxembourg), 17th-19th century, Paris, France. Marie de Medici (1573-1642) commissioned the gardens and palace in 1611, in Florentine style. They were extended and altered until the 19th century. The Palace now houses the French Senate, the public gardens contain many statues and are a peaceful haven in the busy city. Photograph by Manuel Cohen.
    LC12_Paris_MC203.jpg
  • Tomb of Jean Jaures (1869-1814), French Socialist leader, crypt, Pantheon, 1758-90, by Jacques-Gabriel Soufflot (1713-80) and completed by Jean-Baptiste Rondelet (1743-1829), Paris, France. Photograph by Manuel Cohen
    LC12_Paris_MC162.jpg
  • Big Ben, 1858, clock tower of Palace of Westminster or Houses of Parliament, London, UK, 1840-60, by Sir Charles Barry and Augustus Pugin, seen from Westminster Bridge, road and foot traffic bridge, 1862, Thomas Page and Charles Barry. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC_London_MC232.jpg
  • River Thames and the Palace of Westminster, London, UK, or Houses of Parliament, 1840-60, by Sir Charles Barry and Augustus Pugin. The Gothic Perpendicular building replaced its predecessor, destroyed by fire, 1834. The 96.3 metre high clock tower is named after its largest bell, Big Ben. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC_London_MC229.JPG
  • Apres la Fete, Bismarck's 84th birthday and dead soldiers from the Franco-Prussian war, cover of Le Petit Journal, issue 230, 14th April 1895, in the Musee Guerre et Paix en Ardennes, or Museum of War and Peace in the Ardennes, opened 2003 and reopened 2018 after refurbishment, commemorating the Franco-Prussian War, First World War and Second World War, in Novion-Porcien, Ardennes, Grand Est, France. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC21_FRANCE_MC_2478.jpg
  • Alliance!, French president Felix Faure shaking hands with Tsar Nicholas II of Russia, illustrating the Franco-Russian Alliance, cover of Le Petit Journal, issue 356, 12th September 1897, in the Musee Guerre et Paix en Ardennes, or Museum of War and Peace in the Ardennes, opened 2003 and reopened 2018 after refurbishment, commemorating the Franco-Prussian War, First World War and Second World War, in Novion-Porcien, Ardennes, Grand Est, France. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC21_FRANCE_MC_2479.jpg
  • Entrance to the main building of Sciences Po, or the Institut d'etudes politiques de Paris, a grande ecole specialising in social sciences, on the rue Saint-Guillaume in the Saint-Germain area of the 7th arrondissement of Paris, France. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC22_FRANCE_MC_0662.jpg
  • Entrance to the main building of Sciences Po, or the Institut d'etudes politiques de Paris, a grande ecole specialising in social sciences, on the rue Saint-Guillaume in the Saint-Germain area of the 7th arrondissement of Paris, France. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC22_FRANCE_MC_0663.jpg
  • Handwritten notes for a speech against the Loi Falloux, pages 27 and 28, 1850, by Victor Hugo, 1802-85, French writer, housed in the Bibliotheque de l'Assemblee Nationale, 2nd arrondissement, Paris, France. In his speech, given to the Assembly on 15th January 1850, Hugo criticises the growing influence of the catholic clergy, which had been granted control of education under the Falloux Law. Hugo calls for a separation of church and state. The Bibliotheque de l'Assemblee Nationale, or Library of the National Assembly, was created in 1796 and is housed in the Assemblee Nationale at the Palais Bourbon. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC_HISTORY_MC_0441.jpg
  • Handwritten notes for a speech against the Loi Falloux, pages 25 and 26, 1850, by Victor Hugo, 1802-85, French writer, housed in the Bibliotheque de l'Assemblee Nationale, 2nd arrondissement, Paris, France. In his speech, given to the Assembly on 15th January 1850, Hugo criticises the growing influence of the catholic clergy, which had been granted control of education under the Falloux Law. Hugo calls for a separation of church and state. The Bibliotheque de l'Assemblee Nationale, or Library of the National Assembly, was created in 1796 and is housed in the Assemblee Nationale at the Palais Bourbon. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC_HISTORY_MC_0440.jpg
