manuel cohen

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  • High angle view of dyeing pits, Chourara Tannery, Fez, Morocco, pictured on February 25, 2009 in the evening. Arms and legs working together to remove skins from the dyeing pit at the Chouara tannery which is the largest of the four ancient tanneries in the Medina of Fez where the traditional work of the tanners has remained unchanged since the 14th century. It is composed of numerous dried-earth pits where raw skins are treated, pounded, scraped and dyed. Tanners work in vats filled with various coloured liquid dyes derived from plant sources. Colours change every two weeks, poppy flower for red, mint for green, indigo for blue, chedar tree for brown and saffron for yellow. Fez, Morocco's second largest city, and one of the four imperial cities, was founded in 789 by Idris I on the banks of the River Fez. The oldest university in the world is here and the city is still the Moroccan cultural and spiritual centre. Fez has three sectors: the oldest part, the walled city of Fes-el-Bali, houses Morocco's largest medina and is a UNESCO World Heritage Site;  Fes-el-Jedid was founded in 1244 as a new capital by the Merenid dynasty, and contains the Mellah, or Jewish quarter; Ville Nouvelle was built by the French who took over most of Morocco in 1912 and transferred the capital to Rabat. Picture by Manuel Cohen.
    LCMOROCCO_FEB09_MC0104.jpg
  • High angle view of tanners in the dyeing pits, Chouara tannery, Fez, Morocco pictured on February 25, 2009 in the evening. Arms and legs are working together to remove the skins from the dyeing pit. The Chouara tannery is the largest of the four ancient tanneries in the Medina of Fez where the traditional work of the tanners has remained unchanged since the 14th century. It is composed of numerous dried-earth pits where raw skins are treated, pounded, scraped and dyed. Tanners work in vats filled with various coloured liquid dyes derived from plant sources. Colours change every two weeks, poppy flower for red, mint for green, indigo for blue, chedar tree for brown and saffron for yellow. Fez, Morocco's second largest city, and one of the four imperial cities, was founded in 789 by Idris I on the banks of the River Fez. The oldest university in the world is here and the city is still the Moroccan cultural and spiritual centre. Fez has three sectors: the oldest part, the walled city of Fes-el-Bali, houses Morocco's largest medina and is a UNESCO World Heritage Site;  Fes-el-Jedid was founded in 1244 as a new capital by the Merenid dynasty, and contains the Mellah, or Jewish quarter; Ville Nouvelle was built by the French who took over most of Morocco in 1912 and transferred the capital to Rabat. Picture by Manuel Cohen.
    LCMOROCCO_FEB09_MC0087.jpg
  • High angle view of a tanner working in a pit constructed above a small store overlooking the large square of dyeing pits, Chouara Tannery, Fez, Morocco, pictured on February 23, 2009 in the evening. The Chouara tannery is the largest of the four ancient tanneries in the Medina of Fez where the traditional work of the tanners has remained unchanged since the 14th century. It is composed of numerous dried-earth pits where raw skins are treated, pounded, scraped and dyed. Tanners work in vats filled with various coloured liquid dyes derived from plant sources. Colours change every two weeks, poppy flower for red, mint for green, indigo for blue, chedar tree for brown and saffron for yellow. Fez, Morocco's second largest city, and one of the four imperial cities, was founded in 789 by Idris I on the banks of the River Fez. The oldest university in the world is here and the city is still the Moroccan cultural and spiritual centre. Fez has three sectors: the oldest part, the walled city of Fes-el-Bali, houses Morocco's largest medina and is a UNESCO World Heritage Site;  Fes-el-Jedid was founded in 1244 as a new capital by the Merenid dynasty, and contains the Mellah, or Jewish quarter; Ville Nouvelle was built by the French who took over most of Morocco in 1912 and transferred the capital to Rabat. Picture by Manuel Cohen.
    LCMOROCCO_FEB09_MC0046.jpg
  • High angle view of the pits used for the first treatment of the raw skins, Chouara Tannery, Fez, Morocco, pictured on February 23, 2009 in the evening. These white pits are filled with ammonia water made from pigeon droppings. The Chouara tannery is the largest of the four ancient tanneries in the Medina of Fez where the traditional work of the tanners has remained unchanged since the 14th century. It is composed of numerous dried-earth pits where raw skins are treated, pounded, scraped and dyed. Tanners work in vats filled with various coloured liquid dyes derived from plant sources. Colours change every two weeks, poppy flower for red, mint for green, indigo for blue, chedar tree for brown and saffron for yellow. Fez, Morocco's second largest city, and one of the four imperial cities, was founded in 789 by Idris I on the banks of the River Fez. The oldest university in the world is here and the city is still the Moroccan cultural and spiritual centre. Fez has three sectors: the oldest part, the walled city of Fes-el-Bali, houses Morocco's largest medina and is a UNESCO World Heritage Site;  Fes-el-Jedid was founded in 1244 as a new capital by the Merenid dynasty, and contains the Mellah, or Jewish quarter; Ville Nouvelle was built by the French who took over most of Morocco in 1912 and transferred the capital to Rabat. Picture by Manuel Cohen.
    LCMOROCCO_FEB09_MC0050.jpg
  • Detail of worker in vat, Chouara Tannery, Fez, Morocco, pictured on February 23, 2009 in the evening. A tanner uses his legs to stir the dyeing waters in a pit still shaded from the sun which is beginning to catch the surrounding pits. The Chouara tannery is the largest of the four ancient tanneries in the Medina of Fez where the traditional work of the tanners has remained unchanged since the 14th century. It is composed of numerous dried-earth pits where raw skins are treated, pounded, scraped and dyed. Tanners work in vats filled with various coloured liquid dyes derived from plant sources. Colours change every two weeks, poppy flower for red, mint for green, indigo for blue, chedar tree for brown and saffron for yellow. Fez, Morocco's second largest city, and one of the four imperial cities, was founded in 789 by Idris I on the banks of the River Fez. The oldest university in the world is here and the city is still the Moroccan cultural and spiritual centre. Fez has three sectors: the oldest part, the walled city of Fes-el-Bali, houses Morocco's largest medina and is a UNESCO World Heritage Site;  Fes-el-Jedid was founded in 1244 as a new capital by the Merenid dynasty, and contains the Mellah, or Jewish quarter; Ville Nouvelle was built by the French who took over most of Morocco in 1912 and transferred the capital to Rabat. Picture by Manuel Cohen.
    LCMOROCCO_FEB09_MC0045.jpg
  • Detail of dyeing pits with a young boy in the background by the stone stairway, Chouara Tannery, Fez, Morocco, pictured on February 25, 2009 in the evening. The Chouara tannery is the largest of the four ancient tanneries in the Medina of Fez where the traditional work of the tanners has remained unchanged since the 14th century. It is composed of numerous dried-earth pits where raw skins are treated, pounded, scraped and dyed. Tanners work in vats filled with various coloured liquid dyes derived from plant sources. Colours change every two weeks, poppy flower for red, mint for green, indigo for blue, chedar tree for brown and saffron for yellow. Fez, Morocco's second largest city, and one of the four imperial cities, was founded in 789 by Idris I on the banks of the River Fez. The oldest university in the world is here and the city is still the Moroccan cultural and spiritual centre. Fez has three sectors: the oldest part, the walled city of Fes-el-Bali, houses Morocco's largest medina and is a UNESCO World Heritage Site;  Fes-el-Jedid was founded in 1244 as a new capital by the Merenid dynasty, and contains the Mellah, or Jewish quarter; Ville Nouvelle was built by the French who took over most of Morocco in 1912 and transferred the capital to Rabat. Picture by Manuel Cohen.
    LCMOROCCO_FEB09_MC0091.jpg
  • High angle view of young boy carrying dry skins and guiding a donkey towards the store, Chouara tannery, Fez, Morocco, pictured on February 23, 2009 in the evening. The long sides of the pits are full of boys in their first year of studying at the tannery school. The Chouara tannery is the largest of the four ancient tanneries in the Medina of Fez where the traditional work of the tanners has remained unchanged since the 14th century. It is composed of numerous dried-earth pits where raw skins are treated, pounded, scraped and dyed. Tanners work in vats filled with various coloured liquid dyes derived from plant sources. Colours change every two weeks, poppy flower for red, mint for green, indigo for blue, chedar tree for brown and saffron for yellow. Fez, Morocco's second largest city, and one of the four imperial cities, was founded in 789 by Idris I on the banks of the River Fez. The oldest university in the world is here and the city is still the Moroccan cultural and spiritual centre. Fez has three sectors: the oldest part, the walled city of Fes-el-Bali, houses Morocco's largest medina and is a UNESCO World Heritage Site;  Fes-el-Jedid was founded in 1244 as a new capital by the Merenid dynasty, and contains the Mellah, or Jewish quarter; Ville Nouvelle was built by the French who took over most of Morocco in 1912 and transferred the capital to Rabat. Picture by Manuel Cohen.
    LCMOROCCO_FEB09_MC0049.jpg
  • Detail of dye pits, Chouara tannery Fez, Morocco, pictured on February 25, 2009 in the evening. The Chouara tannery is the largest of the four ancient tanneries in the Medina of Fez where the traditional work of the tanners has remained unchanged since the 14th century. It is composed of numerous dried-earth pits where raw skins are treated, pounded, scraped and dyed. Tanners work in vats filled with various coloured liquid dyes derived from plant sources. Colours change every two weeks, poppy flower for red, mint for green, indigo for blue, chedar tree for brown and saffron for yellow. Fez, Morocco's second largest city, and one of the four imperial cities, was founded in 789 by Idris I on the banks of the River Fez. The oldest university in the world is here and the city is still the Moroccan cultural and spiritual centre. Fez has three sectors: the oldest part, the walled city of Fes-el-Bali, houses Morocco's largest medina and is a UNESCO World Heritage Site;  Fes-el-Jedid was founded in 1244 as a new capital by the Merenid dynasty, and contains the Mellah, or Jewish quarter; Ville Nouvelle was built by the French who took over most of Morocco in 1912 and transferred the capital to Rabat. Picture by Manuel Cohen.
