manuel cohen

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  • Limestone block, 1350 BC, with royal Kassite inscription on 2 sides, written in Akkadian with Sumerian ideograms, a commemorative inscription from the reign of Burna-Busiah II, who ruled 1361-33 BC, found in the Eastern tower of the coastal fortress and displayed in the Qal'at Al-Bahrain Site Museum, near Manama in Bahrain. The inscription could mark the end of the presence of the Babylonian settlers at Qal’at al-Bahrain. It alludes to the palace, the restoration of a sanctuary, and to a detachment of soldiers or workers. The museum was opened in 2008, displaying artefacts of the history and archaeology of the Qal'at al-Bahrain, or Bahrain Fort or Portuguese Fort, built 6th century AD, once the capital of the Dilmun Civilisation. Qal'at al-Bahrain is listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC19_BAHREIN_MC_162.jpg
  • Marble plaque with inscription from the pedestal of the silver statue dedicated to the Genius of the Colonia (the city’s protector divinity and its personification), Roman, 2nd century AD, in the Museu Nacional Arqueologic de Tarragona, in Tarragona, Catalonia, Spain. The inscription reads, Lucius Minicius Apronianus, a duumvir quinquennal, provided in his will for a silver statue weighing 15 pounds, 2 ounces, to be dedicated to the Genius of the Colonia Iulia Urbs Triumphalis Tarraco. The city was an important fortified Roman colony named Tarraco and its remains are listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC21_SPAIN_MC_0417.JPG
  • Roman stone carved with a fragment of an inscription, stating the self-government of the vicus, the civilian settlement outside of the fort, at the Housesteads Roman Fort Museum, Hadrian's Wall, Northumberland, England. The inscription refers to ‘D.VICA (NI)’, the decree of the vicuna and is probably referring to a public work carried out by a council of villagers. Hadrian's Wall was built 73 miles across Britannia, now England, 122-128 AD, under the reign of Emperor Hadrian, ruled 117-138, to mark the Northern extent of the Roman Empire and guard against barbarian attacks from the Picts to the North. The Housesteads Roman Fort Museum is run by English Heritage and forms part of the Hadrian's Wall UNESCO World Heritage Site. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC16_ENGLAND_MC_134.jpg
  • Marble plaque with inscription from the pedestal of the silver statue dedicated to the Genius of the Colonia (the city’s protector divinity and its personification), detail, Roman, 2nd century AD, in the Museu Nacional Arqueologic de Tarragona, in Tarragona, Catalonia, Spain. The inscription reads, Lucius Minicius Apronianus, a duumvir quinquennal, provided in his will for a silver statue weighing 15 pounds, 2 ounces, to be dedicated to the Genius of the Colonia Iulia Urbs Triumphalis Tarraco. The city was an important fortified Roman colony named Tarraco and its remains are listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC21_SPAIN_MC_0418.jpg
  • Inscription above the Gate of Mazeus and Mythridates, 40 AD, Ephesus, Izmir, Turkey. The gate with 3 passageways to the right of the Library of Celsus was built by the slaves Mazeus and Mythridates for their emperor, Augustus, who gave them their freedom. Here we see a Greek inscription above the arch and a relief of Tyche, goddess of fortune and prosperity. Ephesus was an ancient Greek city founded in the 10th century BC, and later a major Roman city, on the Ionian coast near present day Selcuk. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC13_Turkey_MC343.jpg
  • Honorary inscription by the Lycian League for the city of Patara, 1st century AD, from Patara, Antalya, Turkey. The Lycian League was the earliest known democracy. It was formed in 205 BC of 23 member states, each of whom could elect a representative to the senate which met at the Bouleuterion in Patara. The inscription reads, "The Lycian League has honoured again the people of Patara with a golden wreath and a colossal bronze statue because from the beginning they have been working in the best way for the political advantage of the Lycian League and made an important contribution towards achieving the goodwill of the divine Augusti." Patara was a maritime Greek and Roman city on the South West Mediterranean coast of Lycia near modern-day Gelemis. It was said to be founded by Patarus, son of Apollo, and was famous for its temple and oracle of Apollo. It was a leading city of the Lycian League. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC13_Turkey_MC613.jpg
  • Detail of text from an inscription stone on the Decumanus, a colonnaded road running east-west, Xanthos, Antalya, Turkey. Many inscriptions in both Greek and the ancient Lycian language were found at this site. Xanthos was a centre of culture and commerce for the Lycians, and later for the Persians, Greeks and Romans, and was listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1988. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC13_Turkey_MC661.jpg
  • Inscription stone on the Decumanus, a colonnaded road running east-west, Xanthos, Antalya, Turkey. Many inscriptions in both Greek and the ancient Lycian language were found at this site. Xanthos was a centre of culture and commerce for the Lycians, and later for the Persians, Greeks and Romans, and was listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1988. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC13_Turkey_MC662.jpg
  • Stone with an inscription in Greek from the Temple of Apollo, 4th century BC, Didyma, Aydin, Turkey. Didyma was an ancient Greek sanctuary on the coast of Ionia near Miletus, consisting of a temple complex and the oracle of Apollo, or Didymaion, who was visited by pilgrims from across the Greek world. The earliest temple ruins found here date to the 8th century BC but Didyma's heyday lasted throughout the Hellenistic age. It was approached along a 17km Sacred Way from Miletus and is the largest sanctuary in Western Turkey. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC13_Turkey_MC247.jpg
  • Gallic inscription in latin characters, 'Martialis, son of Dannotalos, offered Ucuetis this building and that with blacksmiths who honor Ucuetis in Alesia', discovered in 1839 near the forum, in the collection of the Musee Municipal d’Alise, displayed in the Centre d'Interpretation, a visitor centre designed by Bernard Tschumi, at the MuseoParc Alesia, on Mont-Auxois near Alise-Sainte-Reine, Burgundy, France. Alesia was originally a Celtic settlement which became a Gallo-Roman town after being conquered by Julius Caesar during the Gallic Wars. Alesia is the site of the Battle of Alesia, 52 BC, when the Romans under Julius Caesar defeated the Gauls under Vercingetorix. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC19_FRANCE_MC_0309.jpg
  • Inscription dedicated to Fortuna Balnear on a limestone pedestal from the thermal baths at Fortuna, Roman, 2nd century AD, in the Museo de Segovia, opened 2006 in the Casa del Sol, in Segovia, Castile and Leon, Spain. The old town and aqueduct of Segovia are listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC21_SPAIN_MC_0296.jpg
  • Stone with carved inscription and behind, a shop, on the colonnaded main street, in Perga, an ancient Pamphylian city ruled by the Persians, Greeks and Romans, in Antalya, Turkey. Perga has 2 main streets intersecting to divide the city into 4. The main street is 480m long and 22m wide and was used by pedestrians and vehicles. Shops with porticoes with mosaic floors line the limestone road, and an open water channel lies along its centre, with sewage systems underground. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC20_TURKEY_MC_042.jpg