  • Handwritten notes for a speech against the Loi Falloux, pages 22, 23 and 24, 1850, by Victor Hugo, 1802-85, French writer, housed in the Bibliotheque de l'Assemblee Nationale, 2nd arrondissement, Paris, France. In his speech, given to the Assembly on 15th January 1850, Hugo criticises the growing influence of the catholic clergy, which had been granted control of education under the Falloux Law. Hugo calls for a separation of church and state. The Bibliotheque de l'Assemblee Nationale, or Library of the National Assembly, was created in 1796 and is housed in the Assemblee Nationale at the Palais Bourbon. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC_HISTORY_MC_0439.jpg
  • Handwritten notes for a speech against the Loi Falloux, page 21, 1850, by Victor Hugo, 1802-85, French writer, housed in the Bibliotheque de l'Assemblee Nationale, 2nd arrondissement, Paris, France. In his speech, given to the Assembly on 15th January 1850, Hugo criticises the growing influence of the catholic clergy, which had been granted control of education under the Falloux Law. Hugo calls for a separation of church and state. The Bibliotheque de l'Assemblee Nationale, or Library of the National Assembly, was created in 1796 and is housed in the Assemblee Nationale at the Palais Bourbon. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC_HISTORY_MC_0438.jpg
  • Handwritten notes for a speech against the Loi Falloux, pages 19 and 20, 1850, by Victor Hugo, 1802-85, French writer, housed in the Bibliotheque de l'Assemblee Nationale, 2nd arrondissement, Paris, France. In his speech, given to the Assembly on 15th January 1850, Hugo criticises the growing influence of the catholic clergy, which had been granted control of education under the Falloux Law. Hugo calls for a separation of church and state. The Bibliotheque de l'Assemblee Nationale, or Library of the National Assembly, was created in 1796 and is housed in the Assemblee Nationale at the Palais Bourbon. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC_HISTORY_MC_0437.jpg
  • Handwritten notes for a speech against the Loi Falloux, pages 16, 17 and 18, 1850, by Victor Hugo, 1802-85, French writer, housed in the Bibliotheque de l'Assemblee Nationale, 2nd arrondissement, Paris, France. In his speech, given to the Assembly on 15th January 1850, Hugo criticises the growing influence of the catholic clergy, which had been granted control of education under the Falloux Law. Hugo calls for a separation of church and state. The Bibliotheque de l'Assemblee Nationale, or Library of the National Assembly, was created in 1796 and is housed in the Assemblee Nationale at the Palais Bourbon. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC_HISTORY_MC_0436.jpg
  • Handwritten notes for a speech against the Loi Falloux, pages 12 and 13, 1850, by Victor Hugo, 1802-85, French writer, housed in the Bibliotheque de l'Assemblee Nationale, 2nd arrondissement, Paris, France. In his speech, given to the Assembly on 15th January 1850, Hugo criticises the growing influence of the catholic clergy, which had been granted control of education under the Falloux Law. Hugo calls for a separation of church and state. The Bibliotheque de l'Assemblee Nationale, or Library of the National Assembly, was created in 1796 and is housed in the Assemblee Nationale at the Palais Bourbon. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC_HISTORY_MC_0434.jpg
  • Handwritten notes for a speech against the Loi Falloux, pages 8 and 9, 1850, by Victor Hugo, 1802-85, French writer, housed in the Bibliotheque de l'Assemblee Nationale, 2nd arrondissement, Paris, France. In his speech, given to the Assembly on 15th January 1850, Hugo criticises the growing influence of the catholic clergy, which had been granted control of education under the Falloux Law. Hugo calls for a separation of church and state. The Bibliotheque de l'Assemblee Nationale, or Library of the National Assembly, was created in 1796 and is housed in the Assemblee Nationale at the Palais Bourbon. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC_HISTORY_MC_0432.jpg
  • Handwritten notes for a speech against the Loi Falloux, pages 10 and 11, 1850, by Victor Hugo, 1802-85, French writer, housed in the Bibliotheque de l'Assemblee Nationale, 2nd arrondissement, Paris, France. In his speech, given to the Assembly on 15th January 1850, Hugo criticises the growing influence of the catholic clergy, which had been granted control of education under the Falloux Law. Hugo calls for a separation of church and state. The Bibliotheque de l'Assemblee Nationale, or Library of the National Assembly, was created in 1796 and is housed in the Assemblee Nationale at the Palais Bourbon. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC_HISTORY_MC_0433.jpg