    LCMOROCCO_FEB09_MC0102.jpg
  • View from above showing a young boy's legs reflected in the dying pits; beside him a pile of skins resembles a mummy, Chouara Tannery, Fez, Morocco, pictured on February 25, 2009 in the evening. The Chouara tannery is the largest of the four ancient tanneries in the Medina of Fez where the traditional work of the tanners has remained unchanged since the 14th century. It is composed of numerous dried-earth pits where raw skins are treated, pounded, scraped and dyed. Tanners work in vats filled with various coloured liquid dyes derived from plant sources. Colours change every two weeks, poppy flower for red, mint for green, indigo for blue, chedar tree for brown and saffron for yellow. Fez, Morocco's second largest city, and one of the four imperial cities, was founded in 789 by Idris I on the banks of the River Fez. The oldest university in the world is here and the city is still the Moroccan cultural and spiritual centre. Fez has three sectors: the oldest part, the walled city of Fes-el-Bali, houses Morocco's largest medina and is a UNESCO World Heritage Site;  Fes-el-Jedid was founded in 1244 as a new capital by the Merenid dynasty, and contains the Mellah, or Jewish quarter; Ville Nouvelle was built by the French who took over most of Morocco in 1912 and transferred the capital to Rabat. Picture by Manuel Cohen.
    LCMOROCCO_FEB09_MC0097.jpg
  • View from behind of worker with bucket amongst the dyeing pits, Chouara tannery, Fez, Morocco, pictured on February 25, 2009 in the evening. The Chouara tannery is the largest of the four ancient tanneries in the Medina of Fez where the traditional work of the tanners has remained unchanged since the 14th century. It is composed of numerous dried-earth pits where raw skins are treated, pounded, scraped and dyed. Tanners work in vats filled with various coloured liquid dyes derived from plant sources. Colours change every two weeks, poppy flower for red, mint for green, indigo for blue, chedar tree for brown and saffron for yellow. Fez, Morocco's second largest city, and one of the four imperial cities, was founded in 789 by Idris I on the banks of the River Fez. The oldest university in the world is here and the city is still the Moroccan cultural and spiritual centre. Fez has three sectors: the oldest part, the walled city of Fes-el-Bali, houses Morocco's largest medina and is a UNESCO World Heritage Site;  Fes-el-Jedid was founded in 1244 as a new capital by the Merenid dynasty, and contains the Mellah, or Jewish quarter; Ville Nouvelle was built by the French who took over most of Morocco in 1912 and transferred the capital to Rabat. Picture by Manuel Cohen.
    LCMOROCCO_FEB09_MC0090.jpg
  • High angle view from behind of a tanner standing by the pits with a dry skin whose stiffness almost suggests movement, Chouara Tannery, Fez, Morocco, pictured on February 25, 2009 in the evening. The Chouara tannery is the largest of the four ancient tanneries in the Medina of Fez where the traditional work of the tanners has remained unchanged since the 14th century. It is composed of numerous dried-earth pits where raw skins are treated, pounded, scraped and dyed. Tanners work in vats filled with various coloured liquid dyes derived from plant sources. Colours change every two weeks, poppy flower for red, mint for green, indigo for blue, chedar tree for brown and saffron for yellow. Fez, Morocco's second largest city, and one of the four imperial cities, was founded in 789 by Idris I on the banks of the River Fez. The oldest university in the world is here and the city is still the Moroccan cultural and spiritual centre. Fez has three sectors: the oldest part, the walled city of Fes-el-Bali, houses Morocco's largest medina and is a UNESCO World Heritage Site;  Fes-el-Jedid was founded in 1244 as a new capital by the Merenid dynasty, and contains the Mellah, or Jewish quarter; Ville Nouvelle was built by the French who took over most of Morocco in 1912 and transferred the capital to Rabat. Picture by Manuel Cohen.
    LCMOROCCO_FEB09_MC0089.jpg
  • High angle view of workers in the dyeing pits, Chouara Tannery, Fez, Morocco, pictured on February 25, 2009 in the evening. The Chouara tannery is the largest of the four ancient tanneries in the Medina of Fez where the traditional work of the tanners has remained unchanged since the 14th century. It is composed of numerous dried-earth pits where raw skins are treated, pounded, scraped and dyed. Tanners work in vats filled with various coloured liquid dyes derived from plant sources. Colours change every two weeks, poppy flower for red, mint for green, indigo for blue, chedar tree for brown and saffron for yellow. Fez, Morocco's second largest city, and one of the four imperial cities, was founded in 789 by Idris I on the banks of the River Fez. The oldest university in the world is here and the city is still the Moroccan cultural and spiritual centre. Fez has three sectors: the oldest part, the walled city of Fes-el-Bali, houses Morocco's largest medina and is a UNESCO World Heritage Site;  Fes-el-Jedid was founded in 1244 as a new capital by the Merenid dynasty, and contains the Mellah, or Jewish quarter; Ville Nouvelle was built by the French who took over most of Morocco in 1912 and transferred the capital to Rabat. Picture by Manuel Cohen.
    LCMOROCCO_FEB09_MC0088.jpg
  • Detail of tanners, one with a knife, in the dyeing pits, Chouara Tannery, Fez, Morocco, pictured on February 25, 2009 in the evening. The Chouara tannery is the largest of the four ancient tanneries in the Medina of Fez where the traditional work of the tanners has remained unchanged since the 14th century. It is composed of numerous dried-earth pits where raw skins are treated, pounded, scraped and dyed. Tanners work in vats filled with various coloured liquid dyes derived from plant sources. Colours change every two weeks, poppy flower for red, mint for green, indigo for blue, chedar tree for brown and saffron for yellow. Fez, Morocco's second largest city, and one of the four imperial cities, was founded in 789 by Idris I on the banks of the River Fez. The oldest university in the world is here and the city is still the Moroccan cultural and spiritual centre. Fez has three sectors: the oldest part, the walled city of Fes-el-Bali, houses Morocco's largest medina and is a UNESCO World Heritage Site;  Fes-el-Jedid was founded in 1244 as a new capital by the Merenid dynasty, and contains the Mellah, or Jewish quarter; Ville Nouvelle was built by the French who took over most of Morocco in 1912 and transferred the capital to Rabat. Picture by Manuel Cohen.
    LCMOROCCO_FEB09_MC0086.jpg
  • View from behind of a tanner in pits of red dye, Chouara Tannery, Fez, Morocco, pictured on February 23, 2009 in the evening. The Chouara tannery is the largest of the four ancient tanneries in the Medina of Fez where the traditional work of the tanners has remained unchanged since the 14th century. It is composed of numerous dried-earth pits where raw skins are treated, pounded, scraped and dyed. Tanners work in vats filled with various coloured liquid dyes derived from plant sources. Colours change every two weeks, poppy flower for red, mint for green, indigo for blue, chedar tree for brown and saffron for yellow. Fez, Morocco's second largest city, and one of the four imperial cities, was founded in 789 by Idris I on the banks of the River Fez. The oldest university in the world is here and the city is still the Moroccan cultural and spiritual centre. Fez has three sectors: the oldest part, the walled city of Fes-el-Bali, houses Morocco's largest medina and is a UNESCO World Heritage Site;  Fes-el-Jedid was founded in 1244 as a new capital by the Merenid dynasty, and contains the Mellah, or Jewish quarter; Ville Nouvelle was built by the French who took over most of Morocco in 1912 and transferred the capital to Rabat. Picture by Manuel Cohen.
    LCMOROCCO_FEB09_MC0051.jpg
  • High angle view of reflections in the dyeing pits where men are working, Chouara tannery, Fez, Morocco, pictured on February 23, 2009 at sunset. The Chouara tannery is the largest of the four ancient tanneries in the Medina of Fez where the traditional work of the tanners has remained unchanged since the 14th century. It is composed of numerous dried-earth pits where raw skins are treated, pounded, scraped and dyed. Tanners work in vats filled with various coloured liquid dyes derived from plant sources. Colours change every two weeks, poppy flower for red, mint for green, indigo for blue, chedar tree for brown and saffron for yellow. Fez, Morocco's second largest city, and one of the four imperial cities, was founded in 789 by Idris I on the banks of the River Fez. The oldest university in the world is here and the city is still the Moroccan cultural and spiritual centre. Fez has three sectors: the oldest part, the walled city of Fes-el-Bali, houses Morocco's largest medina and is a UNESCO World Heritage Site;  Fes-el-Jedid was founded in 1244 as a new capital by the Merenid dynasty, and contains the Mellah, or Jewish quarter; Ville Nouvelle was built by the French who took over most of Morocco in 1912 and transferred the capital to Rabat. Picture by Manuel Cohen.
    LCMOROCCO_FEB09_MC0048.jpg
  • Detail of a teenager working and learning, Chouara tannery, Fez, Morocco, pictured on February 23, 2009 in the evening. Behind him a young boy is running between the pits. The Chouara tannery is the largest of the four ancient tanneries in the Medina of Fez where the traditional work of the tanners has remained unchanged since the 14th century. It is composed of numerous dried-earth pits where raw skins are treated, pounded, scraped and dyed. Tanners work in vats filled with various coloured liquid dyes derived from plant sources. Colours change every two weeks, poppy flower for red, mint for green, indigo for blue, chedar tree for brown and saffron for yellow. Fez, Morocco's second largest city, and one of the four imperial cities, was founded in 789 by Idris I on the banks of the River Fez. The oldest university in the world is here and the city is still the Moroccan cultural and spiritual centre. Fez has three sectors: the oldest part, the walled city of Fes-el-Bali, houses Morocco's largest medina and is a UNESCO World Heritage Site;  Fes-el-Jedid was founded in 1244 as a new capital by the Merenid dynasty, and contains the Mellah, or Jewish quarter; Ville Nouvelle was built by the French who took over most of Morocco in 1912 and transferred the capital to Rabat. Picture by Manuel Cohen.
    LCMOROCCO_FEB09_MC0043.jpg
  • Portrait of worker on the way to the dyeing pits, Chouara, tannery, Fez, Morocco, pictured on February 22, 2009 in the morning. The Chouara tannery is the largest of the four ancient tanneries in the Medina of Fez where the traditional work of the tanners has remained unchanged since the 14th century. It is composed of numerous dried-earth pits where raw skins are treated, pounded, scraped and dyed. Tanners work in vats filled with various coloured liquid dyes derived from plant sources. Colours change every two weeks, poppy flower for red, mint for green, indigo for blue, chedar tree for brown and saffron for yellow. Fez, Morocco's second largest city, and one of the four imperial cities, was founded in 789 by Idris I on the banks of the River Fez. The oldest university in the world is here and the city is still the Moroccan cultural and spiritual centre. Fez has three sectors: the oldest part, the walled city of Fes-el-Bali, houses Morocco's largest medina and is a UNESCO World Heritage Site;  Fes-el-Jedid was founded in 1244 as a new capital by the Merenid dynasty, and contains the Mellah, or Jewish quarter; Ville Nouvelle was built by the French who took over most of Morocco in 1912 and transferred the capital to Rabat. Picture by Manuel Cohen.