  • Inscription on stucco dedicated to the goddess Nemesis, 3rd century AD, in the Museo Nacional de Arte Romano, or National Museum of Roman Art, designed by Rafael Moneo and built 1981-86, housing Roman collections from the colony of Emerita Augusta, founded in 25 BC by Emperor Augustus, now modern-day Merida, Extremadura, Spain. The Roman remains in Merida are listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC21_SPAIN_MC_0332.jpg
  • Fragment of a stone vessel with cuneiform inscription in the Akkadian language, steatite and chlorite, State of Dilmun, c. 1700 BC, part of a burial offering found in the Royal Burial Mounds of A'ali, in the Bahrain National Museum, designed by Krohn and Hartvig Rasmussen, inaugurated December 1988 by Amir Shaikh Isa Bin Salman Al-Khalifa, in Manama, Bahrain. The museum houses cultural and archaeological collections covering 6000 years of history, with rooms entitled Burial Mounds, Dilmun, Tylos and Islam, Customs and Traditions, Traditional Trades and Crafts, and Documents and Manuscripts. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC19_BAHREIN_MC_231.jpg
  • Inscription above the door of the entrance of the inner ward of Tintagel Castle, built by Richard, 1st Earl of Cornwall in the 13th century, Tintagel Island, Cornwall, England. The ruined castle is linked with Arthurian Legend, as Geoffrey of Monmouth cited it as the place of conception of King Arthur in his 12th century book, History of the Kings of England. The site is managed by English Heritage. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC17_ENGLAND_MC_102.jpg
  • Inscription on metal scroll on the exterior of the main entrance to the Joanina Library, or Biblioteca Joanina, a Baroque library built 1717-28 by Gaspar Ferreira, part of the University of Coimbra General Library, in Coimbra, Portugal. The Casa da Livraria was built during the reign of King John V or Joao V, and consists of the Green Room, Red Room and Black Room, with 250,000 books dating from the 16th - 18th centuries. The library is part of the Faculty of Law and the University is housed in the buildings of the Royal Palace of Coimbra. The building is classified as a national monument and UNESCO World Heritage Site. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC16_PORTUGAL_MC_081.jpg
  • Inscription on metal scroll over the inside of the main entrance to the Joanina Library, or Biblioteca Joanina, a Baroque library built 1717-28 by Gaspar Ferreira, part of the University of Coimbra General Library, in Coimbra, Portugal. The Casa da Livraria was built during the reign of King John V or Joao V, and consists of the Green Room, Red Room and Black Room, with 250,000 books dating from the 16th - 18th centuries. The library is part of the Faculty of Law and the University is housed in the buildings of the Royal Palace of Coimbra. The building is classified as a national monument and UNESCO World Heritage Site. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC16_PORTUGAL_MC_054.jpg
  • Inscription naming Junia Rufina at the Spring and well inside the Lion Gate associated with the Cult of the Nymphs, refurbished by a Roman citizen of Butrint, Junia Rufina, in the 2nd century AD, Butrint, Chaonia, Albania. Butrint was founded by the Greek Chaonian tribe and was a port throughout Hellenistic and Roman times, when it was known as Buthrotum. It was ruled by the Byzantines and the Venetians and finally abandoned in the Middle Ages. The ruins at Butrint were listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1992. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC14_Albania_MC269.jpg
  • Inscription of a testimonial of hospitality and thanks by Cayo Julio Gaber son of Cayo, to the people of Augustobriga, Roman, marble, 1st century BC - 1st century AD, from Talavera la Vieja in Bohonal de Ibor, from the Museo de Caceres or Caceres Museum, housed in the Casa de las Veletas and the Casa de los Caballos, in Caceres, Extremadura, Spain. Caceres was founded as Castra Caecilia by Quintus Caecilius Metellus Pius in 25 BC and is a walled town with many medieval buildings. Caceres is listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC21_SPAIN_MC_1114.jpg
  • Fragment of a stone vessel with cuneiform inscription in the Akkadian language, steatite and chlorite, State of Dilmun, c. 1700 BC, part of a burial offering found in the Royal Burial Mounds of A'ali, in the Bahrain National Museum, designed by Krohn and Hartvig Rasmussen, inaugurated December 1988 by Amir Shaikh Isa Bin Salman Al-Khalifa, in Manama, Bahrain. The museum houses cultural and archaeological collections covering 6000 years of history, with rooms entitled Burial Mounds, Dilmun, Tylos and Islam, Customs and Traditions, Traditional Trades and Crafts, and Documents and Manuscripts. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC19_BAHREIN_MC_232.jpg
  • Roman stone with carved inscription reading, 'The 6th cohert, the century of Lousius suavis (built this) near Chesters', at Chesters Roman Fort Museum, at Chesters Roman Fort or Cilurnum, managed by English Heritage, Northumberland, England. Hadrian's Wall was built 73 miles across Britannia, now England, 122-128 AD, under the reign of Emperor Hadrian, ruled 117-138, to mark the Northern extent of the Roman Empire and guard against barbarian attacks from the Picts to the North. The wall was fortified with milecastles with 2 turrets in between, and a fort about every 5 Roman miles. The Hadrian's Wall Path, an 84-mile coast to coast long distance footpath, runs alongside it at his point. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC16_ENGLAND_MC_051.jpg
  • Funerary monument with Latin inscription from the Byllis region, 2nd century AD, dedicated to Cecilia Venusta of Byllis and Lartifius of Naissus (Nish), happily married for 42 years, from the Museum Of Apollonia near the Ardenica monastery in Fier, Albania. The museum was opened in 1958 to display artefacts found at the nearby Greek Illyrian archaeological site of Apollonia. Apollonia was an ancient Greek city in Illyria, founded in 588 BC by Greek colonists from Corfu and Corinth. It flourished in the Roman period and declined from the 3rd century AD when its harbour was silted up due to an earthquake. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC14_Albania_MC371.jpg
  • Inscription commemorating the construction of the Sant Urba tower of the Sant Antoni Portal, the main entrance gate into Barcelona, in the Palau Reial Major, built as residence for the counts of Barcelona and kings of Aragon and now the MUHBA Placa del Rei, a history museum covering Roman to medieval periods, in Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain. The palace complex includes the Salo del Tinell, the Palatine Chapel of St Agatha built 1302, the Casa Padellas, the Palau Comtal, the Watchtower of King Marti and the Palau del Lloctinent built 1549. The museum is part of MUHBA or the Museu d'Historia de Barcelona. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC20_SPAIN_MC_413.jpg
  • Circular marble plaque with Greek inscription, 2nd century AD, at the Asclepium or Sanctuary of Asclepius, 3km from the acropolis of Pergamon, modern-day Bergama, Izmir, Turkey. The Asclepium is named after the god of healing and housed a sacred spring where people could bathe and cure their illnesses. Galen, the most famous doctor in the Roman Empire and physician of Emperor Marcus Aurelius, worked in the Asclepium for many years. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC13_Turkey_MC269.jpg
