manuel cohen

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  • Nacho is cutting up a folio of parchment from the dry skin at the tannery factory of Scriptorium SL in Valencia, Spain. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    30052014_Scriptorium_MC018.jpg
  • Nacho is removing a parchment from the tank with soap at the tannery factory of Scriptorium SL in Valencia, Spain. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    30052014_Scriptorium_MC009.jpg
  • Alberto inserts a sheet of parchment into a brushing mechanical system to ligt off any blemish at the tannery factory of Scriptorium SL in Valencia, Spain. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    30052014_Scriptorium_MC019.jpg
  • The team shows the dry skin used as a parchment at the tannery factory of Scriptorium SL in Valencia, Spain. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    30052014_Scriptorium_MC016.jpg
  • Alberto is brushing a folio of parchment with a sander at the tannery factory of Scriptorium SL in Valencia, Spain. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    30052014_Scriptorium_MC021.JPG
  • Alberto inserts a sheet of parchment into a brushing mechanical system to ligt off any blemish at the tannery factory of Scriptorium SL in Valencia, Spain. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    30052014_Scriptorium_MC020.jpg
  • Nacho holding parchments at the tannery factory of Scriptorium SL in Valencia, Spain. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    30052014_Scriptorium_MC017.jpg
  • Graphic retouchers highlight the gilt painting with golden ink and then age their work with a small scalpel at the printing studio of Scriptorium SL in Valencia, Spain. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    30052014_Scriptorium_MC037.jpg
  • Once completed the facsimile goes into a press for the final process at the printing studio of Scriptorium SL in Valencia, Spain. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    30052014_Scriptorium_MC041.jpg
  • Graphic retouchers highlight the gilt painting with golden ink and then age their work with a small scalpel at the printing studio of Scriptorium SL in Valencia, Spain. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    30052014_Scriptorium_MC036.jpg
  • Sergio is assembling the folios of the facsimile with natural string at the printing studio of Scriptorium SL in Valencia, Spain. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    30052014_Scriptorium_MC032.jpg
  • Sergio is assembling the folios of the facsimile with natural string at the printing studio of Scriptorium SL in Valencia, Spain. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    30052014_Scriptorium_MC031.jpg
  • Alberto is assembling the folios of the facsimile with natural string at the printing studio of Scriptorium SL in Valencia, Spain. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    30052014_Scriptorium_MC023.jpg
  • Nacho is stretching and fixing a skin on a wooden sheet for the drying process at the tannery factory of Scriptorium SL in Valencia, Spain. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    30052014_Scriptorium_MC014.jpg
  • Nacho is stretching and fixing a skin on a wooden sheet for the drying process at the tannery factory of Scriptorium SL in Valencia, Spain. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    30052014_Scriptorium_MC010.JPG
  • Still wet and immediately after cleaning process, the skin goes through a mechanical press which remove the last fur at the tannery factory of Scriptorium SL in Valencia, Spain. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    30052014_Scriptorium_MC005.jpg
  • Graphic retouchers highlight the gilt painting with golden ink and then age their work with a small scalpel at the printing studio of Scriptorium SL in Valencia, Spain. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    30052014_Scriptorium_MC039.jpg
  • Alberto is assembling the folios of the facsimile with natural string at the printing studio of Scriptorium SL in Valencia, Spain. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    30052014_Scriptorium_MC030.jpg
  • Alberto is assembling the folios of the facsimile with natural string at the printing studio of Scriptorium SL in Valencia, Spain. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    30052014_Scriptorium_MC027.jpg
  • Alberto is assembling the folios of the facsimile with natural string at the printing studio of Scriptorium SL in Valencia, Spain. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    30052014_Scriptorium_MC024.jpg
  • Nacho is stretching and fixing a skin on a wooden sheet for the drying process at the tannery factory of Scriptorium SL in Valencia, Spain. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    30052014_Scriptorium_MC011.jpg
  • Still wet and immediately after cleaning process, the skin goes through a mechanical press which remove the last fur at the tannery factory of Scriptorium SL in Valencia, Spain. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    30052014_Scriptorium_MC006.jpg
  • Nacho lifting the epidermis of the skins with a special knife at the tannery factory of Scriptorium SL in Valencia, Spain. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    30052014_Scriptorium_MC007.jpg
