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  • Page with illuminated letter F, from the Great Bible of Clairvaux, an illuminated bible made 12th century at Clairvaux Abbey under St Bernard, in the Mediatheque Jacques-Chirac, the multimedia library in Troyes, Aube, Grand Est, France. The Cistercian bible features illuminated initials with geometric and floral decoration, but no depictions of humans or animals. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC21_FRANCE_MC_1516.jpg
  • Page with illuminated letter D, from the Great Bible of Clairvaux, an illuminated bible made 12th century at Clairvaux Abbey under St Bernard, in the Mediatheque Jacques-Chirac, the multimedia library in Troyes, Aube, Grand Est, France. The Cistercian bible features illuminated initials with geometric and floral decoration, but no depictions of humans or animals. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC21_FRANCE_MC_1512.jpg
  • Page with illuminated letter I, from the Great Bible of Clairvaux, an illuminated bible made 12th century at Clairvaux Abbey under St Bernard, in the Mediatheque Jacques-Chirac, the multimedia library in Troyes, Aube, Grand Est, France. The Cistercian bible features illuminated initials with geometric and floral decoration, but no depictions of humans or animals. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC21_FRANCE_MC_1513.jpg
  • Page with illuminated letter L, from the Great Bible of Clairvaux, an illuminated bible made 12th century at Clairvaux Abbey under St Bernard, in the Mediatheque Jacques-Chirac, the multimedia library in Troyes, Aube, Grand Est, France. The Cistercian bible features illuminated initials with geometric and floral decoration, but no depictions of humans or animals. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC21_FRANCE_MC_1514.jpg
  • Page with illuminated letter P, from the Great Bible of Clairvaux, an illuminated bible made 12th century at Clairvaux Abbey under St Bernard, in the Mediatheque Jacques-Chirac, the multimedia library in Troyes, Aube, Grand Est, France. The Cistercian bible features illuminated initials with geometric and floral decoration, but no depictions of humans or animals. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC21_FRANCE_MC_1515.jpg
  • New Caledonia Glasshouse (formerly The Mexican Hothouse), 1830s, Charles Rohault de Fleury,(left) and Tropical Rainforest Glasshouse (formerly Le Jardin d'Hiver or Winter Gardens), 1936, Rene Berger, (right)Jardin des Plantes, Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France. A Panoramic view of the Glasshouses illuminated at night, with the new stairway leading up to them lit in blue. The New Caledonia Glasshouse, or Hothouse, was the first French glass and iron building.
    _MG_9675.jpg
  • New Caledonia Glasshouse (formerly The Mexican Hothouse), 1830s, Charles Rohault de Fleury,(left) and Tropical Rainforest Glasshouse (formerly Le Jardin d'Hiver or Winter Gardens), 1936, Rene Berger, (right)Jardin des Plantes, Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France. A Panoramic view of the Glasshouses illuminated at night, with the new stairway leading up to them lit in blue. The New Caledonia Glasshouse, or Hothouse, was the first French glass and iron building.
    Mnhn_GS_MCohen_581.jpg
  • New Caledonia Glasshouse (formerly The Mexican Hothouse), 1830s, Charles Rohault de Fleury,(left) and Tropical Rainforest Glasshouse (formerly Le Jardin d'Hiver or Winter Gardens), 1936, Rene Berger, (right)Jardin des Plantes, Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France. A Panoramic view of the Glasshouses illuminated at night, with the new stairway leading up to them lit in blue. The New Caledonia Glasshouse, or Hothouse, was the first French glass and iron building.