  • Funerary inscription in Greek on a limestone plaque, 3rd century AD, with epitaph of a father of the synagogue and leader of the Jewish community named Caecilianos, who died aged 45 years, 8 months, 3 days, from Volubilis, Northern Morocco. Volubilis was founded in the 3rd century BC by the Phoenicians and was a Roman settlement from the 1st century AD. Volubilis was a thriving Roman olive growing town until 280 AD and was settled until the 11th century. The buildings were largely destroyed by an earthquake in the 18th century and have since been excavated and partly restored. Volubilis was listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1997. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC14_Morocco_MC333.jpg
  • Inscription from a Roman altar to Discipline or La Disciplina, found in 1951 in the House of Disciplinae to the East of the Palace of Gordian, Volubilis, Northern Morocco. Volubilis was founded in the 3rd century BC by the Phoenicians and was a Roman settlement from the 1st century AD. Volubilis was a thriving Roman olive growing town until 280 AD and was settled until the 11th century. The buildings were largely destroyed by an earthquake in the 18th century and have since been excavated and partly restored. Volubilis was listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1997. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC14_Morocco_MC161.jpg
  • Dedication inscription on top of the Triumphal Arch of Caracalla, built 217 AD by the city's governor Marcus Aurelius Sebastenus at the end of the Decumanus Maximus in honour of Emperor Caracalla, 188-217 AD, and his mother Julia Domna, Volubilis, Northern Morocco. The arch was reconstructed 1930-34 and was originally topped with a bronze chariot pulled by 6 horses. Volubilis was founded in the 3rd century BC by the Phoenicians and was a Roman settlement from the 1st century AD. Volubilis was a thriving Roman olive growing town until 280 AD and was settled until the 11th century. The buildings were largely destroyed by an earthquake in the 18th century and have since been excavated and partly restored. Volubilis was listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1997. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC14_Morocco_MC114.jpg
  • Hebrew inscription on a limestone fragment, date unknown, from Volubilis, Northern Morocco. Volubilis was founded in the 3rd century BC by the Phoenicians and was a Roman settlement from the 1st century AD. Volubilis was a thriving Roman olive growing town until 280 AD and was settled until the 11th century. The buildings were largely destroyed by an earthquake in the 18th century and have since been excavated and partly restored. Volubilis was listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1997. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC14_Morocco_MC339.jpg
  • Inscriptions on the Lycian Royal tombs, built for an important ruler in Pinara, an ancient Lycian city on Mount Kragos, Fethiye, Mugla, Turkey. Lycian inscriptions are found all over the site, often interspersed with Greek script. Pinara was founded in the 5th century BC as an extension of the overcrowded Xanthos and was one of the largest cities in Lycia. It was a religious centre dedicated to Apollo, Athena and Aphrodite which later became Christianised and was a bishopric in Byzantine times before being abandoned in the 9th century. The remains of several ancient temples can be seen in Pinara, as well as rock tombs, an upper and lower acropolis, a theatre, an odeon, an agora and a church. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC13_Turkey_MC731.jpg
  • Inscriptions on the Lycian Royal tombs, built for an important ruler in Pinara, an ancient Lycian city on Mount Kragos, Fethiye, Mugla, Turkey. Lycian inscriptions are found all over the site, often interspersed with Greek script. Pinara was founded in the 5th century BC as an extension of the overcrowded Xanthos and was one of the largest cities in Lycia. It was a religious centre dedicated to Apollo, Athena and Aphrodite which later became Christianised and was a bishopric in Byzantine times before being abandoned in the 9th century. The remains of several ancient temples can be seen in Pinara, as well as rock tombs, an upper and lower acropolis, a theatre, an odeon, an agora and a church. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC13_Turkey_MC732.jpg
  • Inscriptions in Greek carved into a stone block on Curetes Street, Ephesus, Izmir, Turkey. Curetes Street received its name for the inscriptions naming the curetes, or priests, of Artemis. Ephesus was an ancient Greek city founded in the 10th century BC, and later a major Roman city, on the Ionian coast near present day Selcuk. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC13_Turkey_MC297.jpg
  • Detail of inscription on the Xanthian Obelisk, 425-400 BC, a large monolithic block on a 2-stepped krepis, with a trilingual inscription on all 4 sides, in Ancient Greek, Lycian and Milyan (the last two are Anatolian languages), giving important information about the period‚??s history. At 250 lines, the Lycian inscription is the longest known. The  monument was erected in memory of the wars fought by the Lycian prince Kherei and originally topped a funerary chamber (now in the Istanbul Archaeological Museum), and had a projecting horizontal roof and a crowning. It is behind the north portico of the agora, Xanthos, Antalya, Turkey. Xanthos was a centre of culture and commerce for the Lycians, and later for the Persians, Greeks and Romans, and was listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1988. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC13_Turkey_MC657.jpg
  • Detail of inscription on the Xanthian Obelisk, 425-400 BC, a large monolithic block on a 2-stepped krepis, with a trilingual inscription on all 4 sides, in Ancient Greek, Lycian and Milyan (the last two are Anatolian languages), giving important information about the period‚??s history. At 250 lines, the Lycian inscription is the longest known. The  monument was erected in memory of the wars fought by the Lycian prince Kherei and originally topped a funerary chamber (now in the Istanbul Archaeological Museum), and had a projecting horizontal roof and a crowning. It is behind the north portico of the agora, Xanthos, Antalya, Turkey. Xanthos was a centre of culture and commerce for the Lycians, and later for the Persians, Greeks and Romans, and was listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1988. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC13_Turkey_MC656.jpg
  • Detail of inscription on the Xanthian Obelisk, 425-400 BC, a large monolithic block on a 2-stepped krepis, with a trilingual inscription on all 4 sides, in Ancient Greek, Lycian and Milyan (the last two are Anatolian languages), giving important information about the period‚??s history. At 250 lines, the Lycian inscription is the longest known. The  monument was erected in memory of the wars fought by the Lycian prince Kherei and originally topped a funerary chamber (now in the Istanbul Archaeological Museum), and had a projecting horizontal roof and a crowning. It is behind the north portico of the agora, Xanthos, Antalya, Turkey. Xanthos was a centre of culture and commerce for the Lycians, and later for the Persians, Greeks and Romans, and was listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1988. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC13_Turkey_MC658.jpg
  • CORINTH, GREECE - APRIL 16 : A detail of a Roman inscription, on 16 April 2007 in Corinth, Greece. A fragment of an Latin inscription, carved in stone and lit by the early morning light, perches on a wall of massive stones amongst the ruins of Corinth.  Founded in Neolithic times,  Corinth was a major Ancient Greek city, until it was razed by the Romans in 146 BC. Rebuilt a century later it was destroyed by an earthquake in Byzantine times. (Photo by Manuel Cohen)
    DGREECE07_10_106.jpg