  • Ricardo Coll, director, showing the "Crusader bible" in his office at the printing studio of Scriptorium SL in Valencia, Spain. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    30052014_Scriptorium_MC042.jpg
  • Jose Vicente highlights the gilt painting with golden ink and then age his work with a small scalpel at the printing studio of Scriptorium SL in Valencia, Spain. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    30052014_Scriptorium_MC040.jpg
  • Graphic retouchers highlight the gilt painting with golden ink and then age their work with a small scalpel at the printing studio of Scriptorium SL in Valencia, Spain. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    30052014_Scriptorium_MC034.jpg
  • Sergio is assembling the folios of the facsimile with natural string at the printing studio of Scriptorium SL in Valencia, Spain. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    30052014_Scriptorium_MC033.jpg
  • Alberto is assembling the folios of the facsimile with natural string at the printing studio of Scriptorium SL in Valencia, Spain. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    30052014_Scriptorium_MC026.jpg
  • Alberto is assembling the folios of the facsimile with natural string at the printing studio of Scriptorium SL in Valencia, Spain. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    30052014_Scriptorium_MC022.jpg
  • The team brings the wooden sheet with fixed skins into the drying area at the tannery factory of Scriptorium SL in Valencia, Spain. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    30052014_Scriptorium_MC015.jpg
  • Nacho is removing skins from the tank at the tannery factory of Scriptorium SL in Valencia, Spain. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    30052014_Scriptorium_MC003.JPG
  • Nacho looking at the raw skins just arrived at the tannery factory of Scriptorium SL in Valencia, Spain. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    30052014_Scriptorium_MC001.jpg
  • Nacho is removing skins from the tank at the tannery factory of Scriptorium SL in Valencia, Spain. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    30052014_Scriptorium_MC002.jpg
  • Graphic retouchers highlight the gilt painting with golden ink and then age their work with a small scalpel at the printing studio of Scriptorium SL in Valencia, Spain. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    30052014_Scriptorium_MC038.jpg
  • Alberto is assembling the folios of the facsimile with natural string at the printing studio of Scriptorium SL in Valencia, Spain. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    30052014_Scriptorium_MC028.jpg
  • Alberto is assembling the folios of the facsimile with natural string at the printing studio of Scriptorium SL in Valencia, Spain. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    30052014_Scriptorium_MC025.jpg
  • Nacho is stretching and fixing a skin on a wooden sheet for the drying process at the tannery factory of Scriptorium SL in Valencia, Spain. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    30052014_Scriptorium_MC012.jpg
  • Graphic retouchers highlight the gilt painting with golden ink and then age their work with a small scalpel at the printing studio of Scriptorium SL in Valencia, Spain. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    30052014_Scriptorium_MC035.jpg
  • Nacho lifting the epidermis of the skins with a special knife at the tannery factory of Scriptorium SL in Valencia, Spain. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    30052014_Scriptorium_MC008.jpg
  • Nacho is stretching and fixing a skin on a wooden sheet for the drying process at the tannery factory of Scriptorium SL in Valencia, Spain. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    30052014_Scriptorium_MC013.jpg
  • Alberto is assembling the folios of the facsimile with natural string at the printing studio of Scriptorium SL in Valencia, Spain. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    30052014_Scriptorium_MC029.jpg
  • First edition of the "Crusader Bible", 13th century manuscript kept in the Pierpont Morgan Library in New York, on natural parchment made of animal skin published by Scriptorium SL in Valencia, Spain. © Scriptorium / Manuel Cohen
    LC14_CrusaderBible_MC021.jpg
  • Deborah, a Prophetess: Following Ehud's death, the sins of the Israelites again displease the Lord. The people are made to suffer under the rule of Jabin, king of the Canaanites, for twenty years. Finally, the prophetess Deborah summons Barak to lead an attack against the Canaanite army. Deborah, riding side-saddle on a dappled charger, commands Barak and the Israelite forces. The exhausted and terror-stricken enemy offers no resistance even as its king receives his death blow. (Judges 4:8ñ16). Excerpt of the first edition of the "Crusader Bible", 13th century manuscript kept in the Pierpont Morgan Library in New York, on natural parchment made of animal skin published by Scriptorium SL in Valencia, Spain. © Scriptorium / Manuel Cohen
    LC14_CrusaderBible_MC018.jpg