    LCMOROCCO_FEB09_MC0017.jpg
  • Detail of a tanner working in a pit chatting with a supervisor, Chouara Tannery, Fez, Morocco, pictured on February 25, 2009 in the evening. The Chouara tannery is the largest of the four ancient tanneries in the Medina of Fez where the traditional work of the tanners has remained unchanged since the 14th century. It is composed of numerous dried-earth pits where raw skins are treated, pounded, scraped and dyed. Tanners work in vats filled with various coloured liquid dyes derived from plant sources. Colours change every two weeks, poppy flower for red, mint for green, indigo for blue, chedar tree for brown and saffron for yellow. Fez, Morocco's second largest city, and one of the four imperial cities, was founded in 789 by Idris I on the banks of the River Fez. The oldest university in the world is here and the city is still the Moroccan cultural and spiritual centre. Fez has three sectors: the oldest part, the walled city of Fes-el-Bali, houses Morocco's largest medina and is a UNESCO World Heritage Site;  Fes-el-Jedid was founded in 1244 as a new capital by the Merenid dynasty, and contains the Mellah, or Jewish quarter; Ville Nouvelle was built by the French who took over most of Morocco in 1912 and transferred the capital to Rabat. Picture by Manuel Cohen.
    LCMOROCCO_FEB09_MC0100.jpg
  • View from above of a tanner throwing skins into a pit of red dye, Chouara Tannery, Fez, Morocco, pictured on February 22, 2009 in the morning, split into light and shade by the strong sun. The Chouara tannery is the largest of the four ancient tanneries in the Medina of Fez where the traditional work of the tanners has remained unchanged since the 14th century. It is composed of numerous dried-earth pits where raw skins are treated, pounded, scraped and dyed. Tanners work in vats filled with various coloured liquid dyes derived from plant sources. Colours change every two weeks, poppy flower for red, mint for green, indigo for blue, chedar tree for brown and saffron for yellow. Fez, Morocco's second largest city, and one of the four imperial cities, was founded in 789 by Idris I on the banks of the River Fez. The oldest university in the world is here and the city is still the Moroccan cultural and spiritual centre. Fez has three sectors: the oldest part, the walled city of Fes-el-Bali, houses Morocco's largest medina and is a UNESCO World Heritage Site;  Fes-el-Jedid was founded in 1244 as a new capital by the Merenid dynasty, and contains the Mellah, or Jewish quarter; Ville Nouvelle was built by the French who took over most of Morocco in 1912 and transferred the capital to Rabat. Picture by Manuel Cohen.
    LCMOROCCO_FEB09_MC0019.jpg
  • High angle view of a tanner, climbing from a pit; his legs and arms are still dripping with poppy flower dye whose colour blends with the sunlight, Chouara Tannery, Fez, Morocco, pictured on February 25, 2009 in the evening. The Chouara tannery is the largest of the four ancient tanneries in the Medina of Fez where the traditional work of the tanners has remained unchanged since the 14th century. It is composed of numerous dried-earth pits where raw skins are treated, pounded, scraped and dyed. Tanners work in vats filled with various coloured liquid dyes derived from plant sources. Colours change every two weeks, poppy flower for red, mint for green, indigo for blue, chedar tree for brown and saffron for yellow. Fez, Morocco's second largest city, and one of the four imperial cities, was founded in 789 by Idris I on the banks of the River Fez. The oldest university in the world is here and the city is still the Moroccan cultural and spiritual centre. Fez has three sectors: the oldest part, the walled city of Fes-el-Bali, houses Morocco's largest medina and is a UNESCO World Heritage Site;  Fes-el-Jedid was founded in 1244 as a new capital by the Merenid dynasty, and contains the Mellah, or Jewish quarter; Ville Nouvelle was built by the French who took over most of Morocco in 1912 and transferred the capital to Rabat. Picture by Manuel Cohen.
    LCMOROCCO_FEB09_MC0101.jpg
  • High angle view of worker in dye pit, Chouara Tannery, Fez, Morocco, pictured on February 25, 2009 in the evening. The Chouara tannery is the largest of the four ancient tanneries in the Medina of Fez where the traditional work of the tanners has remained unchanged since the 14th century. It is composed of numerous dried-earth pits where raw skins are treated, pounded, scraped and dyed. Tanners work in vats filled with various coloured liquid dyes derived from plant sources. Colours change every two weeks, poppy flower for red, mint for green, indigo for blue, chedar tree for brown and saffron for yellow. Fez, Morocco's second largest city, and one of the four imperial cities, was founded in 789 by Idris I on the banks of the River Fez. The oldest university in the world is here and the city is still the Moroccan cultural and spiritual centre. Fez has three sectors: the oldest part, the walled city of Fes-el-Bali, houses Morocco's largest medina and is a UNESCO World Heritage Site;  Fes-el-Jedid was founded in 1244 as a new capital by the Merenid dynasty, and contains the Mellah, or Jewish quarter; Ville Nouvelle was built by the French who took over most of Morocco in 1912 and transferred the capital to Rabat. Picture by Manuel Cohen.
    LCMOROCCO_FEB09_MC0099.jpg
  • View from behind of a tanner lifting heavy wet skins from a pit, Chouara Tannery, Fez, Morocco, pictured on February 25, 2009 in the evening. The Chouara tannery is the largest of the four ancient tanneries in the Medina of Fez where the traditional work of the tanners has remained unchanged since the 14th century. It is composed of numerous dried-earth pits where raw skins are treated, pounded, scraped and dyed. Tanners work in vats filled with various coloured liquid dyes derived from plant sources. Colours change every two weeks, poppy flower for red, mint for green, indigo for blue, chedar tree for brown and saffron for yellow. Fez, Morocco's second largest city, and one of the four imperial cities, was founded in 789 by Idris I on the banks of the River Fez. The oldest university in the world is here and the city is still the Moroccan cultural and spiritual centre. Fez has three sectors: the oldest part, the walled city of Fes-el-Bali, houses Morocco's largest medina and is a UNESCO World Heritage Site;  Fes-el-Jedid was founded in 1244 as a new capital by the Merenid dynasty, and contains the Mellah, or Jewish quarter; Ville Nouvelle was built by the French who took over most of Morocco in 1912 and transferred the capital to Rabat. Picture by Manuel Cohen.
    LCMOROCCO_FEB09_MC0092.jpg
  • SAVEOCK WATER, CORNWALL, ENGLAND - AUGUST 03: A plan of the Mesolithic clay platform on August 3, 2008 in Saveock Water, Cornwall, England. The plan shows the stakes of the dwellings. Pits have been cut into this feature and those coloured in pink have been emptied in antiquity leaving just a few feathers or fur to indicate their previous contents. Excavations here are led by archaeologist Jacqui Wood. (Photo by Manuel Cohen)
    DENGLAND080238.jpg
  • General view of the Chouara tannery, Fez, Morocco, pictured on February 22, 2009 in the morning. The Chouara tannery is the largest of the four ancient tanneries in the Medina of Fez where the traditional work of the tanners has remained unchanged since the 14th century. It is composed of numerous dried-earth pits where raw skins are treated, pounded, scraped and dyed. Tanners work in vats filled with various coloured liquid dyes derived from plant sources. Colours change every two weeks, poppy flower for red, mint for green, indigo for blue, chedar tree for brown and saffron for yellow. Fez, Morocco's second largest city, and one of the four imperial cities, was founded in 789 by Idris I on the banks of the River Fez. The oldest university in the world is here and the city is still the Moroccan cultural and spiritual centre. Fez has three sectors: the oldest part, the walled city of Fes-el-Bali, houses Morocco's largest medina and is a UNESCO World Heritage Site;  Fes-el-Jedid was founded in 1244 as a new capital by the Merenid dynasty, and contains the Mellah, or Jewish quarter; Ville Nouvelle was built by the French who took over most of Morocco in 1912 and transferred the capital to Rabat. Picture by Manuel Cohen.
    LCMOROCCO_FEB09_MC0021.jpg
  • SAVEOCK WATER, CORNWALL, ENGLAND - AUGUST 03: A general view of Mesolithic clay platform with votive pits cut into it on August 3, 2008 in Saveock Water, Cornwall, England. The excavations here are led by archaeologist Jacqui Wood. (Photo by Manuel Cohen)
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  • SAVEOCK WATER, CORNWALL, ENGLAND - AUGUST 02: A detail of votive pits cut into Mesolithic clay platform on August 2, 2008 in Saveock Water, Cornwall, England. The excavations here are led by archaeologist Jacqui Wood. (Photo by Manuel Cohen)
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  • SAVEOCK WATER, CORNWALL, ENGLAND - AUGUST 03: A general view of votive pits and Field School in background on August 3, 2008 in Saveock Water, Cornwall, England. The excavations here are led by archaeologist Jacqui Wood. (Photo by Manuel Cohen)
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  • SAVEOCK WATER, CORNWALL, ENGLAND - AUGUST 02: General view of Mesolithic platform with votive pits cut into it on August 2, 2008 in Saveock Water, Cornwall, England. The site, with Saveock Water Field School in the background, is being excavated by Archaeologist Jacqui Wood and her team. (Photo by Manuel Cohen)
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  • High angle view of vats, Chouara Tannery, Fez, Morocco, pictured on February 25, 2009 in the evening. The Chouara tannery is the largest of the four ancient tanneries in the Medina of Fez where the traditional work of the tanners has remained unchanged since the 14th century. It is composed of numerous dried-earth pits where raw skins are treated, pounded, scraped and dyed. Tanners work in vats filled with various coloured liquid dyes derived from plant sources. Colours change every two weeks, poppy flower for red, mint for green, indigo for blue, chedar tree for brown and saffron for yellow. Fez, Morocco's second largest city, and one of the four imperial cities, was founded in 789 by Idris I on the banks of the River Fez. The oldest university in the world is here and the city is still the Moroccan cultural and spiritual centre. Fez has three sectors: the oldest part, the walled city of Fes-el-Bali, houses Morocco's largest medina and is a UNESCO World Heritage Site;  Fes-el-Jedid was founded in 1244 as a new capital by the Merenid dynasty, and contains the Mellah, or Jewish quarter; Ville Nouvelle was built by the French who took over most of Morocco in 1912 and transferred the capital to Rabat. Picture by Manuel Cohen.