  • Handwritten notes for a speech against the Loi Falloux, pages 6 and 7, 1850, by Victor Hugo, 1802-85, French writer, housed in the Bibliotheque de l'Assemblee Nationale, 2nd arrondissement, Paris, France. In his speech, given to the Assembly on 15th January 1850, Hugo criticises the growing influence of the catholic clergy, which had been granted control of education under the Falloux Law. Hugo calls for a separation of church and state. The Bibliotheque de l'Assemblee Nationale, or Library of the National Assembly, was created in 1796 and is housed in the Assemblee Nationale at the Palais Bourbon. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC_HISTORY_MC_0431.jpg
  • Handwritten notes for a speech against the Loi Falloux, page 1, 1850, by Victor Hugo, 1802-85, French writer, housed in the Bibliotheque de l'Assemblee Nationale, 2nd arrondissement, Paris, France. In his speech, given to the Assembly on 15th January 1850, Hugo criticises the growing influence of the catholic clergy, which had been granted control of education under the Falloux Law. Hugo calls for a separation of church and state. The Bibliotheque de l'Assemblee Nationale, or Library of the National Assembly, was created in 1796 and is housed in the Assemblee Nationale at the Palais Bourbon. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC_HISTORY_MC_0427.jpg
  • Handwritten notes for a speech against the Loi Falloux, page 2, 1850, by Victor Hugo, 1802-85, French writer, housed in the Bibliotheque de l'Assemblee Nationale, 2nd arrondissement, Paris, France. In his speech, given to the Assembly on 15th January 1850, Hugo criticises the growing influence of the catholic clergy, which had been granted control of education under the Falloux Law. Hugo calls for a separation of church and state. The Bibliotheque de l'Assemblee Nationale, or Library of the National Assembly, was created in 1796 and is housed in the Assemblee Nationale at the Palais Bourbon. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC_HISTORY_MC_0428.jpg
  • Handwritten notes for a speech against the Loi Falloux, pages 5 and 6, 1850, by Victor Hugo, 1802-85, French writer, housed in the Bibliotheque de l'Assemblee Nationale, 2nd arrondissement, Paris, France. In his speech, given to the Assembly on 15th January 1850, Hugo criticises the growing influence of the catholic clergy, which had been granted control of education under the Falloux Law. Hugo calls for a separation of church and state. The Bibliotheque de l'Assemblee Nationale, or Library of the National Assembly, was created in 1796 and is housed in the Assemblee Nationale at the Palais Bourbon. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC_HISTORY_MC_0429.jpg
  • Handwritten notes for a speech against the Loi Falloux, page 1, 1850, by Victor Hugo, 1802-85, French writer, housed in the Bibliotheque de l'Assemblee Nationale, 2nd arrondissement, Paris, France. In his speech, given to the Assembly on 15th January 1850, Hugo criticises the growing influence of the catholic clergy, which had been granted control of education under the Falloux Law. Hugo calls for a separation of church and state. The Bibliotheque de l'Assemblee Nationale, or Library of the National Assembly, was created in 1796 and is housed in the Assemblee Nationale at the Palais Bourbon. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC_HISTORY_MC_0426.JPG
  • Handwritten notes for a speech supporting a bill offering amnesty to the communards (participants in the Paris Commune), 1876, page 28, by Victor Hugo, 1802-85, French writer, housed in the Archives du Senat, in the Senate in the Palais du Luxembourg, 6th arrondissement, Paris, France. Hugo was a senator for Seine 1876-85, and gave this speech on 22nd May 1876. Although this bill was not passed, a general amnesty was granted in 1880. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC_HISTORY_MC_0423.jpg
  • Handwritten notes for a speech supporting a bill offering amnesty to the communards (participants in the Paris Commune), 1876, page 30, by Victor Hugo, 1802-85, French writer, housed in the Archives du Senat, in the Senate in the Palais du Luxembourg, 6th arrondissement, Paris, France. Hugo was a senator for Seine 1876-85, and gave this speech on 22nd May 1876. Although this bill was not passed, a general amnesty was granted in 1880. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC_HISTORY_MC_0425.jpg