  • (left) The Expulsion from Paradise: The disobedient Adam and Eve are expelled from Paradise by the Lord. An angel brandishes a sword over the guilty pair, who now ashamedly hold fig leaves to conceal their nudity. The Gate of Paradise through which the couple exits is depicted as a slender Gothic tower. (Genesis 3:22ñ24); (right) The Trials of Man and Woman: After their exile from Eden, the Lord multiplies the sorrows of Adam and Eve. She shall suffer the pains of childbirth; he must cultivate the earth for his bread. As Eve sits spinning with a distaff, Adam digs with a spade. Their sons Cain and Abel collect firewood at their feet. (Genesis 3:16ñ19). Excerpt of the first edition of the "Crusader Bible", 13th century manuscript kept in the Pierpont Morgan Library in New York, on natural parchment made of animal skin published by Scriptorium SL in Valencia, Spain. © Scriptorium / Manuel Cohen
    LC14_CrusaderBible_MC019.jpg
  • The Longest Day: Joshua and his army depart to defend the city of Gibeon, now under siege by the Amorite kings. Joshua is twice shown in this illustration; in the center, he rides through a city gate and spears an enemy king. Behind this group he appears again, imperiously commanding the sun and moon to remain motionless in the sky. As daylight is prolonged, the Israelites have ample time to revenge themselves upon their enemies. To the right, the other Amorite kings flee their attackers. (Joshua 10:6ñ13). Excerpt of the first edition of the "Crusader Bible", 13th century manuscript kept in the Pierpont Morgan Library in New York, on natural parchment made of animal skin published by Scriptorium SL in Valencia, Spain. © Scriptorium / Manuel Cohen
    LC14_CrusaderBible_MC005.JPG
  • (left) A Costly Transgression Revealed: Confused and aggrieved by the defeat at Ai, Joshua prostrates himself before the Ark of the Covenant (depicted here as a rich reliquary chest) and begs for an explanation. It is discovered that Achan, a man of the tribe of Judah, took forbidden spoil from the accursed town of Jericho. Later Achan confesses the sin to Joshua; he and his family show Joshua a bar of gold (here painted silver), a rich garment, and two hundred shekels. The Lord points accusingly at the greedy family from the heavens. To appease Him, they must be destroyed. (Joshua 7:19ñ23); (right) Achan Stoned: Although Joshua appears loathe to do so, he orders the stoning of Achan, his entire family, and his cattle. Later, the Israelites will destroy Achan's thatched dwelling; all the possessions of the transgressor must be done away with in order to appease the Lord. (Joshua 7:24ñ25). Excerpt of the first edition of the "Crusader Bible", 13th century manuscript kept in the Pierpont Morgan Library in New York, on natural parchment made of animal skin published by Scriptorium SL in Valencia, Spain. © Scriptorium / Manuel Cohen
    LC14_CrusaderBible_MC003.jpg
  • Storia Apoc. XVIII,  1-20 : El Fuego de Babilonia y el duelo de los Reyes y Mercaderes (BABYLON FIRE AND MOURNING OF KINGS AND MERCHANTS). First edition of the "Apocalypse, the Beatus held at El Burgo de Osma", 11th century manuscript kept in the El Burgo de Osma Cathedral, on natural parchment made of animal skin published by Scriptorium SL in Valencia, Spain. © Scriptorium / Manuel Cohen
    LC14_Apocalipsis_MC002.jpg
  • Virgin as 'Sedes Sapientiae' on throne of wisdom with Christ child and angels above, detail from an altar frontal, by unknown artist, 13th century, Romanesque, in tempera, parchment trim, stucco reliefs and remnants of corrugated metal sheet on board, from the church of Santa Maria de Avia in Bergueda, in the Museu Nacional d'Art de Catalunya, in the Palau Nacional on Montjuic Hill, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain. This piece shows a strong Byzantine influence. Around this central image are 4 scenes from the childhood of Christ. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC21_SPAIN_MC_0543.jpg
  • Mourners, c. 1295, by unknown Castilian artist, Gothic, tempera on parchment on wood, 1 of 8 painted panels from the tomb of the knight Sancho Sanchez Carrillo in the chapel of the hermitage of San Andres de Mahamud, Burgos, in the Museu Nacional d'Art de Catalunya, in the Palau Nacional on Montjuic Hill, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain. The mourners are dressed in traditional striped mourning clothes, crying, pulling their hair out and scratching their faces in their grief. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC21_SPAIN_MC_0496.jpg
  • First edition of the "Liber Genealogiae Regum Hispaniae", the Book of the Genealogy of the Kings of Spain, 15th century manuscript kept in the National Library of Spain in Madrid, on natural parchment made of animal skin published by Scriptorium SL in Valencia, Spain. © Scriptorium / Manuel Cohen
    LC14_GenealogyKingsSpain_MC003.jpg
  • First edition of the "Crusader Bible", 13th century manuscript kept in the Pierpont Morgan Library in New York, on natural parchment made of animal skin published by Scriptorium SL in Valencia, Spain. © Scriptorium / Manuel Cohen
    LC14_CrusaderBible_MC027.jpg
  • First edition of the "Crusader Bible", 13th century manuscript kept in the Pierpont Morgan Library in New York, on natural parchment made of animal skin published by Scriptorium SL in Valencia, Spain. © Scriptorium / Manuel Cohen
    LC14_CrusaderBible_MC025.jpg
  • First edition of the "Crusader Bible", 13th century manuscript kept in the Pierpont Morgan Library in New York, on natural parchment made of animal skin published by Scriptorium SL in Valencia, Spain. © Scriptorium / Manuel Cohen
    LC14_CrusaderBible_MC024.jpg