  • Inscription dedicated to the Emperor Septimius Severus, c. 197-202 AD, limestone, discovered in 1846 in the ramparts in Langres, in the Musee de Langres, or Langres Museum of Art and History, in Langres, Haute-Marne, France. The inscription reads, 'To the emperor Caesar Auguste Lucius Severe Septimus, Pertinax, Piault, conqueror of the Arabs, of the Adiabene, of the Parthians, vested with tribunal power, acclaimed emperor 11 times, twice consul, father of the fatherland, proconsul, offered by the federated city of Langres. Founded in 1841, the museum has been housed in a new building in the old town since 1997. It exhibits art, artefacts and archaeology from prehistory to the 20th century. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC21_FRANCE_MC_0938.jpg
  • Inscription on the base of the Confederate Soldiers Monument, 1903, by Pompeo Coppini, base designed by Frank Teich, in the grounds of the Texas State Capitol, containing the Texas Legislature and the Office of the Governor, designed in 1881 by Elijah E Myers and built 1882-88, Austin, Texas, USA. The monument depicts a statue of Confederate President Jefferson Davis surrounded by Confederate soldiers and commemorates those who died in the Civil War, 1861-65. The inscription reads, 'Died for state rights guaranteed under the constitution. The people of the south, animated by the spirit of 1778, to preserve their rights, withdrew from the Federal compact in 1861. The north resorted to coercion. The South, against overwhelming numbers and resources, fought until exhausted.' Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC17_TEXAS_MC021.jpg
  • Lycian inscription from the Lighthouse, erected by Emperor Nero in 64-65 AD, on the western edge of the now silted harbour of Patara, Antalya, Turkey. The inscription was originally set in gold-plated bronze lettering and circled the lighthouse at the top of the tower so that it could be read from a distance. It states that Emperor Nero erected the lighthouse for the safety of sailors. The lighthouse consists of a square podium 20x20m and a tower rising from the middle. The podium walls were cut from the bedrock and filled with rubble to resist earthquakes. The tower was 26m high and consists of 2 nested cylindrical structures connected through a spiral staircase. The cylindrical exterior wall, 6m in diameter, was built as a double-hulled structure using concavo-convex stone blocks. The staircases were connected to each other so as to increase the static resistance of the tower. On top of the lighthouse was a dome on an octagonal base created by arches on piers. The tower is accessed through a wooden gate to the West. This is believed to be the oldest lighthouse in the world. Patara was a maritime Greek and Roman city on the South West Mediterranean coast of Lycia near modern-day Gelemis. It was said to be founded by Patarus, son of Apollo, and was famous for its temple and oracle of Apollo. It was a leading city of the Lycian League. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC13_Turkey_MC623.jpg
  • The Xanthian Obelisk, 425-400 BC, a large monolithic block on a 2-stepped krepis, with a trilingual inscription on all 4 sides, in Ancient Greek, Lycian and Milyan (the last 2 are Anatolian languages), giving important information about the period‚??s history. At 250 lines, the Lycian inscription is the longest known. The  monument was erected in memory of the wars fought by the Lycian prince Kherei and originally topped a funerary chamber (now in the Istanbul Archaeological Museum), and had a projecting horizontal roof and a crowning. It is behind the north portico of the agora, Xanthos, Antalya, Turkey. Xanthos was a centre of culture and commerce for the Lycians, and later for the Persians, Greeks and Romans, and was listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1988. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC13_Turkey_MC659.jpg
  • Stone carved with an Ogham inscription, the earliest form of writing known in Ireland, in the National Museum of Ireland – Archaeology, a branch of the National Museum Of Ireland, opened 1890, on Kildare St in Dublin, Ireland. Ogham script is a system of linear symbols cut on either side, or across, a baseline. It is modeled on the Roman alphabet and consists of 20 letters. The key to translating the script is found in the Book of Ballymote, and over 300 inscriptions survive on stone, dating to 4th - 6th centuries, probably intended as commemorative stones or boundary markers. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC18_Ireland_MC_043.jpg
  • Renovated Chapelle Louis et Zelie Martin, dedicated to Therese de Lisieux parents, 2012 by Jacques Metailie with interior design by Felicie d'Estienne d'Orves), seen through a glass window with inscription of Sainte Therese de Lisieux words, Basilique Notre-Dame-des-Victoires (Basilica Notre-Dame-des-Victoires), founded in 1629 by King Louis XIII and finalized in 1737 by Sylvain Cartaud, 2nd arrondissement, Paris, France. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC13_Paris_MC011.jpg
  • Roman stone inscribed with ‘C IVLI CANDID F', meaning 'the century of Julius Candidus made this', found on Hadrian's Wall West of Housesteads, at the Housesteads Roman Fort Museum, Hadrian's Wall, Northumberland, England. There are 3 other stones from the Wall recording this centurion. Housesteads Fort was built in 124 AD and is the most complete Roman fort in Britain, built by legionaries to house 10 centuries of auxiliary soldiers based on the frontier. Hadrian's Wall was built 73 miles across Britannia, now England, 122-128 AD, under the reign of Emperor Hadrian, ruled 117-138, to mark the Northern extent of the Roman Empire and guard against barbarian attacks from the Picts to the North. The Housesteads Roman Fort Museum is run by English Heritage and forms part of the Hadrian's Wall UNESCO World Heritage Site. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC16_ENGLAND_MC_137.jpg
  • Stone with carved inscriptions in the Lycian language from Letoon, near Xanthos, Antalya, Turkey. Many inscriptions have been uncovered at this site, including the Letoon trilingual, in Lycian Greek and Aramaic, which is held at the Fethiye Museum. The large monoliths with Lycian script are the most important source of knowledge of this lost ancient language. The Letoon or Sanctuary of Leto was the sacred cult centre of Lycia, its most important sanctuary, and was dedicated to the 3 national deities of Lycia, Leto and her twin children Apollo and Artemis. Leto was also worshipped as a family deity and as the guardian of the tomb. The site is 10km South of the ancient city of Xanthos in Lycia, near the modern-day village of Kumluova, Fethiye. Founded in the 6th century BC, the Greek site also flourished throughout Roman times, and a church was built here in the Christian era. The site was abandoned in the 7th century AD. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC13_Turkey_MC604.jpg
  • CORINTH, GREECE - APRIL 16 : A detail of Roman remains, on 16 April 2007 in Corinth, Greece. A fragment of an inscription mentioning Caesar and a Corinthian capital, lit by the early morning light, lie amongst the ruins of Corinth.  Founded in Neolithic times,  Corinth was a major Ancient Greek city, until it was razed by the Romans in 146 BC. Rebuilt a century later it was destroyed by an earthquake in Byzantine times. (Photo by Manuel Cohen)
    DGREECE07_10_100.jpg
  • Petroglyphs depicting hunting scenes on a cliff face at Wadi Rum, Jordan. Here we see a camel and an inscription. Thamudic, Nabataean and Arabic inscriptions testify to widespread literacy in these peoples. In Wadi Rum there are 25,000 rock carvings and 20,000 inscriptions produced over 12,000 years of habitation, from Neolithic to Nabataean. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC12_Jordan_MC210.JPG