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  • High angle view of Chouara Tannery, Fez, Morocco, pictured on February 23, 2009 in the evening. A lone tanner works in the shade; behind him the crumbling stuccoed walls soak up the sun. The Chouara tannery is the largest of the four ancient tanneries in the Medina of Fez where the traditional work of the tanners has remained unchanged since the 14th century. It is composed of numerous dried-earth pits where raw skins are treated, pounded, scraped and dyed. Tanners work in vats filled with various coloured liquid dyes derived from plant sources. Colours change every two weeks, poppy flower for red, mint for green, indigo for blue, chedar tree for brown and saffron for yellow. Fez, Morocco's second largest city, and one of the four imperial cities, was founded in 789 by Idris I on the banks of the River Fez. The oldest university in the world is here and the city is still the Moroccan cultural and spiritual centre. Fez has three sectors: the oldest part, the walled city of Fes-el-Bali, houses Morocco's largest medina and is a UNESCO World Heritage Site;  Fes-el-Jedid was founded in 1244 as a new capital by the Merenid dynasty, and contains the Mellah, or Jewish quarter; Ville Nouvelle was built by the French who took over most of Morocco in 1912 and transferred the capital to Rabat. Picture by Manuel Cohen.
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  • Detail of Chouara Tannery, Fez, Morocco, pictured on February 23, 2009 in the evening sunshine whose low rays are lighting a cramped shed equipped with a washing wheel for the raw skins. The Chouara tannery is the largest of the four ancient tanneries in the Medina of Fez where the traditional work of the tanners has remained unchanged since the 14th century. It is composed of numerous dried-earth pits where raw skins are treated, pounded, scraped and dyed. Tanners work in vats filled with various coloured liquid dyes derived from plant sources. Colours change every two weeks, poppy flower for red, mint for green, indigo for blue, chedar tree for brown and saffron for yellow. Fez, Morocco's second largest city, and one of the four imperial cities, was founded in 789 by Idris I on the banks of the River Fez. The oldest university in the world is here and the city is still the Moroccan cultural and spiritual centre. Fez has three sectors: the oldest part, the walled city of Fes-el-Bali, houses Morocco's largest medina and is a UNESCO World Heritage Site;  Fes-el-Jedid was founded in 1244 as a new capital by the Merenid dynasty, and contains the Mellah, or Jewish quarter; Ville Nouvelle was built by the French who took over most of Morocco in 1912 and transferred the capital to Rabat. Picture by Manuel Cohen.
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  • Detail of worker in vat, Chouara tannery, Fez, Morocco, pictured on February 21, 2009 in the morning. A meeting of light, colors, material, animal and human life as a young boy learns the tanning tradition. The Chouara tannery is the largest of the four ancient tanneries in the Medina of Fez where the traditional work of the tanners has remained unchanged since the 14th century. It is composed of numerous dried-earth pits where raw skins are treated, pounded, scraped and dyed. Tanners work in vats filled with various coloured liquid dyes derived from plant sources. Colours change every two weeks, poppy flower for red, mint for green, indigo for blue, chedar tree for brown and saffron for yellow. Fez, Morocco's second largest city, and one of the four imperial cities, was founded in 789 by Idris I on the banks of the River Fez. The oldest university in the world is here and the city is still the Moroccan cultural and spiritual centre. Fez has three sectors: the oldest part, the walled city of Fes-el-Bali, houses Morocco's largest medina and is a UNESCO World Heritage Site;  Fes-el-Jedid was founded in 1244 as a new capital by the Merenid dynasty, and contains the Mellah, or Jewish quarter; Ville Nouvelle was built by the French who took over most of Morocco in 1912 and transferred the capital to Rabat. Picture by Manuel Cohen.
    LCMOROCCO_FEB09_MC0025.jpg
  • Detail of worker in vat, Chouara tannery, Fez, Morocco, pictured on February 22, 2009 in the morning. A meeting of light, colors, material, animal and human life as a young boy learns the tanning tradition. The Chouara tannery is the largest of the four ancient tanneries in the Medina of Fez where the traditional work of the tanners has remained unchanged since the 14th century. It is composed of numerous dried-earth pits where raw skins are treated, pounded, scraped and dyed. Tanners work in vats filled with various coloured liquid dyes derived from plant sources. Colours change every two weeks, poppy flower for red, mint for green, indigo for blue, chedar tree for brown and saffron for yellow. Fez, Morocco's second largest city, and one of the four imperial cities, was founded in 789 by Idris I on the banks of the River Fez. The oldest university in the world is here and the city is still the Moroccan cultural and spiritual centre. Fez has three sectors: the oldest part, the walled city of Fes-el-Bali, houses Morocco's largest medina and is a UNESCO World Heritage Site;  Fes-el-Jedid was founded in 1244 as a new capital by the Merenid dynasty, and contains the Mellah, or Jewish quarter; Ville Nouvelle was built by the French who took over most of Morocco in 1912 and transferred the capital to Rabat. Picture by Manuel Cohen.
    LCMOROCCO_FEB09_MC0024.jpg
  • Detail of worker, Chouara tannery, Fez, Morocco, pictured on February 25, 2009 in the evening. As in olden times, no one is rushing home after work. A tanner sitting on the stairs, waiting for a colleague, is enjoying the last rays of sunshine. The Chouara tannery is the largest of the four ancient tanneries in the Medina of Fez where the traditional work of the tanners has remained unchanged since the 14th century. It is composed of numerous dried-earth pits where raw skins are treated, pounded, scraped and dyed. Tanners work in vats filled with various coloured liquid dyes derived from plant sources. Colours change every two weeks, poppy flower for red, mint for green, indigo for blue, chedar tree for brown and saffron for yellow. Fez, Morocco's second largest city, and one of the four imperial cities, was founded in 789 by Idris I on the banks of the River Fez. The oldest university in the world is here and the city is still the Moroccan cultural and spiritual centre. Fez has three sectors: the oldest part, the walled city of Fes-el-Bali, houses Morocco's largest medina and is a UNESCO World Heritage Site;  Fes-el-Jedid was founded in 1244 as a new capital by the Merenid dynasty, and contains the Mellah, or Jewish quarter; Ville Nouvelle was built by the French who took over most of Morocco in 1912 and transferred the capital to Rabat. Picture by Manuel Cohen.
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  • View from above of a young boy sharpening his knife, Chouara Tannery, Fez, Morocco, pictured on February 25, 2009 in the evening. The Chouara tannery is the largest of the four ancient tanneries in the Medina of Fez where the traditional work of the tanners has remained unchanged since the 14th century. It is composed of numerous dried-earth pits where raw skins are treated, pounded, scraped and dyed. Tanners work in vats filled with various coloured liquid dyes derived from plant sources. Colours change every two weeks, poppy flower for red, mint for green, indigo for blue, chedar tree for brown and saffron for yellow. Fez, Morocco's second largest city, and one of the four imperial cities, was founded in 789 by Idris I on the banks of the River Fez. The oldest university in the world is here and the city is still the Moroccan cultural and spiritual centre. Fez has three sectors: the oldest part, the walled city of Fes-el-Bali, houses Morocco's largest medina and is a UNESCO World Heritage Site;  Fes-el-Jedid was founded in 1244 as a new capital by the Merenid dynasty, and contains the Mellah, or Jewish quarter; Ville Nouvelle was built by the French who took over most of Morocco in 1912 and transferred the capital to Rabat. Picture by Manuel Cohen.
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  • High angle view of the Chouara Tannery, Fez, Morocco, pictured on February 22, 2009 in the morning. The Chouara tannery is the largest of the four ancient tanneries in the Medina of Fez where the traditional work of the tanners has remained unchanged since the 14th century. It is composed of numerous dried-earth pits where raw skins are treated, pounded, scraped and dyed. Tanners work in vats filled with various coloured liquid dyes derived from plant sources. Colours change every two weeks, poppy flower for red, mint for green, indigo for blue, chedar tree for brown and saffron for yellow. Fez, Morocco's second largest city, and one of the four imperial cities, was founded in 789 by Idris I on the banks of the River Fez. The oldest university in the world is here and the city is still the Moroccan cultural and spiritual centre. Fez has three sectors: the oldest part, the walled city of Fes-el-Bali, houses Morocco's largest medina and is a UNESCO World Heritage Site;  Fes-el-Jedid was founded in 1244 as a new capital by the Merenid dynasty, and contains the Mellah, or Jewish quarter; Ville Nouvelle was built by the French who took over most of Morocco in 1912 and transferred the capital to Rabat. Picture by Manuel Cohen.
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  • Detail of worker, Chouara tannery, Fez, Morocco, pictured on February 22, 2009 in the morning. The Chouara tannery is the largest of the four ancient tanneries in the Medina of Fez where the traditional work of the tanners has remained unchanged since the 14th century. It is composed of numerous dried-earth pits where raw skins are treated, pounded, scraped and dyed. Tanners work in vats filled with various coloured liquid dyes derived from plant sources. Colours change every two weeks, poppy flower for red, mint for green, indigo for blue, chedar tree for brown and saffron for yellow. Fez, Morocco's second largest city, and one of the four imperial cities, was founded in 789 by Idris I on the banks of the River Fez. The oldest university in the world is here and the city is still the Moroccan cultural and spiritual centre. Fez has three sectors: the oldest part, the walled city of Fes-el-Bali, houses Morocco's largest medina and is a UNESCO World Heritage Site;  Fes-el-Jedid was founded in 1244 as a new capital by the Merenid dynasty, and contains the Mellah, or Jewish quarter; Ville Nouvelle was built by the French who took over most of Morocco in 1912 and transferred the capital to Rabat. Picture by Manuel Cohen.
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  • General view of Chouara tannery, Fez, Morocco, pictured on February 22, 2009 in the morning. The Chouara tannery is the largest of the four ancient tanneries in the Medina of Fez where the traditional work of the tanners has remained unchanged since the 14th century. It is composed of numerous dried-earth pits where raw skins are treated, pounded, scraped and dyed. Tanners work in vats filled with various coloured liquid dyes derived from plant sources. Colours change every two weeks, poppy flower for red, mint for green, indigo for blue, chedar tree for brown and saffron for yellow. Fez, Morocco's second largest city, and one of the four imperial cities, was founded in 789 by Idris I on the banks of the River Fez. The oldest university in the world is here and the city is still the Moroccan cultural and spiritual centre. Fez has three sectors: the oldest part, the walled city of Fes-el-Bali, houses Morocco's largest medina and is a UNESCO World Heritage Site;  Fes-el-Jedid was founded in 1244 as a new capital by the Merenid dynasty, and contains the Mellah, or Jewish quarter; Ville Nouvelle was built by the French who took over most of Morocco in 1912 and transferred the capital to Rabat. Picture by Manuel Cohen.