  • First edition of the "Crusader Bible", 13th century manuscript kept in the Pierpont Morgan Library in New York, on natural parchment made of animal skin published by Scriptorium SL in Valencia, Spain. © Scriptorium / Manuel Cohen
    LC14_CrusaderBible_MC023.jpg
  • First edition of the "Crusader Bible", 13th century manuscript kept in the Pierpont Morgan Library in New York, on natural parchment made of animal skin published by Scriptorium SL in Valencia, Spain. © Scriptorium / Manuel Cohen
    LC14_CrusaderBible_MC022.jpg
  • (left) The Sacrifices of Cain and Abel; Cain Murders His Brother: The Lord is pleased with the ram Abel has brought as a sacrifice, but Cain meets with no such favour for the sheaves he presents at the altar. Furiously jealous, Cain later slays Abel with a hatchet. (Genesis 4:3ñ8); (right) The Death of Cain: This scene is drawn from an account popular in the middle ages that expanded upon the brief description of Cain's death in the Book of Genesis. The aged and blind Lamech, his aim guided by a boy, shoots Cain with bow and arrow as he is tangled in a bush. Note that in this and the preceding miniatures, the painter has deliberately ignored some of the plants springing from the ground, perhaps to create a contrast between the barren nature of the world and the lush Garden of Eden. (Genesis 4:15, 23ñ24). Excerpt of the first edition of the "Crusader Bible", 13th century manuscript kept in the Pierpont Morgan Library in New York, on natural parchment made of animal skin published by Scriptorium SL in Valencia, Spain. © Scriptorium / Manuel Cohen
    LC14_CrusaderBible_MC020.jpg
  • (Up) Ehud, a Clever Leader: After the death of Joshua, Israel falls into sin and displeases the Lord; as punishment, the people are made subservient to Eglon, king of the Moabites, for eighteen years. The people repent and plead with the Lord for a deliverer. The Lord chooses Ehud of the tribe of Benjamin. When the Moabite army departs to fight a foreign battle, clever Ehud gains a private audience with Eglon and brutally slays the king. Ehud escapes and summons the Israelite army with a trumpet. The Moabites are humbled. (Judges 3:20ñ30); (Down) Deborah, a Prophetess: Following Ehud's death, the sins of the Israelites again displease the Lord. The people are made to suffer under the rule of Jabin, king of the Canaanites, for twenty years. Finally, the prophetess Deborah summons Barak to lead an attack against the Canaanite army. Deborah, riding side-saddle on a dappled charger, commands Barak and the Israelite forces. The exhausted and terror-stricken enemy offers no resistance even as its king receives his death blow. (Judges 4:8ñ16). Excerpt of the first edition of the "Crusader Bible", 13th century manuscript kept in the Pierpont Morgan Library in New York, on natural parchment made of animal skin published by Scriptorium SL in Valencia, Spain. © Scriptorium / Manuel Cohen
    LC14_CrusaderBible_MC016.JPG
  • (Up) A Plea for Help: As Saul drives oxen in from the fields, he is met by anguished messengers from Jabesh-Gilead. Nahash the Ammonite has encamped outside the city and threatened to gouge out the right eye of every inhabitant. The king, enraged, slaughters two oxen and cuts them into pieces. The pieces are sent throughout Israel with a message: either follow Saul and Samuel into battle or expect the same to be done to your oxen. (1 Samuel 11:1ñ7); (Down) Marshaling Forces: Saul, crowned, bearing a scepter, and seated on an ivory throne, greets the warriors of Israel. The foremost kneel before the king and pledge their fealty. A standard bearer rides along in a supply cart. Behind Saul, a royal attendant assures a messenger from Jabesh-Gilead that help is at hand. (1 Samuel 11:7ñ9). Excerpt of the first edition of the "Crusader Bible", 13th century manuscript kept in the Pierpont Morgan Library in New York, on natural parchment made of animal skin published by Scriptorium SL in Valencia, Spain. © Scriptorium / Manuel Cohen
    LC14_CrusaderBible_MC014.JPG
  • (Up) Jonathan, a Prince:Encamped outside of Gibeah, Saul rests beneath a pomegranate tree and advises his warriors. Meanwhile, without informing his father, Saul's son Jonathan bravely scales a mountain to attack a Philistine garrison. Accompanied only by his armour-bearer, Jonathan engages the enemy; together they kill twenty men. (1 Samuel 14:1ñ14); (Down) The Battle is Joined: Sounds of battle have been heard in the Philistine camp, so Saul has assembled his army. It is discovered that Jonathan and his armour-bearer are missing. As the priest Ahijah bears the Ark of the Covenant into battle, Saul issues a bold command: the army is not to partake of food until all of the Philistines are destroyed. Jonathan, riding ahead, does not hear his father's instruction. Cradling his great helm in his left hand, he leans from his horse and spears a honeycomb to eat. (1 Samuel 14:17ñ27) Excerpt of the first edition of the "Crusader Bible", 13th century manuscript kept in the Pierpont Morgan Library in New York, on natural parchment made of animal skin published by Scriptorium SL in Valencia, Spain. © Scriptorium / Manuel Cohen
    LC14_CrusaderBible_MC012.jpg