  • Cinerary casket with epitaph inscription to Appia Zoe and relief of columns, theatre masks, garlands of fruits flowers and pine cones, Roman, marble, early 3rd century AD, in Lugdunum Museum, an archaeology museum housing Celtic, Roman and pre-Roman artefacts, designed by Bernard Zehrfuss and opened 1975, on the Roman site of Lugdunum in Lyon, Auvergne-Rhone-Alpes, France. The Roman city of Lugdunum was founded in 43 BC by Lucius Munatius Plancus on an existing Gallic site, now part of a UNESCO World Heritage Site. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC22_FRANCE_MC_0591.jpg
  • Alminar or minaret of the Granada Mosque with kufic inscription under the eaves, built in traditional El Albayzin style and opened 2003, in El Albayzin, the medieval Moorish old town of Granada, Andalusia, Spain. From the 8th to the 15th centuries, Granada was under muslim rule and retains a distinctive Moorish heritage. Granada was listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1984. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC14_GRANADA_MC104.jpg
  • Gallic inscription in latin characters, 'Martialis, son of Dannotalos, offered Ucuetis this building and that with blacksmiths who honor Ucuetis in Alesia', discovered in 1839 near the forum, in the collection of the Musee Municipal d’Alise, displayed in the Centre d'Interpretation, a visitor centre designed by Bernard Tschumi, at the MuseoParc Alesia, on Mont-Auxois near Alise-Sainte-Reine, Burgundy, France. Alesia was originally a Celtic settlement which became a Gallo-Roman town after being conquered by Julius Caesar during the Gallic Wars. Alesia is the site of the Battle of Alesia, 52 BC, when the Romans under Julius Caesar defeated the Gauls under Vercingetorix. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC19_FRANCE_MC_0310.jpg
  • Detail of a cursive Kufic koranic inscription in carved stucco with zellige tiles below, in the central courtyard of the Al-Attarine Madrasa, a religious school built 1323-25 by the Marinid Sultan Uthman II Abu Said, who ruled 1310-31, in the medina of Fes, Fes-Boulemane, Northern Morocco. This courtyard has a central marble fountain, a zellige tiled floor and lower walls and intricate carved stucco and wooden walls with horseshoe arches and pillars. Cursive Kufic script is included in the tilework and stucco. The medina of Fes was listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1981. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC14_Morocco_MC231.jpg
  • View from below of the pediment and carved inscription on the neo-classical amphitheatre built in 1787 and 1788 by Edme Verniquet, located in the Jardin des Plantes, Paris, 5th arrondissement, France. Founded in 1626 by Guy de La Brosse, Louis XIII's physician, the Jardin des Plantes, originally known as the Jardin du Roi, opened to the public in 1640. It became the Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle in 1793 during the French Revolution. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC_JDP_10_MC226.jpg
  • Iron plate with relief depicting St George slaying the dragon and the inscription 'Deu vos guard', in the vestibule of the main entrance, at Torre Bellesguard, or Casa Figueres, designed in Modernist style by Antoni Gaudi, 1852-1926, and built 1900-09, in Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain. The building was built in Gaudi's neo-Gothic style on the ruins of an old castle. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC21_SPAIN_MC_0886.jpg
  • Funerary monument with inscription, erected by Vernalis and Eutychus, dedicated to the Mane gods or the souls of the deceased and to Lucuna, freed from Everpa, 2nd century AD, in the Musee de Langres, or Langres Museum of Art and History, in Langres, Haute-Marne, France. Founded in 1841, the museum has been housed in a new building in the old town since 1997. It exhibits art, artefacts and archaeology from prehistory to the 20th century. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC21_FRANCE_MC_0994.jpg
  • Relief (copy) with Ur-Nanshe, King of Lagash in Mesopotamia, c. 2500 BC, with inscription relating to trade with Dilmun, in the Bahrain National Museum, designed by Krohn and Hartvig Rasmussen, inaugurated December 1988 by Amir Shaikh Isa Bin Salman Al-Khalifa, in Manama, Bahrain. The museum houses cultural and archaeological collections covering 6000 years of history, with rooms entitled Burial Mounds, Dilmun, Tylos and Islam, Customs and Traditions, Traditional Trades and Crafts, and Documents and Manuscripts. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC19_BAHREIN_MC_225.jpg
  • Giant sculpted head of an Ogre or Orcus with open mouth screaming (he is said to eat children) and the inscription 'Ogni pensiero vola' or 'All thoughts fly', as the mouth's acoustics enable a whisper to be heard outside, also known as the Gate of Hell in reference to Dante, in the Garden of Bomarzo, also known as the Sacro Bosco or Sacred Grove, or the Parco dei Mostri or Park of the Monsters, a monumental Mannerist park complex, c. 1550, made by Pier Francesco Orsini, or Vicino, 1523–1585, Duke of Orsini, designed by Pirro Ligorio, 1512-83, with sculptures by Simone Moschino, 1533-1610, in Bomarzo, Viterbo, Lazio, Italy. The gardens are in a wood at the bottom of a valley beneath the Castle of Orsini, with many large sculptures, small buildings and inscribed poems. The layout of the garden is chaotic, in contrast with formal Renaissance gardens, and it has a surrealistic air. The garden was restored in the 1970s and is now a major tourist attraction. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC16_ITALY_MC_0346.jpg
  • Architectural detail of the Puerta de San Jose, one of the East facade entrances to the Cathedral-Great Mosque of Cordoba, on the Calle del Magistrado Gonzalez Frances in Cordoba, Andalusia, Southern Spain. This section shows a horseshoe arch with red brick and intricately carved vegetal patterns, with an inscription in kufic script. The Moorish gate is named after St Joseph, whose chapel is on the other side of the door, and was restored in 1913 by Ricardo Velazquez Bosco. The first church built here by the Visigoths in the 7th century was split in half by the Moors, becoming half church, half mosque. In 784, the Great Mosque of Cordoba was begun in its place and developed over 200 years, but in 1236 it was converted into a catholic church, with a Renaissance cathedral nave built in the 16th century. The historic centre of Cordoba is listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC15_SPAIN_MC143.jpg
  • Grave carved with geometric designs and a Hebrew inscription indicating this person had no descendants, in the Jewish or Castilian cemetery, begun after 1492 when the Jewish community of Tetouan reformed with Jews exiled from Castile, containing 35,000 graves, outside the walls of the medina or old town of Tetouan, on the slopes of Jbel Dersa in the Rif Mountains of Northern Morocco. There are 3 cemeteries on this hill; the Muslim cemetery, the Jewish cemetery and the Spanish Catholic or Christian cemetery. Tetouan was of particular importance in the Islamic period from the 8th century, when it served as the main point of contact between Morocco and Andalusia. After the Reconquest, the town was rebuilt by Andalusian refugees who had been expelled by the Spanish. The medina of Tetouan dates to the 16th century and was declared a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1997. Picture by Manuel Cohen