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  • High angle view of vats, Chouara tannery, Fez, Morocco, pictured on February 22, 2009 in the morning. The Chouara tannery is the largest of the four ancient tanneries in the Medina of Fez where the traditional work of the tanners has remained unchanged since the 14th century. It is composed of numerous dried-earth pits where raw skins are treated, pounded, scraped and dyed. Tanners work in vats filled with various coloured liquid dyes derived from plant sources. Colours change every two weeks, poppy flower for red, mint for green, indigo for blue, chedar tree for brown and saffron for yellow. Fez, Morocco's second largest city, and one of the four imperial cities, was founded in 789 by Idris I on the banks of the River Fez. The oldest university in the world is here and the city is still the Moroccan cultural and spiritual centre. Fez has three sectors: the oldest part, the walled city of Fes-el-Bali, houses Morocco's largest medina and is a UNESCO World Heritage Site;  Fes-el-Jedid was founded in 1244 as a new capital by the Merenid dynasty, and contains the Mellah, or Jewish quarter; Ville Nouvelle was built by the French who took over most of Morocco in 1912 and transferred the capital to Rabat. Picture by Manuel Cohen.
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  • General view of Chouara tannery Fez, Morocco, pictured on February 22, 2009 in the morning. The Chouara tannery is the largest of the four ancient tanneries in the Medina of Fez where the traditional work of the tanners has remained unchanged since the 14th century. It is composed of numerous dried-earth pits where raw skins are treated, pounded, scraped and dyed. Tanners work in vats filled with various coloured liquid dyes derived from plant sources. Colours change every two weeks, poppy flower for red, mint for green, indigo for blue, chedar tree for brown and saffron for yellow. Fez, Morocco's second largest city, and one of the four imperial cities, was founded in 789 by Idris I on the banks of the River Fez. The oldest university in the world is here and the city is still the Moroccan cultural and spiritual centre. Fez has three sectors: the oldest part, the walled city of Fes-el-Bali, houses Morocco's largest medina and is a UNESCO World Heritage Site;  Fes-el-Jedid was founded in 1244 as a new capital by the Merenid dynasty, and contains the Mellah, or Jewish quarter; Ville Nouvelle was built by the French who took over most of Morocco in 1912 and transferred the capital to Rabat. Picture by Manuel Cohen.
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  • General view of Chouara tannery, Fez, Morocco, pictured on February 21, 2009 at midday. The Chouara tannery is the largest of the four ancient tanneries in the Medina of Fez where the traditional work of the tanners has remained unchanged since the 14th century. It is composed of numerous dried-earth pits where raw skins are treated, pounded, scraped and dyed. Tanners work in vats filled with various coloured liquid dyes derived from plant sources. Colours change every two weeks, poppy flower for red, mint for green, indigo for blue, chedar tree for brown and saffron for yellow. Fez, Morocco's second largest city, and one of the four imperial cities, was founded in 789 by Idris I on the banks of the River Fez. The oldest university in the world is here and the city is still the Moroccan cultural and spiritual centre. Fez has three sectors: the oldest part, the walled city of Fes-el-Bali, houses Morocco's largest medina and is a UNESCO World Heritage Site;  Fes-el-Jedid was founded in 1244 as a new capital by the Merenid dynasty, and contains the Mellah, or Jewish quarter; Ville Nouvelle was built by the French who took over most of Morocco in 1912 and transferred the capital to Rabat. Picture by Manuel Cohen.
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  • High angle view of barefoot worker in vats, Chouara Tannery, Fez, Morocco, pictured on February 23, 2009 in the evening. Skins still dripping with red dye are draped over a wooden beam. The Chouara tannery is the largest of the four ancient tanneries in the Medina of Fez where the traditional work of the tanners has remained unchanged since the 14th century. It is composed of numerous dried-earth pits where raw skins are treated, pounded, scraped and dyed. Tanners work in vats filled with various coloured liquid dyes derived from plant sources. Colours change every two weeks, poppy flower for red, mint for green, indigo for blue, chedar tree for brown and saffron for yellow. Fez, Morocco's second largest city, and one of the four imperial cities, was founded in 789 by Idris I on the banks of the River Fez. The oldest university in the world is here and the city is still the Moroccan cultural and spiritual centre. Fez has three sectors: the oldest part, the walled city of Fes-el-Bali, houses Morocco's largest medina and is a UNESCO World Heritage Site;  Fes-el-Jedid was founded in 1244 as a new capital by the Merenid dynasty, and contains the Mellah, or Jewish quarter; Ville Nouvelle was built by the French who took over most of Morocco in 1912 and transferred the capital to Rabat. Picture by Manuel Cohen.
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  • SAVEOCK WATER, CORNWALL, ENGLAND - AUGUST 03: A general view of Pit 11 on August 3, 2008 in Saveock Water, Cornwall, England. Archaeologist Jacqui Wood is pointing to pit 11 which contains swan and signet feathers. Behind is pit 9 which holds magpies, a swan pelt and 55 eggs.Pit 10, in the background, was lined with swan pelt and had a large cow bone in it. The items in the pits are well preserved by spring water. (Photo by Manuel Cohen)
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  • Eglise Souterraine Saint Jean, a subterranean rock hewn church in Aubeterre-sur-Dronne, Charente, Nouvelle-Aquitaine, France. The underground church was cut 7th - 12th century by Benedictine monks, from solid limestone rock, to house sacred relics, in pits and in a Romanesque reliquary resembling the Holy Sepulchre in Jerusalem. It also contains a 20m high nave, a gallery and a necropolis containing hundreds of sarcophagi. It was rediscovered and excavated in the 1950s and is listed as a historic monument. The village has existed since the Middle Ages and is on the pilgrimage route to Santiago de Compostela in Spain. Picture by Manuel Cohen
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  • Eglise Souterraine Saint Jean, a subterranean rock hewn church in Aubeterre-sur-Dronne, Charente, Nouvelle-Aquitaine, France. The underground church was cut 7th - 12th century by Benedictine monks, from solid limestone rock, to house sacred relics, in pits and in a Romanesque reliquary resembling the Holy Sepulchre in Jerusalem. It also contains a 20m high nave, a gallery and a necropolis containing hundreds of sarcophagi. It was rediscovered and excavated in the 1950s and is listed as a historic monument. The village has existed since the Middle Ages and is on the pilgrimage route to Santiago de Compostela in Spain. Picture by Manuel Cohen
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  • Eglise Souterraine Saint Jean, a subterranean rock hewn church in Aubeterre-sur-Dronne, Charente, Nouvelle-Aquitaine, France. The underground church was cut 7th - 12th century by Benedictine monks, from solid limestone rock, to house sacred relics, in pits and in a Romanesque reliquary resembling the Holy Sepulchre in Jerusalem. It also contains a 20m high nave, a gallery and a necropolis containing hundreds of sarcophagi. It was rediscovered and excavated in the 1950s and is listed as a historic monument. The village has existed since the Middle Ages and is on the pilgrimage route to Santiago de Compostela in Spain. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC20_FRANCE_MC_0282.jpg
  • Eglise Souterraine Saint Jean, a subterranean rock hewn church in Aubeterre-sur-Dronne, Charente, Nouvelle-Aquitaine, France. The underground church was cut 7th - 12th century by Benedictine monks, from solid limestone rock, to house sacred relics, in pits and in a Romanesque reliquary resembling the Holy Sepulchre in Jerusalem. It also contains a 20m high nave, a gallery and a necropolis containing hundreds of sarcophagi. It was rediscovered and excavated in the 1950s and is listed as a historic monument. The village has existed since the Middle Ages and is on the pilgrimage route to Santiago de Compostela in Spain. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC20_FRANCE_MC_0311.jpg
  • Eglise Souterraine Saint Jean, a subterranean rock hewn church in Aubeterre-sur-Dronne, Charente, Nouvelle-Aquitaine, France. The underground church was cut 7th - 12th century by Benedictine monks, from solid limestone rock, to house sacred relics, in pits and in a Romanesque reliquary resembling the Holy Sepulchre in Jerusalem. It also contains a 20m high nave, a gallery and a necropolis containing hundreds of sarcophagi. It was rediscovered and excavated in the 1950s and is listed as a historic monument. The village has existed since the Middle Ages and is on the pilgrimage route to Santiago de Compostela in Spain. Picture by Manuel Cohen
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  • Eglise Souterraine Saint Jean, a subterranean rock hewn church in Aubeterre-sur-Dronne, Charente, Nouvelle-Aquitaine, France. The underground church was cut 7th - 12th century by Benedictine monks, from solid limestone rock, to house sacred relics, in pits and in a Romanesque reliquary resembling the Holy Sepulchre in Jerusalem. It also contains a 20m high nave, a gallery and a necropolis containing hundreds of sarcophagi. It was rediscovered and excavated in the 1950s and is listed as a historic monument. The village has existed since the Middle Ages and is on the pilgrimage route to Santiago de Compostela in Spain. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC20_FRANCE_MC_0318.jpg
  • Eglise Souterraine Saint Jean, a subterranean rock hewn church in Aubeterre-sur-Dronne, Charente, Nouvelle-Aquitaine, France. The underground church was cut 7th - 12th century by Benedictine monks, from solid limestone rock, to house sacred relics, in pits and in a Romanesque reliquary resembling the Holy Sepulchre in Jerusalem. It also contains a 20m high nave, a gallery and a necropolis containing hundreds of sarcophagi. It was rediscovered and excavated in the 1950s and is listed as a historic monument. The village has existed since the Middle Ages and is on the pilgrimage route to Santiago de Compostela in Spain. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC20_FRANCE_MC_0319.jpg