  • (Up) Uriah Refuses to Return Home: Uriah will not obey David's orders to return home, for to do so in a time of war would bring shame upon him. He sets up his eagle-topped pavilion before the king's house and enjoys a rich feast provided by the king. David's grand doorway is crowned by a finial topped by a royal fleur-de-lis. (2 Samuel 11:7ñ9); (Down) Uriah is Slain: David, unable to convince Uriah to return home, sends him back to the Israelite camp with a sealed letter for Joab. Joab is instructed to reassign Uriah to the fiercest part of the battle. Uriah is posted to the front lines of the Israelite siege at Rabbah, where valiant men defend the citadel. There he is struck by a bolt fired from an enemy crossbow and killed. (2 Samuel 11:14ñ17). Excerpt of the first edition of the "Crusader Bible", 13th century manuscript kept in the Pierpont Morgan Library in New York, on natural parchment made of animal skin published by Scriptorium SL in Valencia, Spain. © Scriptorium / Manuel Cohen
    LC14_CrusaderBible_MC011.jpg
  • Tamar laments her misfortune in Absalom's house while Absalom's servants kill Amnon at a feast held for David's sons. (2 Samuel 13 1-29). Excerpt of the first edition of the "Crusader Bible", 13th century manuscript kept in the Pierpont Morgan Library in New York, on natural parchment made of animal skin published by Scriptorium SL in Valencia, Spain. © Scriptorium / Manuel Cohen
    LC14_CrusaderBible_MC009.jpg
  • "Mappa Mundi", showing the Apostles' dispersion in their respective regions. First edition of the "Apocalypse, the Beatus held at El Burgo de Osma", 11th century manuscript kept in the El Burgo de Osma Cathedral, on natural parchment made of animal skin published by Scriptorium SL in Valencia, Spain. © Scriptorium / Manuel Cohen
    LC14_Apocalipsis_MC003.jpg
  • Victory of the Lamb over the beast and the kings of the earth. This illustration from the Osma codex shows a Whore of Babylon for the first and only time nude. First edition of the "Apocalypse, the Beatus held at El Burgo de Osma", 11th century manuscript kept in the El Burgo de Osma Cathedral, on natural parchment made of animal skin published by Scriptorium SL in Valencia, Spain. © Scriptorium / Manuel Cohen
    LC14_Apocalipsis_MC001.jpg
  • Alfonso X of Castile (1221-1284), called the Wise, dictating to a scribe, with two other characters that might be chess players of his court compiling information about the game. Copy of the first edition of the "Book of Chess, Dice and Board Games", 13th century manuscript kept in the Library of the Real Monastery in San Lorenzo de El Escorial, on natural parchment made of animal skin published by Scriptorium SL in Valencia, Spain. © Scriptorium / Manuel Cohen
    LC14_AlfonsoX_MC001.jpg
  • Mourners, c. 1295, by unknown Castilian artist, Gothic, tempera on parchment on wood, 1 of 8 painted panels from the tomb of the knight Sancho Sanchez Carrillo in the chapel of the hermitage of San Andres de Mahamud, Burgos, in the Museu Nacional d'Art de Catalunya, in the Palau Nacional on Montjuic Hill, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain. The mourners are dressed in traditional striped mourning clothes, crying, pulling their hair out and scratching their faces in their grief. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC21_SPAIN_MC_0499.jpg
  • Mourners, c. 1295, by unknown Castilian artist, Gothic, tempera on parchment on wood, 1 of 8 painted panels from the tomb of the knight Sancho Sanchez Carrillo in the chapel of the hermitage of San Andres de Mahamud, Burgos, in the Museu Nacional d'Art de Catalunya, in the Palau Nacional on Montjuic Hill, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain. The mourners are dressed in traditional striped mourning clothes, crying, pulling their hair out and scratching their faces in their grief. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC21_SPAIN_MC_0498.jpg
  • Mourners, detail, c. 1295, by unknown Castilian artist, Gothic, tempera on parchment on wood, 1 of 8 painted panels from the tomb of the knight Sancho Sanchez Carrillo in the chapel of the hermitage of San Andres de Mahamud, Burgos, in the Museu Nacional d'Art de Catalunya, in the Palau Nacional on Montjuic Hill, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain. The mourners are dressed in traditional striped mourning clothes, crying, pulling their hair out and scratching their faces in their grief. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC21_SPAIN_MC_0497.jpg
  • Virgin as 'Sedes Sapientiae' on throne of wisdom with Christ child and 4 scenes from the childhood of Christ, altar frontal, by unknown artist, 13th century, Romanesque, in tempera, parchment trim, stucco reliefs and remnants of corrugated metal sheet on board, from the church of Santa Maria de Avia in Bergueda, in the Museu Nacional d'Art de Catalunya, in the Palau Nacional on Montjuic Hill, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain. This piece shows a strong Byzantine influence. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC21_SPAIN_MC_0476.jpg
  • The broken pot, with a cup covered in parchment and attached to a ring by a rope, with a hole in its side releasing 3-pointed volatile crystals, possibly cerusite (a mineral composed of natural carbonate of lead), meant as a warning of the dangers of experimentation, from the coffered ceiling of the Oratory, carved in stone with 30 sections, each relating to a process in alchemy, in the Hotel Lallemant, a mansion built 1495-1518 in French Renaissance style by the Lallemant merchant family, in Bourges, Centre Val de Loire, France. The sculptural decoration on the building, made by both French and Italian sculptors, has been interpreted by Fulcanelli and others as having an alchemical symbolism. Since 1951 the building has housed the Musee des Arts Decoratifs and it was listed as a historic monument in 1840. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC17_FRANCE_MC_0676.jpg