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  • Kufic calligraphy in stucco from courtyard of Ben Youssef Madrasa, Medina, Marrakech, Morocco. This inscription is carved in Iraqi kufic style interwoven with a vegetal design. The Madrasa is an Islamic theological college founded in the 14th century and rebuilt by the Saadians in the 1560s. It is named after the Almoravid Sultan Ali ibn Yusuf, who reigned 1106-42. Picture by Manuel Cohen
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  • Kufic calligraphy in stucco from courtyard of Ben Youssef Madrasa, Medina, Marrakech, Morocco. This inscription is carved in Iraqi kufic style interwoven with a vegetal design and loops. The Madrasa is an Islamic theological college founded in the 14th century and rebuilt by the Saadians in the 1560s. It is named after the Almoravid Sultan Ali ibn Yusuf, who reigned 1106-42. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LCMOROCCO_12_MC118.jpg
  • Funerary stela of Victor with inscription and bas-relief of columns, pediment and birds, Coptic, limestone, 7th - 8th century AD, in the Musee des Beaux-Arts de Lyon, a fine arts museum opened 1801 in a former convent on the Place des Terreaux in Lyon, Rhone, France. Picture by Manuel Cohen
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  • Deer with antlers and spring flowing into a bowl, with inscription from Psalm 42, relief on a terracotta icon, 5th - 6th century AD, from Vinicko Kale, Vinica, Macedonia, in the Archaeological Museum Of Macedonia, in Skopje, capital city of North Macedonia. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC22_MACEDONIA_MC_006.jpg
  • Statue base with inscription dedicated to Mintathius Vitalis, a wine trader and Roman knight from Kanabae, 2nd century AD, in Lugdunum Museum, an archaeology museum housing Celtic, Roman and pre-Roman artefacts, designed by Bernard Zehrfuss and opened 1975, on the Roman site of Lugdunum in Lyon, Auvergne-Rhone-Alpes, France. The Roman city of Lugdunum was founded in 43 BC by Lucius Munatius Plancus on an existing Gallic site, now part of a UNESCO World Heritage Site. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC22_FRANCE_MC_0539.jpg
  • Base of a statue with inscription dedication to a priest from Tricasses at the Temple of the Three Gauls, Roman, early 3rd century AD, in Lugdunum Museum, an archaeology museum housing Celtic, Roman and pre-Roman artefacts, designed by Bernard Zehrfuss and opened 1975, on the Roman site of Lugdunum in Lyon, Auvergne-Rhone-Alpes, France. The Roman city of Lugdunum was founded in 43 BC by Lucius Munatius Plancus on an existing Gallic site, now part of a UNESCO World Heritage Site. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC22_FRANCE_MC_0608.jpg
  • Base of a statue with inscription dedication to a priest from Tricasses at the temple of the 3 provinces of Gaul, Roman, early 3rd century AD, in Lugdunum Museum, an archaeology museum housing Celtic, Roman and pre-Roman artefacts, designed by Bernard Zehrfuss and opened 1975, on the Roman site of Lugdunum in Lyon, Auvergne-Rhone-Alpes, France. The Roman city of Lugdunum was founded in 43 BC by Lucius Munatius Plancus on an existing Gallic site, now part of a UNESCO World Heritage Site. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC22_FRANCE_MC_0609.jpg
  • Tombstone with inscription 'Tiberius Iulius Delus, Vitalis, slave of the Fortieth Tax Society, and Amethystus, his freedman', 1st - 3rd century AD, in Lugdunum Museum, an archaeology museum housing Celtic, Roman and pre-Roman artefacts, designed by Bernard Zehrfuss and opened 1975, on the Roman site of Lugdunum in Lyon, Auvergne-Rhone-Alpes, France. The Roman city of Lugdunum was founded in 43 BC by Lucius Munatius Plancus on an existing Gallic site, now part of a UNESCO World Heritage Site. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC22_FRANCE_MC_0647.jpg
  • Keystone of the paschal lamb with inscription, limestone, 12th century, from the front nave of the Cluny III abbey church, in the Musee Ochier, or Musee d’Art et d’Archeologie, housing sculptures from the abbey, in the Jean de Bourbon Palace, built c. 1560, at Cluny Abbey or Abbaye de Cluny, a Romanesque Benedictine monastery founded 910 by duke William I of Aquitaine, in Cluny, Saone et Loire, Bourgogne-Franche-Comte, France. The museum was founded in 1866 and renovated in 1988. The abbey is listed as a historic monument. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC22_FRANCE_MC_0363.jpg
  • Tombstone, with relief of the deceased wearing military uniform, with Latin inscription, marble, Roman, from Alexandria, in the Alexandria National Museum, opened 2003, in the former US consulate, a palace built 1926 on Tariq Al-Horreya street, in Alexandria, Egypt. The museum houses collections from Alexandria and Egypt, from the Pharaonic, Hellenistic, Roman, Coptic and Islamic periods. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC22_EGYPT_MC_0665.jpg
  • Hieroglyph inscription, relief on the wall of the Hypostyle Hall at the Ramesseum, mortuary temple of Ramesses II, 3rd pharaoh of the 19th dynasty, New Kingdom, in the Theban Necropolis, Thebes, Luxor, Egypt. The Ramesseum was built in the 13th century BC under Ramesses II, with 2 stone pylons or gateways, courtyards and a covered 48 column hypostyle hall around the inner sanctuary. Thebes is listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC22_EGYPT_MC_0349.jpg
  • Hieroglyph inscription, relief on the wall of the Hypostyle Hall at the Ramesseum, mortuary temple of Ramesses II, 3rd pharaoh of the 19th dynasty, New Kingdom, in the Theban Necropolis, Thebes, Luxor, Egypt. The Ramesseum was built in the 13th century BC under Ramesses II, with 2 stone pylons or gateways, courtyards and a covered 48 column hypostyle hall around the inner sanctuary. Thebes is listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC22_EGYPT_MC_0348.jpg
  • Lintel, 1019-20, Romanesque sculpture (the earliest dated Romanesque stone sculpture) in white marble, forming part of the portal on the facade of the abbey church of St Michael, now the parish church of Saint-Genis-des-Fontaines, consecrated 1153, in the Abbaye de Saint-Genis-des-Fontaines, Pyrenees-Orientales, France. The lintel, originally an altar support, was commissioned by abbot Guillaume in the 11th century and is a bas-relief of Christ in Majesty in a mandorla with 2 archangels and figures in arched niches, and a latin inscription to King Robert II the Pious of France. The Benedictine monastery was founded 778-80 by abbot Sentimirus, rebuilt in the 10th century and sacked in the French Revolution. The abbey is listed as a historic monument. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC21_FRANCE_MC_1427.jpg
  • Hieroglyphic inscription above the entrance to a tomb at Saqqara, Egypt. The burial site at Saqqara, containing pyramids, mastabas and tombs from 1st dynasty to the Greco Roman period, was the royal necropolis for Memphis. Saqqara is listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC22_EGYPT_MC_0205.jpg
  • Stela of Ramesses III, 2nd pharaoh of the 20th dynasty, with relief of the pharaoh wearing a tall crown and false royal beard, presenting an offering to the god Amun Re, with inscription in hieroglyphs, 1193-62 BC, New Kingdom, sandstone, from Qurna, in the Luxor Museum, inaugurated 1975, in Luxor, Egypt. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC22_EGYPT_MC_0095.jpg
  • Second stela of Kamose, last pharaoh of the Theban 17th dynasty, with inscription in hieroglyphs detailing his victories over the Hyksos, whom he pushed back into their Delta capital of Avaris, limestone, from Karnak, in the Luxor Museum, inaugurated 1975, in Luxor, Egypt. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC22_EGYPT_MC_0101.jpg