  • Handwritten notes for a speech supporting a bill offering amnesty to the communards (participants in the Paris Commune), 1876, page 29, by Victor Hugo, 1802-85, French writer, housed in the Archives du Senat, in the Senate in the Palais du Luxembourg, 6th arrondissement, Paris, France. Hugo was a senator for Seine 1876-85, and gave this speech on 22nd May 1876. Although this bill was not passed, a general amnesty was granted in 1880. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC_HISTORY_MC_0424.jpg
  • Handwritten notes for a speech supporting a bill offering amnesty to the communards (participants in the Paris Commune), 1876, page 27, by Victor Hugo, 1802-85, French writer, housed in the Archives du Senat, in the Senate in the Palais du Luxembourg, 6th arrondissement, Paris, France. Hugo was a senator for Seine 1876-85, and gave this speech on 22nd May 1876. Although this bill was not passed, a general amnesty was granted in 1880. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC_HISTORY_MC_0422.jpg
  • Handwritten notes for a speech supporting a bill offering amnesty to the communards (participants in the Paris Commune), 1876, page 24, by Victor Hugo, 1802-85, French writer, housed in the Archives du Senat, in the Senate in the Palais du Luxembourg, 6th arrondissement, Paris, France. Hugo was a senator for Seine 1876-85, and gave this speech on 22nd May 1876. Although this bill was not passed, a general amnesty was granted in 1880. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC_HISTORY_MC_0419.jpg
  • Handwritten notes for a speech supporting a bill offering amnesty to the communards (participants in the Paris Commune), 1876, page 23, by Victor Hugo, 1802-85, French writer, housed in the Archives du Senat, in the Senate in the Palais du Luxembourg, 6th arrondissement, Paris, France. Hugo was a senator for Seine 1876-85, and gave this speech on 22nd May 1876. Although this bill was not passed, a general amnesty was granted in 1880. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC_HISTORY_MC_0418.jpg
  • Handwritten notes for a speech supporting a bill offering amnesty to the communards (participants in the Paris Commune), 1876, page 22, by Victor Hugo, 1802-85, French writer, housed in the Archives du Senat, in the Senate in the Palais du Luxembourg, 6th arrondissement, Paris, France. Hugo was a senator for Seine 1876-85, and gave this speech on 22nd May 1876. Although this bill was not passed, a general amnesty was granted in 1880. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC_HISTORY_MC_0417.jpg
  • Handwritten notes for a speech supporting a bill offering amnesty to the communards (participants in the Paris Commune), 1876, page 20, by Victor Hugo, 1802-85, French writer, housed in the Archives du Senat, in the Senate in the Palais du Luxembourg, 6th arrondissement, Paris, France. Hugo was a senator for Seine 1876-85, and gave this speech on 22nd May 1876. Although this bill was not passed, a general amnesty was granted in 1880. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC_HISTORY_MC_0415.jpg
  • Handwritten notes for a speech supporting a bill offering amnesty to the communards (participants in the Paris Commune), 1876, page 16 bis, by Victor Hugo, 1802-85, French writer, housed in the Archives du Senat, in the Senate in the Palais du Luxembourg, 6th arrondissement, Paris, France. Hugo was a senator for Seine 1876-85, and gave this speech on 22nd May 1876. Although this bill was not passed, a general amnesty was granted in 1880. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC_HISTORY_MC_0413.jpg
  • Handwritten notes for a speech supporting a bill offering amnesty to the communards (participants in the Paris Commune), 1876, page 16, by Victor Hugo, 1802-85, French writer, housed in the Archives du Senat, in the Senate in the Palais du Luxembourg, 6th arrondissement, Paris, France. Hugo was a senator for Seine 1876-85, and gave this speech on 22nd May 1876. Although this bill was not passed, a general amnesty was granted in 1880. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC_HISTORY_MC_0412.jpg
  • Handwritten notes for a speech supporting a bill offering amnesty to the communards (participants in the Paris Commune), 1876, page 17, by Victor Hugo, 1802-85, French writer, housed in the Archives du Senat, in the Senate in the Palais du Luxembourg, 6th arrondissement, Paris, France. Hugo was a senator for Seine 1876-85, and gave this speech on 22nd May 1876. Although this bill was not passed, a general amnesty was granted in 1880. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC_HISTORY_MC_0414.jpg