  • Model of King Alfonso X the Wise of Castile, 1221-84, holding a parchment, from the Museo Vivo de Al-Andalus in the Torre Calahorra, Cordoba, Andalusia, Southern Spain. The historic centre of Cordoba is listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC15_SPAIN_MC382.jpg
  • Model of King Alfonso X the Wise of Castile, 1221-84, holding a parchment, from the Museo Vivo de Al-Andalus in the Torre Calahorra, Cordoba, Andalusia, Southern Spain. The historic centre of Cordoba is listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC15_SPAIN_MC380.jpg
  • Model of King Alfonso X the Wise of Castile, 1221-84, holding a parchment, from the Museo Vivo de Al-Andalus in the Torre Calahorra, Cordoba, Andalusia, Southern Spain. The historic centre of Cordoba is listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC15_SPAIN_MC156.jpg
  • Folio 27v of the "Liber Genealogiae Regum Hispaniae", the Book of the Genealogy of the Kings of Spain, first edition of the 15th century manuscript kept in the National Library of Spain in Madrid, on natural parchment made of animal skin published by Scriptorium SL in Valencia, Spain. © Scriptorium / Manuel Cohen
    LC14_GenealogyKingsSpain_MC001.jpg
  • Amnon tricks Tamar to lie in bed with him. Amnon's love for Tamar turns to hatred and he forces her to leave in humiliation. (2 Samuel 13 1-29). Excerpt of the first edition of the "Crusader Bible", 13th century manuscript kept in the Pierpont Morgan Library in New York, on natural parchment made of animal skin published by Scriptorium SL in Valencia, Spain. © Scriptorium / Manuel Cohen
    LC14_CrusaderBible_MC008.jpg
  • (left) Sweetener: Moses, following the Lord's command, casts the tree into the bitter waters. The Israelites gather around with drinking cups and vessels to collect the sweetened waters. In the foreground, a group of sheep quenches its thirst. (Exodus 15:24ñ25); (right) Manna: Hunger has overcome the Israelites in the wilderness, and the congregation begins to murmur against Moses. The Lord hears these complaints, however, and rains bread from heaven upon the people. The Israelites collect the bread, each according to his own need, following the instructions Lord has given to Moses. (Exodus 16:11ñ15). Excerpt of the first edition of the "Crusader Bible", 13th century manuscript kept in the Pierpont Morgan Library in New York, on natural parchment made of animal skin published by Scriptorium SL in Valencia, Spain. © Scriptorium / Manuel Cohen
    LC14_CrusaderBible_MC002.JPG
  • Border players at the game inside a tent. Copy of the first edition of the "Book of Chess, Dice and Board Games", 13th century manuscript kept in the Library of the Real Monastery in San Lorenzo de El Escorial, on natural parchment made of animal skin published by Scriptorium SL in Valencia, Spain. © Scriptorium / Manuel Cohen
    LC14_AlfonsoX_MC002.jpg
  • Presentation in the Temple, detail from an altar frontal, by unknown artist, 13th century, Romanesque, in tempera, parchment trim, stucco reliefs and remnants of corrugated metal sheet on board, from the church of Santa Maria de Avia in Bergueda, in the Museu Nacional d'Art de Catalunya, in the Palau Nacional on Montjuic Hill, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain. This piece shows a strong Byzantine influence. The frontal features the Virgin as 'Sedes Sapientiae' on throne of wisdom with Christ child and angels above, surrounded by 4 scenes from the childhood of Christ. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC21_SPAIN_MC_0478.jpg
  • Nativity of Christ, detail from an altar frontal, by unknown artist, 13th century, Romanesque, in tempera, parchment trim, stucco reliefs and remnants of corrugated metal sheet on board, from the church of Santa Maria de Avia in Bergueda, in the Museu Nacional d'Art de Catalunya, in the Palau Nacional on Montjuic Hill, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain. This piece shows a strong Byzantine influence. The frontal features the Virgin as 'Sedes Sapientiae' on throne of wisdom with Christ child and angels above, surrounded by 4 scenes from the childhood of Christ. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC21_SPAIN_MC_0477.jpg
  • Louis XIV as a child and Jean Warin, oil painting on parchment on wood, 1654, by F Lemaire, in the room The Art of the Collector, in the Musee du 11 Conti or Monnaie de Paris, reopened in 2017 after refurbishment, housed in the Hotel de la Monnaie, on Quai de Conti, in the 6th arrondissement of Paris, France. Jean Warin was a French sculptor and engraver involved in the coin minting process. In the mint, gold coins, medals and official decorations are cast and visitors can watch this process taking place. The Paris Mint was founded in 864 AD and has been in the current building since 1775. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC19_PARIS_MC_1041.jpg