  • Second stela of Kamose, last pharaoh of the Theban 17th dynasty, detail, with inscription in hieroglyphs detailing his his victories over the Hyksos, whom he pushed back into their Delta capital of Avaris, limestone, from Karnak, in the Luxor Museum, inaugurated 1975, in Luxor, Egypt. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC22_EGYPT_MC_0102.jpg
  • Sculpture of a prisoner from Syria or Palestine, depicted prostrate with hands tied behind his back, 19th - 20th dynasty, New Kingdom, grey granite, from Qasr el-Koba, Cairo, in the Luxor Museum, inaugurated 1975, in Luxor, Egypt. The inscription is an offering prayer dedicated to a man named Peninhery. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC22_EGYPT_MC_0116.jpg
  • Funerary stele of Eugenie, with relief of handshake between the deceased, a seated woman wearing chiton (tunic) and himation (cloak) and veil, and her son, Hellenistic, with inscription added in the imperial Roman period, from East Greece, in the Musee Lapidaire, or Lapidary Museum, in Avignon, Provence-Alpes-Cote-d'Azur, France. The museum houses archaeological artefacts from the Collection Archeologique de la Fondation Calvet, from the Musee Calvet. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC21_FRANCE_MC_1345.JPG
  • Main entrance door, arched, with wrought iron gate by Domingo Sugranes with inscription 'Ave Maria purissima, sens pecat fou conceiva', at the Torre Bellesguard, or Casa Figueres, designed in Modernist style by Antoni Gaudi, 1852-1926, and built 1900-09, in Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain. The building was built in Gaudi's neo-Gothic style on the ruins of an old castle. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC21_SPAIN_MC_0879.jpg
  • Iron plate, detail, with relief depicting St George slaying the dragon and the inscription 'Deu vos guard', in the vestibule of the main entrance, at Torre Bellesguard, or Casa Figueres, designed in Modernist style by Antoni Gaudi, 1852-1926, and built 1900-09, in Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain. The building was built in Gaudi's neo-Gothic style on the ruins of an old castle. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    _CC_6488.jpg
  • Iron plate with relief depicting St George slaying the dragon and the inscription 'Deu vos guard', in the vestibule of the main entrance, at Torre Bellesguard, or Casa Figueres, designed in Modernist style by Antoni Gaudi, 1852-1926, and built 1900-09, in Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain. The building was built in Gaudi's neo-Gothic style on the ruins of an old castle. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    Pano_CC_6482_CC_6483.jpg
  • Child with a dog on a lead and the inscription Vava, sgraffito from a Gallo-Roman fresco fragment, 61-150 AD, excavated at Perigueux, in the Musee Vesunna, Perigueux, Dordogne, France. The Vesunna Gallo-Roman Museum was built by Jean Nouvel and opened in 2003, to protect and house the excavated remains of the Vesunna domus and exhibit artefacts from the region. Vesunna was founded on the site of modern-day Perigueux in c. 16 BC under Emperor Augustus, and was the Gallo-Roman capital of Petrucores territory. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC21_FRANCE_MC_1108.jpg
  • Cherub, detail from a monumental funerary inscription, erected by T Abrius Candidus, early 2nd century AD, limestone, discovered west of Blanchefontaine, in the Musee de Langres, or Langres Museum of Art and History, in Langres, Haute-Marne, France. Founded in 1841, the museum has been housed in a new building in the old town since 1997. It exhibits art, artefacts and archaeology from prehistory to the 20th century. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC21_FRANCE_MC_1026.jpg
  • Monumental funerary inscription, erected by T Abrius Candidus, early 2nd century AD, limestone, discovered west of Blanchefontaine, in the Musee de Langres, or Langres Museum of Art and History, in Langres, Haute-Marne, France. Founded in 1841, the museum has been housed in a new building in the old town since 1997. It exhibits art, artefacts and archaeology from prehistory to the 20th century. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC21_FRANCE_MC_1025.jpg
  • Inscription on a sign, indicating access to a private street with restricted access, perhaps to reach a tomb, High Empire, 1st - 3rd century AD,  limestone, discovered in the ramparts of Langres, in the Musee de Langres, or Langres Museum of Art and History, in Langres, Haute-Marne, France. Founded in 1841, the museum has been housed in a new building in the old town since 1997. It exhibits art, artefacts and archaeology from prehistory to the 20th century. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC21_FRANCE_MC_0940.jpg
  • Inscription, 3rd century AD, limestone, discovered in 1845 at the citadel of Langres, in the Musee de Langres, or Langres Museum of Art and History, in Langres, Haute-Marne, France. Founded in 1841, the museum has been housed in a new building in the old town since 1997. It exhibits art, artefacts and archaeology from prehistory to the 20th century. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC21_FRANCE_MC_0939.jpg
  • Lion with beaded tracery, and above, Latin inscription from Psalm 82 v1, extolling the pleasures of communal life, Romanesque capital, late 12th century, in the south gallery of the Cloitre d'Elne, built 12th - 14th centuries, at the Cathedrale Sainte-Eulalie-et-Sainte-Julie d'Elne, an 11th century catalan Romanesque cathedral in Elne, Pyrenees-Orientales, Catalogne du Nord, France. The cloister was originally the residence of the cathedral's canons, and features Romanesque and Gothic sculptures and capitals, depicting biblical figures, animals and plants. The cathedral and its cloister are listed as historic monuments. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC20_FRANCE_MC_0608.jpg
  • Crucifixion of Christ with inscription Jesus King of Jews in Hebrew, Greek and Latin, detail from Crucifixion with Saints, Renaissance fresco, 1441-42, by Fra Angelico, 1395-1455, from the North tympanum opposite the chapter house entrance in the Convento San Marco, now the Museo di San Marco, in Florence, Tuscany, Italy. The painting depicts the crucifixion of Jesus and the 2 thieves, with saints in mourning, and beneath, medallion portraits of Dominican saints, painted by Benozzo Gozzoli, Fra Angelico's assistant. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC20_ITALY_MC_727.jpg
  • Crucifixion of Christ with inscription Jesus King of Jews in Hebrew, Greek and Latin, detail from Crucifixion with Saints, Renaissance fresco, 1441-42, by Fra Angelico, 1395-1455, from the North tympanum opposite the chapter house entrance in the Convento San Marco, now the Museo di San Marco, in Florence, Tuscany, Italy. The painting depicts the crucifixion of Jesus and the 2 thieves, with saints in mourning, and beneath, medallion portraits of Dominican saints, painted by Benozzo Gozzoli, Fra Angelico's assistant. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC20_ITALY_MC_726.jpg
  • Carved stone detail with scrolls and inscription, on the colonnaded main street, in Perga, an ancient Pamphylian city ruled by the Persians, Greeks and Romans, in Antalya, Turkey. Perga has 2 main streets intersecting to divide the city into 4. The main street is 480m long and 22m wide and was used by pedestrians and vehicles. Shops with porticoes with mosaic floors line the limestone road, and an open water channel lies along its centre, with sewage systems underground. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC20_TURKEY_MC_009.jpg
  • Inscription on the tomb of Michelangelo Buonarotti, 1475-1564, designed by Giorgio Vasari and built 1564-74, in the Basilica di Santa Croce, or Basilica of the Holy Cross, built 1294-1385, in Florence, Tuscany, Italy. The historic centre of Florence is listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC20_ITALY_MC_200.jpg