  • Eglise Souterraine Saint Jean, a subterranean rock hewn church in Aubeterre-sur-Dronne, Charente, Nouvelle-Aquitaine, France. The underground church was cut 7th - 12th century by Benedictine monks, from solid limestone rock, to house sacred relics, in pits and in a Romanesque reliquary resembling the Holy Sepulchre in Jerusalem. It also contains a 20m high nave, a gallery and a necropolis containing hundreds of sarcophagi. It was rediscovered and excavated in the 1950s and is listed as a historic monument. The village has existed since the Middle Ages and is on the pilgrimage route to Santiago de Compostela in Spain. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC20_FRANCE_MC_0287.jpg
  • SAVEOCK WATER, CORNWALL, ENGLAND - AUGUST 03: View from above of dog skeleton in Pit 35 on August 3, 2008 in Saveock Water, Cornwall, England. This pit was lined with fur,skin side out, and the bottom jaw of a baked pig without teeth was carefully placed between a dog's legs. Archaeologist Jacqui Wood is to the right of the pit. (Photo by Manuel Cohen)
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  • SAVEOCK WATER, CORNWALL, ENGLAND - AUGUST 03: A detail of eggs in Pit 9 on August 3, 2008 in Saveock Water, Cornwall, England. Pit 9 was lined with a feathered swan pelt, with two magpies lying side by side on top of 55 eggs, including 7containing fully formed chicks. Excavated by Jacqui Wood and her team. (Photo by Manuel Cohen)
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  • SAVEOCK WATER, CORNWALL, ENGLAND - AUGUST 03: A detail of Cat Pit 36 on August 3, 2008 in Saveock Water, Cornwall, England. This pit was lined with black fur, skin side out. Archaeologist Jacqui Wood Jacqui is pointing to a piece of quartz laid on top of the fur. Above are 22 eggs containing baby chicks about to hatch. Numerous cat claws, teeth and whiskers were found in the surrounding soil. (Photo by Manuel Cohen)
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  • SAVEOCK WATER, CORNWALL, ENGLAND - AUGUST 03: A view from above of Pit 9 on August 3, 2008 in Saveock Water, Cornwall, England. Pit 9 was lined with a feathered swan pelt, with two magpies lying side by side on top of 55 eggs, including 7containing fully formed chicks. Excavated by Jacqui Wood and her team. (Photo by Manuel Cohen)
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  • SAVEOCK WATER, CORNWALL, ENGLAND - AUGUST 03: Archaeologist Jacqui Wood pointing to the jaw bone of a pig in Pit 35 on August 3, 2008 in Saveock Water, Cornwall, England. This pit was lined with fur,skin side out, and the bottom jaw of a baked pig without teeth was carefully placed between a dog's legs. (Photo by Manuel Cohen)
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  • SAVEOCK WATER, CORNWALL, ENGLAND - AUGUST 03: Archaeologist Jacqui Wood pointing to the rib cage of a dog in Pit 35 on August 3, 2008 in Saveock Water, Cornwall, England. This pit was lined with fur, skin side out, and the bottom jaw of a baked pig without teeth was carefully placed between the dog's legs. (Photo by Manuel Cohen)
    DENGLAND080202.jpg
  • SAVEOCK WATER, CORNWALL, ENGLAND - AUGUST 03: Archaeologist Jacqui Wood pointing to the rib cage of a dog in Pit 35 on August 3, 2008 in Saveock Water, Cornwall, England. This pit was lined with fur, skin side out, and the bottom jaw of a baked pig without teeth was carefully placed between the dog's legs. (Photo by Manuel Cohen)
    DENGLAND080201.jpg
  • SAVEOCK WATER, CORNWALL, ENGLAND - AUGUST 03: A detail of Cat Pit 36 on August 3, 2008 in Saveock Water, Cornwall, England. This pit was lined with black fur, skin side out. Archaeologist Jacqui Wood Jacqui is pointing to a piece of quartz laid on top of the fur. Above are 22 eggs containing baby chicks about to hatch. Numerous cat claws, teeth and whiskers were found in the surrounding soil. (Photo by Manuel Cohen)
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  • Model depicting the Developmental Pueblo Period, 750-1100 AD, when the pueblo or village architecture developed, pottery-making flourished, new farming techniques emerged and trade became significant, in the Chapin Mesa Archeological Museum, in Mesa Verde National Park, Montezuma County, Colorado, USA. The village shown is from 850 AD and shows Puebloan Indians in a series of connected living and storage rooms, facing South or South West. The pit room in front of the dwellings was used for living or ceremonial purposes. Mesa Verde is the largest archaeological site in America, with Native Americans inhabiting the area from 7500 BC to 13th century AD. It is listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site. Picture by Manuel Cohen
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  • SAVEOCK WATER, CORNWALL, ENGLAND - AUGUST 03: A close up of egg membranes and the remains of a Magpie on August 3, 2008 in Saveock Water, Cornwall, England. They were found in Pit 9 by archaeologist Jacqui Wood and her team. (Photo by Manuel Cohen)
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  • SAVEOCK WATER, CORNWALL, ENGLAND - AUGUST 03: A detail of egg membranes showing fully formed chicks inside on August 3, 2008 in Saveock Water, Cornwall, England. They were found in Pit 9 which holds magpies, a swan pelt and 55 eggs (Photo by Manuel Cohen)
    DENGLAND080223.jpg
  • SAVEOCK WATER, CORNWALL, ENGLAND - AUGUST 03: A detail of egg membranes showing fully formed chicks inside on August 3, 2008 in Saveock Water, Cornwall, England. They were found in Pit 9 which holds magpies, a swan pelt and 55 eggs (Photo by Manuel Cohen)
    DENGLAND080222.jpg
  • SAVEOCK WATER, CORNWALL, ENGLAND - AUGUST 03: A detail of Pit 9 on August 3, 2008 in Saveock Water, Cornwall, England. Close up of egg membranes and the remains of one of the Magpies found here. (Photo by Manuel Cohen)
    DENGLAND080200.jpg
  • Wine amphora from Roman Italy, dressed I type, 1st century BC from the Pature du Couvent or Pasture of the Monastery area (on wall) and pile of amphoras found dumped in a pit, 1st century BC from the Parc aux Chevaux or Horse Park area, in the Musee de la Civilisation Celtique, or Museum of Celtic Civilisation, designed by Pierre-Louis Faloci, opened 1996, at Bibracte, a Gaulish oppidum or fortified city, once the capital of the Aedui, at Mont Beuvray near Autun in Burgundy, France. The museum explores the discovery and excavation of the site of Bibracte, its context within the Celtic period, and the life of the Aedui at Bibracte. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC19_FRANCE_MC_0387.jpg
  • Pile of amphoras found dumped in a pit, 1st century BC from the Parc aux Chevaux or Horse Park area, in the Musee de la Civilisation Celtique, or Museum of Celtic Civilisation, designed by Pierre-Louis Faloci, opened 1996, at Bibracte, a Gaulish oppidum or fortified city, once the capital of the Aedui, at Mont Beuvray near Autun in Burgundy, France. The museum explores the discovery and excavation of the site of Bibracte, its context within the Celtic period, and the life of the Aedui at Bibracte. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC19_FRANCE_MC_0379.JPG
  • High angle view of Amphitheatre, Italica, Seville, Spain, pictured on December 28, 2006, in the afternoon. The Amphitheatre was built during Hadrian's reign and was the third largest in the Roman Empire, with a capacity of 25,000 in three tiers of seating. The cross shaped pit in the centre was for restraining wild animals. Italica was founded by Scipio Africanus in 206 BC as a centre for soldiers wounded in the Battle of Ilipa, a defeat for Carthage during the Punic Wars, and became a military outpost. The name signifies that the original settlers were from an Italian regiment. It was one of the first cities in Roman Hispania and was the birthplace of two Roman Emperors: Trajan (53-117 AD) and Hadrian (76-138 AD). The city declined after the fall of the Roman Empire. Picture by Manuel Cohen.
    LC_ITALICA_DEC06_MC012.jpg
  • High angle view of Amphitheatre, Italica, Seville, Spain, pictured on December 28, 2006, in the afternoon. The Amphitheatre was built during Hadrian's reign and was the third largest in the Roman Empire, with a capacity of 25,000 in three tiers of seating. The cross shaped pit in the centre was for restraining wild animals. Italica was founded by Scipio Africanus in 206 BC as a centre for soldiers wounded in the Battle of Ilipa, a defeat for Carthage during the Punic Wars, and became a military outpost. The name signifies that the original settlers were from an Italian regiment. It was one of the first cities in Roman Hispania and was the birthplace of two Roman Emperors: Trajan (53-117 AD) and Hadrian (76-138 AD). The city declined after the fall of the Roman Empire. Picture by Manuel Cohen.
    LC_ITALICA_DEC06_MC011.jpg
  • A view from behind of a young man throwing wool, shaven from the skins, from the terrace to the ground, Chouara Tannery, Fez, Morocco, pictured on February 23, 2009 in the evening. Behind him the walls of the city rise in layers of sun and shade. The Chouara tannery is the largest of the four ancient tanneries in the Medina of Fez where the traditional work of the tanners has remained unchanged since the 14th century. It is composed of numerous dried-earth pits where raw skins are treated, pounded, scraped and dyed. Tanners work in vats filled with various coloured liquid dyes derived from plant sources. Colours change every two weeks, poppy flower for red, mint for green, indigo for blue, chedar tree for brown and saffron for yellow. Fez, Morocco's second largest city, and one of the four imperial cities, was founded in 789 by Idris I on the banks of the River Fez. The oldest university in the world is here and the city is still the Moroccan cultural and spiritual centre. Fez has three sectors: the oldest part, the walled city of Fes-el-Bali, houses Morocco's largest medina and is a UNESCO World Heritage Site;  Fes-el-Jedid was founded in 1244 as a new capital by the Merenid dynasty, and contains the Mellah, or Jewish quarter; Ville Nouvelle was built by the French who took over most of Morocco in 1912 and transferred the capital to Rabat. Picture by Manuel Cohen.