  • Stained glass window designed by artist Jean Michel Alberola, b. 1953, and made by master glassmaker Dominique Duchemin, in the Romanesque South transept in Nevers Cathedral, or Cathedral of Saint Cyricus and Saint Julitta of Nevers, Nevers, Bourgogne-Franche-Comte, France. The window depicts an unrolled parchment, the book of the Apocalypse, with the terrestrial globe halo - this revelation concerns the whole universe and all the saved (pictured below). The hole of the meridian lets through the sun's rays, at the exact moment of the solar noon. The project to commission contemporary stained glass windows in the cathedral was begun 1987-88 under Dominique Bozo, and they were inaugurated on 29th April 2011. The building is listed as a national monument. Picture by Manuel Cohen
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  • Folio 40R of the "Liber Genealogiae Regum Hispaniae", the Book of the Genealogy of the Kings of Spain, first edition of the 15th century manuscript kept in the National Library of Spain in Madrid, on natural parchment made of animal skin published by Scriptorium SL in Valencia, Spain. © Scriptorium / Manuel Cohen
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  • First edition of the "Crusader Bible", 13th century manuscript kept in the Pierpont Morgan Library in New York, on natural parchment made of animal skin published by Scriptorium SL in Valencia, Spain. © Scriptorium / Manuel Cohen
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  • A Plea for Help: As Saul drives oxen in from the fields, he is met by anguished messengers from Jabesh-Gilead. Nahash the Ammonite has encamped outside the city and threatened to gouge out the right eye of every inhabitant. The king, enraged, slaughters two oxen and cuts them into pieces. The pieces are sent throughout Israel with a message: either follow Saul and Samuel into battle or expect the same to be done to your oxen. (1 Samuel 11:1ñ7). Excerpt of the first edition of the "Crusader Bible", 13th century manuscript kept in the Pierpont Morgan Library in New York, on natural parchment made of animal skin published by Scriptorium SL in Valencia, Spain. © Scriptorium / Manuel Cohen
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  • (Up) Uriah Refuses to Return Home: Uriah will not obey David's orders to return home, for to do so in a time of war would bring shame upon him. He sets up his eagle-topped pavilion before the king's house and enjoys a rich feast provided by the king. David's grand doorway is crowned by a finial topped by a royal fleur-de-lis. (2 Samuel 11:7ñ9); (Down) Uriah is Slain: David, unable to convince Uriah to return home, sends him back to the Israelite camp with a sealed letter for Joab. Joab is instructed to reassign Uriah to the fiercest part of the battle. Uriah is posted to the front lines of the Israelite siege at Rabbah, where valiant men defend the citadel. There he is struck by a bolt fired from an enemy crossbow and killed. (2 Samuel 11:14ñ17). Excerpt of the first edition of the "Crusader Bible", 13th century manuscript kept in the Pierpont Morgan Library in New York, on natural parchment made of animal skin published by Scriptorium SL in Valencia, Spain. © Scriptorium / Manuel Cohen
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  • (Up) Amnon tricks Tamar to lie in bed with him. Amnon's love for Tamar turns to hatred and he forces her to leave in humiliation; (Down) Tamar laments her misfortune in Absalom's house while Absalom's servants kill Amnon at a feast held for David's sons. (2 Samuel 13 1-29). Excerpt of the first edition of the "Crusader Bible", 13th century manuscript kept in the Pierpont Morgan Library in New York, on natural parchment made of animal skin published by Scriptorium SL in Valencia, Spain. © Scriptorium / Manuel Cohen
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  • Israel's Enemies Humiliated: Joshua soon learns that his enemies are hiding in a cave at Makkedah. Israelite men drag the five kings from their hiding place, and, in obedience to Joshua, they trample on the kings' necks. Joshua, still holding his spear, encourages the men, reminding them that a similar fate awaits all those who oppose the Lord. (Joshua 10:15ñ25). Excerpt of the first edition of the "Crusader Bible", 13th century manuscript kept in the Pierpont Morgan Library in New York, on natural parchment made of animal skin published by Scriptorium SL in Valencia, Spain. © Scriptorium / Manuel Cohen
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  • Joshua Defeated at Ai: his is the first of the Picture Bible's great battle scenes. Joshua has taken a small contingent of the army to destroy the Amorite city of Ai. As soon as the Israelites arrive at the city gates, they are repulsed by a small force of defenders, including a crossbowman who takes aim from atop the portcullis. Thirty-six men of the expedition are killed as Amorite horsemen vengefully pursue and strike down their assailants. Joshua, shown again in brown tunic and with tri-point shield, narrowly escapes with his life. Nearby, an Amorite breaks his spear in the side of an Israelite horseman whose mount has collapsed beneath him, and a disoriented Israelite foot soldier is trampled by the fleeing cavalry. (Joshua 7:1ñ5). Excerpt of the first edition of the "Crusader Bible", 13th century manuscript kept in the Pierpont Morgan Library in New York, on natural parchment made of animal skin published by Scriptorium SL in Valencia, Spain. © Scriptorium / Manuel Cohen