  • Crowned queen, in a beautiful costume, holding a sceptre, with the inscription: Pride and vanity, that's what we are, charcoal drawings, made 1882-91, drawn by 2 unknown men, possibly bell ringers, in the bell room of the Eglise Notre-Dame-de-la-Croix de Menilmontant, in the 20th arrondissement of Paris, France. The Church of Our Lady of the Holy Cross of Menilmontant is a Roman catholic church built 1863-80. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC19_PARIS_MC_0574.jpg
  • Crowned queen, in a beautiful costume, holding a sceptre, with the inscription: Pride and vanity, that's what we are, charcoal drawings, made 1882-91, drawn by 2 unknown men, possibly bell ringers, in the bell room of the Eglise Notre-Dame-de-la-Croix de Menilmontant, in the 20th arrondissement of Paris, France. The Church of Our Lady of the Holy Cross of Menilmontant is a Roman catholic church built 1863-80. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC19_PARIS_MC_0573.jpg
  • Arabic inscription on a foundation stone of a mosque, with koranic quotation, 1421 AD, in the Bahrain National Museum, designed by Krohn and Hartvig Rasmussen, inaugurated December 1988 by Amir Shaikh Isa Bin Salman Al-Khalifa, in Manama, Bahrain. The museum houses cultural and archaeological collections covering 6000 years of history, with rooms entitled Burial Mounds, Dilmun, Tylos and Islam, Customs and Traditions, Traditional Trades and Crafts, and Documents and Manuscripts. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC19_BAHREIN_MC_239.jpg
  • Sacrifice of a bull, ram and boar by the legion to the Roman gods for their victory, with a musician playing the aulos and a man pouring libation on an altar, detail from the Bridgeness Stone, or Bridgeness Distance Slab, c. 142 AD, a Roman carved stone with inscription recording the section of the Antonine Wall (built across the width of Scotland) built by the Second Augustan Legion, found in 1868 at Bo'Ness, at the Tullie House Museum and Art Gallery, Carlisle, Cumbria, England. This is a copy of the original stone, which is in the National Museum of Antiquities of Scotland. Carlisle sits at the Western end of Hadrian's Wall. Hadrian's Wall was built 73 miles across Britannia, now England, 122-128 AD, under the reign of Emperor Hadrian, ruled 117-138, to mark the Northern extent of the Roman Empire and guard against barbarian attacks from the Picts to the North. The wall was fortified with milecastles with 2 turrets in between, and a fort about every 5 Roman miles. Picture by Manuel Cohen
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  • Carved stone stela with a 'bottle form' stylised figure, late 6th century BC (4th excavation phase), dedicated to the Carthaginian god Baal Hammon, with an inscription 'consecrated by HMLKT', in the Mozia Museum or Whitaker Museum, in Mozia, a Phoenician island city, Trapani, Sicily, Italy. Mozia was founded in the 8th century BC by the Phoenicians, and remained an important city and Carthaginian trade outpost, thriving until it was overthrown by the Syracuse Greeks in 397 BC. In 1888 the island was rediscovered by Joseph Whitaker, who, through his Fondazione Giuseppe Whitaker, excavated the site and founded the island's museum. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC17_ITALY_MC133.jpg
  • Carved stone stela with female figure, late 6th century BC (3rd excavation phase), with an inscription, from the Tofet of Mozia, in the Mozia Museum or Whitaker Museum, in Mozia, a Phoenician island city, Trapani, Sicily, Italy. Mozia was founded in the 8th century BC by the Phoenicians, and remained an important city and Carthaginian trade outpost, thriving until it was overthrown by the Syracuse Greeks in 397 BC. In 1888 the island was rediscovered by Joseph Whitaker, who, through his Fondazione Giuseppe Whitaker, excavated the site and founded the island's museum. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC17_ITALY_MC131.jpg
  • Carved stone stela with figure and columns, possibly 6th century BC, with an inscription, in the Mozia Museum or Whitaker Museum, in Mozia, a Phoenician island city, Trapani, Sicily, Italy. Mozia was founded in the 8th century BC by the Phoenicians, and remained an important city and Carthaginian trade outpost, thriving until it was overthrown by the Syracuse Greeks in 397 BC. In 1888 the island was rediscovered by Joseph Whitaker, who, through his Fondazione Giuseppe Whitaker, excavated the site and founded the island's museum. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC17_ITALY_MC124.jpg
  • Carved stone stela with 2 figures in profile, 5th - 6th century BC (3rd excavation phase), dedicated to the Carthaginian god Baal Hammon, with the inscription 'Abdmilquart son of SHRR, son of Bal Yasop', in the Mozia Museum or Whitaker Museum, in Mozia, a Phoenician island city, Trapani, Sicily, Italy. Mozia was founded in the 8th century BC by the Phoenicians, and remained an important city and Carthaginian trade outpost, thriving until it was overthrown by the Syracuse Greeks in 397 BC. In 1888 the island was rediscovered by Joseph Whitaker, who, through his Fondazione Giuseppe Whitaker, excavated the site and founded the island's museum. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC17_ITALY_MC123.jpg
  • Carved wooden lintel on the reconstruction of the Maison du Jouir or House of Pleasure, home to French artist Paul Gauguin, 1848-1903, from 1901 to his death, now part of the Paul Gauguin Cultural Center, a museum which opened in 2003, in Atuona, on the island of Hiva Oa, in the Marquesas Islands, French Polynesia. The building is a traditional 2-storey hut with a wooden lintel carved by Gauguin in 1901 with the inscription, 'Be mysterious. Be loving and you will be happy'. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC17_POLYNESIA_MC_072.jpg
  • Wooden lintel carved by Gauguin in 1901 with the inscription, 'Be mysterious. Be loving and you will be happy', on the reconstruction of the Maison du Jouir or House of Pleasure, a traditional 2-storey hut and home to French artist Paul Gauguin, 1848-1903, from 1901 to his death, now part of the Paul Gauguin Cultural Center, a museum which opened in 2003, in Atuona, on the island of Hiva Oa, in the Marquesas Islands, French Polynesia. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC17_POLYNESIA_MC_069.jpg
  • Plaque with an inscription above the door of the main portal, designed by Andres de Vandelvira, 1509–75, in Plateresque style, and carved by Esteban Jamete, 1515-65, at the Sacra Capilla del Salvador, or Sacred Chapel of the Saviour, designed by Diego de Siloe and Andres de Vandelvira and built for Francisco de los Cobos in 1536 in Spanish Renaissance style and consecrated in 1559, on the Plaza Vazquez de Molina, in Ubeda, Jaen, Andalusia, Spain. To the left is the relief of Hercules fighting the Centaur. The Renaissance buildings of Ubeda and Baeza are listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC17_SPAIN_MC245.jpg
  • Black marble plaque in the embrasure of an arcade in the Loggia of the Lower Courtyard, with an inscription explaining the dispute between 3 local parishes, each claiming the royalties associated with the Hotel Lallemant because the land on which it was built straddled all 3 parish boundaries, Hotel Lallemant, mansion built 1495-1518 in French Renaissance style by the Lallemant merchant family, in Bourges, Centre Val de Loire, France. Since 1951 the building has housed the Musee des Arts Decoratifs and it was listed as a historic monument in 1840. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC17_FRANCE_MC_0637.jpg
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