  • Handwritten notes for a speech supporting a bill offering amnesty to the communards (participants in the Paris Commune), 1876, page 15, by Victor Hugo, 1802-85, French writer, housed in the Archives du Senat, in the Senate in the Palais du Luxembourg, 6th arrondissement, Paris, France. Hugo was a senator for Seine 1876-85, and gave this speech on 22nd May 1876. Although this bill was not passed, a general amnesty was granted in 1880. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC_HISTORY_MC_0411.jpg
  • Handwritten notes for a speech supporting a bill offering amnesty to the communards (participants in the Paris Commune), 1876, page 13, by Victor Hugo, 1802-85, French writer, housed in the Archives du Senat, in the Senate in the Palais du Luxembourg, 6th arrondissement, Paris, France. Hugo was a senator for Seine 1876-85, and gave this speech on 22nd May 1876. Although this bill was not passed, a general amnesty was granted in 1880. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC_HISTORY_MC_0409.jpg
  • Handwritten notes for a speech supporting a bill offering amnesty to the communards (participants in the Paris Commune), 1876, page 14, by Victor Hugo, 1802-85, French writer, housed in the Archives du Senat, in the Senate in the Palais du Luxembourg, 6th arrondissement, Paris, France. Hugo was a senator for Seine 1876-85, and gave this speech on 22nd May 1876. Although this bill was not passed, a general amnesty was granted in 1880. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC_HISTORY_MC_0410.jpg
  • Handwritten notes for a speech supporting a bill offering amnesty to the communards (participants in the Paris Commune), 1876, page 12, by Victor Hugo, 1802-85, French writer, housed in the Archives du Senat, in the Senate in the Palais du Luxembourg, 6th arrondissement, Paris, France. Hugo was a senator for Seine 1876-85, and gave this speech on 22nd May 1876. Although this bill was not passed, a general amnesty was granted in 1880. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC_HISTORY_MC_0408.jpg
  • Handwritten notes for a speech supporting a bill offering amnesty to the communards (participants in the Paris Commune), 1876, page 10 bis, by Victor Hugo, 1802-85, French writer, housed in the Archives du Senat, in the Senate in the Palais du Luxembourg, 6th arrondissement, Paris, France. Hugo was a senator for Seine 1876-85, and gave this speech on 22nd May 1876. Although this bill was not passed, a general amnesty was granted in 1880. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC_HISTORY_MC_0406.jpg
  • Handwritten notes for a speech supporting a bill offering amnesty to the communards (participants in the Paris Commune), 1876, page 11, by Victor Hugo, 1802-85, French writer, housed in the Archives du Senat, in the Senate in the Palais du Luxembourg, 6th arrondissement, Paris, France. Hugo was a senator for Seine 1876-85, and gave this speech on 22nd May 1876. Although this bill was not passed, a general amnesty was granted in 1880. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC_HISTORY_MC_0407.jpg
  • Handwritten notes for a speech supporting a bill offering amnesty to the communards (participants in the Paris Commune), 1876, page 10, by Victor Hugo, 1802-85, French writer, housed in the Archives du Senat, in the Senate in the Palais du Luxembourg, 6th arrondissement, Paris, France. Hugo was a senator for Seine 1876-85, and gave this speech on 22nd May 1876. Although this bill was not passed, a general amnesty was granted in 1880. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC_HISTORY_MC_0405.jpg
  • Handwritten notes for a speech supporting a bill offering amnesty to the communards (participants in the Paris Commune), 1876, page 9, by Victor Hugo, 1802-85, French writer, housed in the Archives du Senat, in the Senate in the Palais du Luxembourg, 6th arrondissement, Paris, France. Hugo was a senator for Seine 1876-85, and gave this speech on 22nd May 1876. Although this bill was not passed, a general amnesty was granted in 1880. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC_HISTORY_MC_0404.jpg
  • Handwritten notes for a speech supporting a bill offering amnesty to the communards (participants in the Paris Commune), 1876, page 7, by Victor Hugo, 1802-85, French writer, housed in the Archives du Senat, in the Senate in the Palais du Luxembourg, 6th arrondissement, Paris, France. Hugo was a senator for Seine 1876-85, and gave this speech on 22nd May 1876. Although this bill was not passed, a general amnesty was granted in 1880. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC_HISTORY_MC_0402.jpg