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  • Left page : Dice players in a Sevilian garden; right page : Alfonso X of Castile (1221-1284), called the Wise, dictating to two scribes, with two other characters that might be chess players of his court compiling information about the game. First edition of the "Book of Chess, Dice and Board Games", 13th century manuscript kept in the Library of the Real Monastery in San Lorenzo de El Escorial, on natural parchment made of animal skin published by Scriptorium SL in Valencia, Spain. © Scriptorium / Manuel Cohen
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  • Ehud, a Clever Leader: After the death of Joshua, Israel falls into sin and displeases the Lord; as punishment, the people are made subservient to Eglon, king of the Moabites, for eighteen years. The people repent and plead with the Lord for a deliverer. The Lord chooses Ehud of the tribe of Benjamin. When the Moabite army departs to fight a foreign battle, clever Ehud gains a private audience with Eglon and brutally slays the king. Ehud escapes and summons the Israelite army with a trumpet. The Moabites are humbled. (Judges 3:20ñ30). Excerpt of the first edition of the "Crusader Bible", 13th century manuscript kept in the Pierpont Morgan Library in New York, on natural parchment made of animal skin published by Scriptorium SL in Valencia, Spain. © Scriptorium / Manuel Cohen
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  • (left) Jonathan, a Prince: Encamped outside of Gibeah, Saul rests beneath a pomegranate tree and advises his warriors. Meanwhile, without informing his father, Saul's son Jonathan bravely scales a mountain to attack a Philistine garrison. Accompanied only by his armour-bearer, Jonathan engages the enemy; together they kill twenty men. (1 Samuel 14:1ñ14); (right) The Battle is Joined: Sounds of battle have been heard in the Philistine camp, so Saul has assembled his army. It is discovered that Jonathan and his armour-bearer are missing. As the priest Ahijah bears the Ark of the Covenant into battle, Saul issues a bold command: the army is not to partake of food until all of the Philistines are destroyed. Jonathan, riding ahead, does not hear his father's instruction. Cradling his great helm in his left hand, he leans from his horse and spears a honeycomb to eat. (1 Samuel 14:17ñ27). Excerpt of the first edition of the "Crusader Bible", 13th century manuscript kept in the Pierpont Morgan Library in New York, on natural parchment made of animal skin published by Scriptorium SL in Valencia, Spain. © Scriptorium / Manuel Cohen
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  • (left) The Lord Provides: Once more the Israelites complain to Moses of thirst, but again the Lord provides. Moses, in obedience to God, strikes the rock at Horeb with his staff, and a spring bursts forth to quench the thirst of the people and their flocks. (Exodus 17:3ñ6); (Right) Joshua, a Soldier: Amalek and his army threaten the Israelites with war. Moses commands Joshua, son of Nun, to assemble an army. The opponents face each other across a field at Rephidim, in this illustration arrayed in thirteenth-century battle dress. Joshua wears a brown tunic and carries a tri-point shield emblazoned with a lion. He and his cavalry all wear great helms. The enemy horsemen, to include the crowned Amalek, wear an older style of pointed helmet with a nasal guard. In the foreground, trumpeters and drummers sound the call to battle. (Exodus 17:8ñ13). Excerpt of the first edition of the "Crusader Bible", 13th century manuscript kept in the Pierpont Morgan Library in New York, on natural parchment made of animal skin published by Scriptorium SL in Valencia, Spain. © Scriptorium / Manuel Cohen
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  • The elected in Paradise, in the Celestial Jerusalem, with Abraham in the centre holding the Holy Innocents, the Wise Virgins with their lamps, the martyrs with their palm leaves, the prophets with their parchment scrolls and the apostles with their books, early 12th century Romanesque, carved by the Master of the Tympanum, from the tympanum of the Last Judgement above the portal on the West facade of the Abbatiale Sainte-Foy de Conques or Abbey-church of Saint-Foy, Conques, Aveyron, Midi-Pyrenees, France, a Romanesque abbey church begun 1050 under abbot Odolric to house the remains of St Foy, a 4th century female martyr. The church is on the pilgrimage route to Santiago da Compostela, and is listed as a historic monument and a UNESCO World Heritage Site. Picture by Manuel Cohen
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  • Statue of Emperor known as the 'Togatus' statue, Julio-Claudian dynasty, 27 BC - 68 AD, man wearing a tunic and toga, marble, found in a house in Langres in 1660, in the Musee de Langres, or Langres Museum of Art and History, in Langres, Haute-Marne, France. the sculpture was restored by Francois Girardon, 1628-1715, who added 2 arms, each holding a roll of parchment, and the smaller marble head of a barbarian. Founded in 1841, the museum has been housed in a new building in the old town since 1997. It exhibits art, artefacts and archaeology from prehistory to the 20th century. Picture by Manuel Cohen
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