    LCMOROCCO_FEB09_MC0053.jpg
  • Romanesque Reliquary in the Eglise Souterraine Saint Jean, a subterranean rock hewn church in Aubeterre-sur-Dronne, Charente, Nouvelle-Aquitaine, France. The underground church was cut 7th - 12th century by Benedictine monks, from solid limestone rock, to house sacred relics, in pits and in a reliquary resembling the Holy Sepulchre in Jerusalem. It also contains a 20m high nave, a gallery and a necropolis containing hundreds of sarcophagi. It was rediscovered and excavated in the 1950s and is listed as a historic monument. The village has existed since the Middle Ages and is on the pilgrimage route to Santiago de Compostela in Spain. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC20_FRANCE_MC_0275.jpg
  • Necropolis containing hundreds of sarcophagi, in the Eglise Souterraine Saint Jean, a subterranean rock hewn church in Aubeterre-sur-Dronne, Charente, Nouvelle-Aquitaine, France. The underground church was cut 7th - 12th century by Benedictine monks, from solid limestone rock, to house sacred relics, in pits and in a Romanesque reliquary resembling the Holy Sepulchre in Jerusalem. It also contains a 20m high nave, a gallery and a chapel. It was rediscovered and excavated in the 1950s and is listed as a historic monument. The village has existed since the Middle Ages and is on the pilgrimage route to Santiago de Compostela in Spain. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC20_FRANCE_MC_0276.jpg
  • Romanesque Reliquary in the Eglise Souterraine Saint Jean, a subterranean rock hewn church in Aubeterre-sur-Dronne, Charente, Nouvelle-Aquitaine, France. The underground church was cut 7th - 12th century by Benedictine monks, from solid limestone rock, to house sacred relics, in pits and in a reliquary resembling the Holy Sepulchre in Jerusalem. It also contains a 20m high nave, a gallery and a necropolis containing hundreds of sarcophagi. It was rediscovered and excavated in the 1950s and is listed as a historic monument. The village has existed since the Middle Ages and is on the pilgrimage route to Santiago de Compostela in Spain. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC20_FRANCE_MC_0277.jpg
  • Carved cross on the wall of the Eglise Souterraine Saint Jean, a subterranean rock hewn church in Aubeterre-sur-Dronne, Charente, Nouvelle-Aquitaine, France. The underground church was cut 7th - 12th century by Benedictine monks, from solid limestone rock, to house sacred relics, in pits and in a Romanesque reliquary resembling the Holy Sepulchre in Jerusalem. It also contains a 20m high nave, a gallery and a necropolis containing hundreds of sarcophagi. It was rediscovered and excavated in the 1950s and is listed as a historic monument. The village has existed since the Middle Ages and is on the pilgrimage route to Santiago de Compostela in Spain. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC20_FRANCE_MC_0281.jpg
  • Entrance to the Eglise Souterraine Saint Jean, a subterranean rock hewn church in Aubeterre-sur-Dronne, Charente, Nouvelle-Aquitaine, France. The underground church was cut 7th - 12th century by Benedictine monks, from solid limestone rock, to house sacred relics, in pits and in a reliquary resembling the Holy Sepulchre in Jerusalem. It also contains a 20m high nave, a gallery and a necropolis containing hundreds of sarcophagi. It was rediscovered and excavated in the 1950s and is listed as a historic monument. The village has existed since the Middle Ages and is on the pilgrimage route to Santiago de Compostela in Spain. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC20_FRANCE_MC_0284.jpg
  • Upper gallery from where builders began excavating the church, in the Eglise Souterraine Saint Jean, a subterranean rock hewn church in Aubeterre-sur-Dronne, Charente, Nouvelle-Aquitaine, France. The underground church was cut 7th - 12th century by Benedictine monks, from solid limestone rock, to house sacred relics, in pits and in a Romanesque reliquary resembling the Holy Sepulchre in Jerusalem. It also contains a 20m high nave, a necropolis and a chapel. It was rediscovered and excavated in the 1950s and is listed as a historic monument. The village has existed since the Middle Ages and is on the pilgrimage route to Santiago de Compostela in Spain. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC20_FRANCE_MC_0285.jpg
  • Romanesque Reliquary in the Eglise Souterraine Saint Jean, a subterranean rock hewn church in Aubeterre-sur-Dronne, Charente, Nouvelle-Aquitaine, France. The underground church was cut 7th - 12th century by Benedictine monks, from solid limestone rock, to house sacred relics, in pits and in a reliquary resembling the Holy Sepulchre in Jerusalem. It also contains a 20m high nave, a gallery and a necropolis containing hundreds of sarcophagi. It was rediscovered and excavated in the 1950s and is listed as a historic monument. The village has existed since the Middle Ages and is on the pilgrimage route to Santiago de Compostela in Spain. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC20_FRANCE_MC_0286.jpg
  • Crypt of the Eglise Souterraine Saint Jean, a subterranean rock hewn church in Aubeterre-sur-Dronne, Charente, Nouvelle-Aquitaine, France. The underground church was cut 7th - 12th century by Benedictine monks, from solid limestone rock, to house sacred relics, in pits and in a Romanesque reliquary resembling the Holy Sepulchre in Jerusalem. It also contains a 20m high nave, a necropolis, a gallery and a chapel. It was rediscovered and excavated in the 1950s and is listed as a historic monument. The village has existed since the Middle Ages and is on the pilgrimage route to Santiago de Compostela in Spain. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC20_FRANCE_MC_0288.jpg
  • Necropolis containing hundreds of sarcophagi, in the Eglise Souterraine Saint Jean, a subterranean rock hewn church in Aubeterre-sur-Dronne, Charente, Nouvelle-Aquitaine, France. The underground church was cut 7th - 12th century by Benedictine monks, from solid limestone rock, to house sacred relics, in pits and in a Romanesque reliquary resembling the Holy Sepulchre in Jerusalem. It also contains a 20m high nave, a gallery and a chapel. It was rediscovered and excavated in the 1950s and is listed as a historic monument. The village has existed since the Middle Ages and is on the pilgrimage route to Santiago de Compostela in Spain. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    DRN_LC20_FRANCE_MC_0307.jpg
  • Eglise Souterraine Saint Jean, a subterranean rock hewn church in Aubeterre-sur-Dronne, Charente, Nouvelle-Aquitaine, France. The underground church was cut 7th - 12th century by Benedictine monks, from solid limestone rock, to house sacred relics, in pits and in a Romanesque reliquary resembling the Holy Sepulchre in Jerusalem. It also contains a 20m high nave, a gallery and a necropolis containing hundreds of sarcophagi. It was rediscovered and excavated in the 1950s and is listed as a historic monument. The village has existed since the Middle Ages and is on the pilgrimage route to Santiago de Compostela in Spain. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    DRN_LC20_FRANCE_MC_0308.jpg
  • Romanesque Reliquary in the Eglise Souterraine Saint Jean, a subterranean rock hewn church in Aubeterre-sur-Dronne, Charente, Nouvelle-Aquitaine, France. The underground church was cut 7th - 12th century by Benedictine monks, from solid limestone rock, to house sacred relics, in pits and in a reliquary resembling the Holy Sepulchre in Jerusalem. It also contains a 20m high nave, a gallery and a necropolis containing hundreds of sarcophagi. It was rediscovered and excavated in the 1950s and is listed as a historic monument. The village has existed since the Middle Ages and is on the pilgrimage route to Santiago de Compostela in Spain. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    DRN_LC20_FRANCE_MC_0309.jpg
  • Necropolis containing hundreds of sarcophagi, in the Eglise Souterraine Saint Jean, a subterranean rock hewn church in Aubeterre-sur-Dronne, Charente, Nouvelle-Aquitaine, France. The underground church was cut 7th - 12th century by Benedictine monks, from solid limestone rock, to house sacred relics, in pits and in a Romanesque reliquary resembling the Holy Sepulchre in Jerusalem. It also contains a 20m high nave, a gallery and a chapel. It was rediscovered and excavated in the 1950s and is listed as a historic monument. The village has existed since the Middle Ages and is on the pilgrimage route to Santiago de Compostela in Spain. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    DRN_LC20_FRANCE_MC_0310.jpg
  • Necropolis containing hundreds of sarcophagi, in the Eglise Souterraine Saint Jean, a subterranean rock hewn church in Aubeterre-sur-Dronne, Charente, Nouvelle-Aquitaine, France. The underground church was cut 7th - 12th century by Benedictine monks, from solid limestone rock, to house sacred relics, in pits and in a Romanesque reliquary resembling the Holy Sepulchre in Jerusalem. It also contains a 20m high nave, a gallery and a chapel. It was rediscovered and excavated in the 1950s and is listed as a historic monument. The village has existed since the Middle Ages and is on the pilgrimage route to Santiago de Compostela in Spain. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC20_FRANCE_MC_0312.jpg
  • Ceiling and windows of upper gallery in the Eglise Souterraine Saint Jean, a subterranean rock hewn church in Aubeterre-sur-Dronne, Charente, Nouvelle-Aquitaine, France. The underground church was cut 7th - 12th century by Benedictine monks, from solid limestone rock, to house sacred relics, in pits and in a Romanesque reliquary resembling the Holy Sepulchre in Jerusalem. It also contains a 20m high nave, a gallery and a necropolis containing hundreds of sarcophagi. It was rediscovered and excavated in the 1950s and is listed as a historic monument. The village has existed since the Middle Ages and is on the pilgrimage route to Santiago de Compostela in Spain. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC20_FRANCE_MC_0321.jpg
  • Romanesque Reliquary in the Eglise Souterraine Saint Jean, a subterranean rock hewn church in Aubeterre-sur-Dronne, Charente, Nouvelle-Aquitaine, France. The underground church was cut 7th - 12th century by Benedictine monks, from solid limestone rock, to house sacred relics, in pits and in a reliquary resembling the Holy Sepulchre in Jerusalem. It also contains a 20m high nave, a gallery and a necropolis containing hundreds of sarcophagi. It was rediscovered and excavated in the 1950s and is listed as a historic monument. The village has existed since the Middle Ages and is on the pilgrimage route to Santiago de Compostela in Spain. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC20_FRANCE_MC_0320.jpg
  • Replica of a split twig animal figurine made from a single split and bent willow branch, 2900-1250 BC, at the Anasazi Heritage Center, Dolores, Colorado, USA. The figurines are from 30 sites in Arizona, Utah, Nevada, and California. Some were recovered in the debris of daily living and others were ritually cached in pits or beneath rock cairns, often with bits of animals dung, or pierced by tiny spears, apparently as hunting magic. They may represent totems, animal relatives of the people who made them. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC16_COLORADO_MC_233.jpg
  • Detail of a man covering the wool for the night, Chouara tannery, Fez, Morocco, pictured on February 25, 2009 in the evening. The Chouara tannery is the largest of the four ancient tanneries in the Medina of Fez where the traditional work of the tanners has remained unchanged since the 14th century. It is composed of numerous dried-earth pits where raw skins are treated, pounded, scraped and dyed. Tanners work in vats filled with various coloured liquid dyes derived from plant sources. Colours change every two weeks, poppy flower for red, mint for green, indigo for blue, chedar tree for brown and saffron for yellow. Fez, Morocco's second largest city, and one of the four imperial cities, was founded in 789 by Idris I on the banks of the River Fez. The oldest university in the world is here and the city is still the Moroccan cultural and spiritual centre. Fez has three sectors: the oldest part, the walled city of Fes-el-Bali, houses Morocco's largest medina and is a UNESCO World Heritage Site;  Fes-el-Jedid was founded in 1244 as a new capital by the Merenid dynasty, and contains the Mellah, or Jewish quarter; Ville Nouvelle was built by the French who took over most of Morocco in 1912 and transferred the capital to Rabat. Picture by Manuel Cohen.