  • Handwritten notes for a speech supporting a bill offering amnesty to the communards (participants in the Paris Commune), 1876, page 6, by Victor Hugo, 1802-85, French writer, housed in the Archives du Senat, in the Senate in the Palais du Luxembourg, 6th arrondissement, Paris, France. Hugo was a senator for Seine 1876-85, and gave this speech on 22nd May 1876. Although this bill was not passed, a general amnesty was granted in 1880. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC_HISTORY_MC_0401.jpg
  • Handwritten notes for a speech supporting a bill offering amnesty to the communards (participants in the Paris Commune), 1876, page 5, by Victor Hugo, 1802-85, French writer, housed in the Archives du Senat, in the Senate in the Palais du Luxembourg, 6th arrondissement, Paris, France. Hugo was a senator for Seine 1876-85, and gave this speech on 22nd May 1876. Although this bill was not passed, a general amnesty was granted in 1880. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC_HISTORY_MC_0400.jpg
  • Handwritten notes for a speech supporting a bill offering amnesty to the communards (participants in the Paris Commune), 1876, page 3, by Victor Hugo, 1802-85, French writer, housed in the Archives du Senat, in the Senate in the Palais du Luxembourg, 6th arrondissement, Paris, France. Hugo was a senator for Seine 1876-85, and gave this speech on 22nd May 1876. Although this bill was not passed, a general amnesty was granted in 1880. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC_HISTORY_MC_0398.jpg
  • Handwritten notes for a speech supporting a bill offering amnesty to the communards (participants in the Paris Commune), 1876, page 4, by Victor Hugo, 1802-85, French writer, housed in the Archives du Senat, in the Senate in the Palais du Luxembourg, 6th arrondissement, Paris, France. Hugo was a senator for Seine 1876-85, and gave this speech on 22nd May 1876. Although this bill was not passed, a general amnesty was granted in 1880. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC_HISTORY_MC_0399.jpg
  • Handwritten notes for a speech supporting a bill offering amnesty to the communards (participants in the Paris Commune), 1876, page 2 (addition), by Victor Hugo, 1802-85, French writer, housed in the Archives du Senat, in the Senate in the Palais du Luxembourg, 6th arrondissement, Paris, France. Hugo was a senator for Seine 1876-85, and gave this speech on 22nd May 1876. Although this bill was not passed, a general amnesty was granted in 1880. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC_HISTORY_MC_0397.jpg
  • Handwritten notes for a speech supporting a bill offering amnesty to the communards (participants in the Paris Commune), 1876, page 2 (addition), by Victor Hugo, 1802-85, French writer, housed in the Archives du Senat, in the Senate in the Palais du Luxembourg, 6th arrondissement, Paris, France. Hugo was a senator for Seine 1876-85, and gave this speech on 22nd May 1876. Although this bill was not passed, a general amnesty was granted in 1880. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC_HISTORY_MC_0396.jpg
  • Handwritten notes for a speech supporting a bill offering amnesty to the communards (participants in the Paris Commune), 1876, page 2 bis, by Victor Hugo, 1802-85, French writer, housed in the Archives du Senat, in the Senate in the Palais du Luxembourg, 6th arrondissement, Paris, France. Hugo was a senator for Seine 1876-85, and gave this speech on 22nd May 1876. Although this bill was not passed, a general amnesty was granted in 1880. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC_HISTORY_MC_0395.jpg
  • Handwritten notes for a speech supporting a bill offering amnesty to the communards (participants in the Paris Commune), 1876, page 2, by Victor Hugo, 1802-85, French writer, housed in the Archives du Senat, in the Senate in the Palais du Luxembourg, 6th arrondissement, Paris, France. Hugo was a senator for Seine 1876-85, and gave this speech on 22nd May 1876. Although this bill was not passed, a general amnesty was granted in 1880. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC_HISTORY_MC_0394.jpg
  • Handwritten notes for a speech supporting a bill offering amnesty to the communards (participants in the Paris Commune), 1876, page 1, by Victor Hugo, 1802-85, French writer, housed in the Archives du Senat, in the Senate in the Palais du Luxembourg, 6th arrondissement, Paris, France. Hugo was a senator for Seine 1876-85, and gave this speech on 22nd May 1876. Although this bill was not passed, a general amnesty was granted in 1880. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC_HISTORY_MC_0393.JPG
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