    LCMOROCCO_FEB09_MC0106.jpg
  • High angle view of man collecting dray wool on a terrace, Chouara Tannery, Fez, Morocco, pictured on February 25, 2009 in the evening. The Chouara tannery is the largest of the four ancient tanneries in the Medina of Fez where the traditional work of the tanners has remained unchanged since the 14th century. It is composed of numerous dried-earth pits where raw skins are treated, pounded, scraped and dyed. Tanners work in vats filled with various coloured liquid dyes derived from plant sources. Colours change every two weeks, poppy flower for red, mint for green, indigo for blue, chedar tree for brown and saffron for yellow. Fez, Morocco's second largest city, and one of the four imperial cities, was founded in 789 by Idris I on the banks of the River Fez. The oldest university in the world is here and the city is still the Moroccan cultural and spiritual centre. Fez has three sectors: the oldest part, the walled city of Fes-el-Bali, houses Morocco's largest medina and is a UNESCO World Heritage Site;  Fes-el-Jedid was founded in 1244 as a new capital by the Merenid dynasty, and contains the Mellah, or Jewish quarter; Ville Nouvelle was built by the French who took over most of Morocco in 1912 and transferred the capital to Rabat. Picture by Manuel Cohen.
    LCMOROCCO_FEB09_MC0105.jpg
  • Detail of corner with raw skins, Chouara Tannery, Fez, Morocco, pictured on February 25, 2009 in the evening. The Chouara tannery is the largest of the four ancient tanneries in the Medina of Fez where the traditional work of the tanners has remained unchanged since the 14th century. It is composed of numerous dried-earth pits where raw skins are treated, pounded, scraped and dyed. Tanners work in vats filled with various coloured liquid dyes derived from plant sources. Colours change every two weeks, poppy flower for red, mint for green, indigo for blue, chedar tree for brown and saffron for yellow. Fez, Morocco's second largest city, and one of the four imperial cities, was founded in 789 by Idris I on the banks of the River Fez. The oldest university in the world is here and the city is still the Moroccan cultural and spiritual centre. Fez has three sectors: the oldest part, the walled city of Fes-el-Bali, houses Morocco's largest medina and is a UNESCO World Heritage Site;  Fes-el-Jedid was founded in 1244 as a new capital by the Merenid dynasty, and contains the Mellah, or Jewish quarter; Ville Nouvelle was built by the French who took over most of Morocco in 1912 and transferred the capital to Rabat. Picture by Manuel Cohen.
    LCMOROCCO_FEB09_MC0096.jpg
  • Detail of a man removing a dry skin from a terrace; its bright yellow colour shines against the ancient walls, Chouara Tannery, Fez, Morocco, pictured on February 25, 2009 in the evening. The Chouara tannery is the largest of the four ancient tanneries in the Medina of Fez where the traditional work of the tanners has remained unchanged since the 14th century. It is composed of numerous dried-earth pits where raw skins are treated, pounded, scraped and dyed. Tanners work in vats filled with various coloured liquid dyes derived from plant sources. Colours change every two weeks, poppy flower for red, mint for green, indigo for blue, chedar tree for brown and saffron for yellow. Fez, Morocco's second largest city, and one of the four imperial cities, was founded in 789 by Idris I on the banks of the River Fez. The oldest university in the world is here and the city is still the Moroccan cultural and spiritual centre. Fez has three sectors: the oldest part, the walled city of Fes-el-Bali, houses Morocco's largest medina and is a UNESCO World Heritage Site;  Fes-el-Jedid was founded in 1244 as a new capital by the Merenid dynasty, and contains the Mellah, or Jewish quarter; Ville Nouvelle was built by the French who took over most of Morocco in 1912 and transferred the capital to Rabat. Picture by Manuel Cohen.
    LCMOROCCO_FEB09_MC0095.jpg
  • Detail of drying skin, Chouara tannery, Fez, Morocco, pictured on February 22, 2009 in the morning. The Chouara tannery is the largest of the four ancient tanneries in the Medina of Fez where the traditional work of the tanners has remained unchanged since the 14th century. It is composed of numerous dried-earth pits where raw skins are treated, pounded, scraped and dyed. Tanners work in vats filled with various coloured liquid dyes derived from plant sources. Colours change every two weeks, poppy flower for red, mint for green, indigo for blue, chedar tree for brown and saffron for yellow. Fez, Morocco's second largest city, and one of the four imperial cities, was founded in 789 by Idris I on the banks of the River Fez. The oldest university in the world is here and the city is still the Moroccan cultural and spiritual centre. Fez has three sectors: the oldest part, the walled city of Fes-el-Bali, houses Morocco's largest medina and is a UNESCO World Heritage Site;  Fes-el-Jedid was founded in 1244 as a new capital by the Merenid dynasty, and contains the Mellah, or Jewish quarter; Ville Nouvelle was built by the French who took over most of Morocco in 1912 and transferred the capital to Rabat. Picture by Manuel Cohen.
    LCMOROCCO_FEB09_MC0018.jpg
  • Necropolis containing hundreds of sarcophagi, in the Eglise Souterraine Saint Jean, a subterranean rock hewn church in Aubeterre-sur-Dronne, Charente, Nouvelle-Aquitaine, France. The underground church was cut 7th - 12th century by Benedictine monks, from solid limestone rock, to house sacred relics, in pits and in a Romanesque reliquary resembling the Holy Sepulchre in Jerusalem. It also contains a 20m high nave, a gallery and a chapel. It was rediscovered and excavated in the 1950s and is listed as a historic monument. The village has existed since the Middle Ages and is on the pilgrimage route to Santiago de Compostela in Spain. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC20_FRANCE_MC_0280.jpg
  • Windows of upper gallery in the Eglise Souterraine Saint Jean, a subterranean rock hewn church in Aubeterre-sur-Dronne, Charente, Nouvelle-Aquitaine, France. The underground church was cut 7th - 12th century by Benedictine monks, from solid limestone rock, to house sacred relics, in pits and in a Romanesque reliquary resembling the Holy Sepulchre in Jerusalem. It also contains a 20m high nave, a gallery and a necropolis containing hundreds of sarcophagi. It was rediscovered and excavated in the 1950s and is listed as a historic monument. The village has existed since the Middle Ages and is on the pilgrimage route to Santiago de Compostela in Spain. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC20_FRANCE_MC_0283.jpg
  • Ceiling and windows of upper gallery in the Eglise Souterraine Saint Jean, a subterranean rock hewn church in Aubeterre-sur-Dronne, Charente, Nouvelle-Aquitaine, France. The underground church was cut 7th - 12th century by Benedictine monks, from solid limestone rock, to house sacred relics, in pits and in a Romanesque reliquary resembling the Holy Sepulchre in Jerusalem. It also contains a 20m high nave, a gallery and a necropolis containing hundreds of sarcophagi. It was rediscovered and excavated in the 1950s and is listed as a historic monument. The village has existed since the Middle Ages and is on the pilgrimage route to Santiago de Compostela in Spain. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC20_FRANCE_MC_0294.jpg
  • Detail showing corner of the raw skins, Chouara Tannery, Fez, Morocco, pictured on February 25, 2009 in the evening. The Chouara tannery is the largest of the four ancient tanneries in the Medina of Fez where the traditional work of the tanners has remained unchanged since the 14th century. It is composed of numerous dried-earth pits where raw skins are treated, pounded, scraped and dyed. Tanners work in vats filled with various coloured liquid dyes derived from plant sources. Colours change every two weeks, poppy flower for red, mint for green, indigo for blue, chedar tree for brown and saffron for yellow. Fez, Morocco's second largest city, and one of the four imperial cities, was founded in 789 by Idris I on the banks of the River Fez. The oldest university in the world is here and the city is still the Moroccan cultural and spiritual centre. Fez has three sectors: the oldest part, the walled city of Fes-el-Bali, houses Morocco's largest medina and is a UNESCO World Heritage Site;  Fes-el-Jedid was founded in 1244 as a new capital by the Merenid dynasty, and contains the Mellah, or Jewish quarter; Ville Nouvelle was built by the French who took over most of Morocco in 1912 and transferred the capital to Rabat. Picture by Manuel Cohen.
    LCMOROCCO_FEB09_MC0098.jpg
  • The Great Kiva, built c. 1084, a large round ceremonial room with central fire pit, diverting stone and ventilation shaft, rebuilt in 1972, at Chimney Rock National Monument, in Chimney Rock State Park, in San Juan National Forest, South West Colorado, USA. The ridge was an ancestral Puebloan site occupied 925-1125 AD by around 2000 Indians. Chimney Rock was made a National Monument in 2012 and is listed on the US National Register of Historic Places and the Colorado State Register of Historic Properties. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC16_COLORADO_MC_093.jpg
  • SAVEOCK WATER, CORNWALL, ENGLAND - AUGUST 03: A detail of archaeological finds on August 3, 2008 in Saveock Water, Cornwall, England. The wing feathers of a brown bird and various bird claws from the late Medieval period, were found by archaeologist Jacqui Wood in a pit.  (Photo by Manuel Cohen)
    DENGLAND080189.jpg
  • Captain James Cook, 1728-79, British explorer, attending a human sacrifice at Otaheiti on the island of Tahiti, in the Windward Islands, French Polynesia, in 1777, detail of an engraving after John Webber, 1751-93. John Webber accompanied Captain Cook on his 3rd Pacific expedition. In times of war or famine, a man would sometimes be sacrificed to the gods. He would be killed with a club or by stoning and attached to a pole while the priest (sitting here at his feet) recited incantations, then the body buried in a pit in the ground. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC17_POLYNESIA_MC_221.jpg
  • The Great Kiva, built c. 1084, a large round ceremonial room with central fire pit, diverting stone and ventilation shaft, rebuilt in 1972, at Chimney Rock National Monument, in Chimney Rock State Park, in San Juan National Forest, South West Colorado, USA. The ridge was an ancestral Puebloan site occupied 925-1125 AD by around 2000 Indians. Chimney Rock was made a National Monument in 2012 and is listed on the US National Register of Historic Places and the Colorado State Register of Historic Properties. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC16_COLORADO_MC_099.jpg
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