    Mnhn_GS_MCohen_581.jpg
  • First edition of the "Crusader Bible", 13th century manuscript kept in the Pierpont Morgan Library in New York, on natural parchment made of animal skin published by Scriptorium SL in Valencia, Spain. © Scriptorium / Manuel Cohen
    LC14_CrusaderBible_MC027.jpg
  • First edition of the "Crusader Bible", 13th century manuscript kept in the Pierpont Morgan Library in New York, on natural parchment made of animal skin published by Scriptorium SL in Valencia, Spain. © Scriptorium / Manuel Cohen
    LC14_CrusaderBible_MC026.jpg
  • First edition of the "Crusader Bible", 13th century manuscript kept in the Pierpont Morgan Library in New York, on natural parchment made of animal skin published by Scriptorium SL in Valencia, Spain. © Scriptorium / Manuel Cohen
    LC14_CrusaderBible_MC023.jpg
  • First edition of the "Crusader Bible", 13th century manuscript kept in the Pierpont Morgan Library in New York, on natural parchment made of animal skin published by Scriptorium SL in Valencia, Spain. © Scriptorium / Manuel Cohen
    LC14_CrusaderBible_MC021.jpg
  • (Up) Ehud, a Clever Leader: After the death of Joshua, Israel falls into sin and displeases the Lord; as punishment, the people are made subservient to Eglon, king of the Moabites, for eighteen years. The people repent and plead with the Lord for a deliverer. The Lord chooses Ehud of the tribe of Benjamin. When the Moabite army departs to fight a foreign battle, clever Ehud gains a private audience with Eglon and brutally slays the king. Ehud escapes and summons the Israelite army with a trumpet. The Moabites are humbled. (Judges 3:20ñ30); (Down) Deborah, a Prophetess: Following Ehud's death, the sins of the Israelites again displease the Lord. The people are made to suffer under the rule of Jabin, king of the Canaanites, for twenty years. Finally, the prophetess Deborah summons Barak to lead an attack against the Canaanite army. Deborah, riding side-saddle on a dappled charger, commands Barak and the Israelite forces. The exhausted and terror-stricken enemy offers no resistance even as its king receives his death blow. (Judges 4:8ñ16). Excerpt of the first edition of the "Crusader Bible", 13th century manuscript kept in the Pierpont Morgan Library in New York, on natural parchment made of animal skin published by Scriptorium SL in Valencia, Spain. © Scriptorium / Manuel Cohen
    LC14_CrusaderBible_MC016.JPG
  • (Up) Jonathan, a Prince:Encamped outside of Gibeah, Saul rests beneath a pomegranate tree and advises his warriors. Meanwhile, without informing his father, Saul's son Jonathan bravely scales a mountain to attack a Philistine garrison. Accompanied only by his armour-bearer, Jonathan engages the enemy; together they kill twenty men. (1 Samuel 14:1ñ14); (Down) The Battle is Joined: Sounds of battle have been heard in the Philistine camp, so Saul has assembled his army. It is discovered that Jonathan and his armour-bearer are missing. As the priest Ahijah bears the Ark of the Covenant into battle, Saul issues a bold command: the army is not to partake of food until all of the Philistines are destroyed. Jonathan, riding ahead, does not hear his father's instruction. Cradling his great helm in his left hand, he leans from his horse and spears a honeycomb to eat. (1 Samuel 14:17ñ27) Excerpt of the first edition of the "Crusader Bible", 13th century manuscript kept in the Pierpont Morgan Library in New York, on natural parchment made of animal skin published by Scriptorium SL in Valencia, Spain. © Scriptorium / Manuel Cohen
    LC14_CrusaderBible_MC012.jpg
  • (Up) Amnon tricks Tamar to lie in bed with him. Amnon's love for Tamar turns to hatred and he forces her to leave in humiliation; (Down) Tamar laments her misfortune in Absalom's house while Absalom's servants kill Amnon at a feast held for David's sons. (2 Samuel 13 1-29). Excerpt of the first edition of the "Crusader Bible", 13th century manuscript kept in the Pierpont Morgan Library in New York, on natural parchment made of animal skin published by Scriptorium SL in Valencia, Spain. © Scriptorium / Manuel Cohen
    LC14_CrusaderBible_MC007.JPG
  • Joshua Defeated at Ai: his is the first of the Picture Bible's great battle scenes. Joshua has taken a small contingent of the army to destroy the Amorite city of Ai. As soon as the Israelites arrive at the city gates, they are repulsed by a small force of defenders, including a crossbowman who takes aim from atop the portcullis. Thirty-six men of the expedition are killed as Amorite horsemen vengefully pursue and strike down their assailants. Joshua, shown again in brown tunic and with tri-point shield, narrowly escapes with his life. Nearby, an Amorite breaks his spear in the side of an Israelite horseman whose mount has collapsed beneath him, and a disoriented Israelite foot soldier is trampled by the fleeing cavalry. (Joshua 7:1ñ5). Excerpt of the first edition of the "Crusader Bible", 13th century manuscript kept in the Pierpont Morgan Library in New York, on natural parchment made of animal skin published by Scriptorium SL in Valencia, Spain. © Scriptorium / Manuel Cohen
    LC14_CrusaderBible_MC004.jpg
  • (left) Sweetener: Moses, following the Lord's command, casts the tree into the bitter waters. The Israelites gather around with drinking cups and vessels to collect the sweetened waters. In the foreground, a group of sheep quenches its thirst. (Exodus 15:24ñ25); (right) Manna: Hunger has overcome the Israelites in the wilderness, and the congregation begins to murmur against Moses. The Lord hears these complaints, however, and rains bread from heaven upon the people. The Israelites collect the bread, each according to his own need, following the instructions Lord has given to Moses. (Exodus 16:11ñ15). Excerpt of the first edition of the "Crusader Bible", 13th century manuscript kept in the Pierpont Morgan Library in New York, on natural parchment made of animal skin published by Scriptorium SL in Valencia, Spain. © Scriptorium / Manuel Cohen
    LC14_CrusaderBible_MC002.JPG
  • Once completed the facsimile goes into a press for the final process at the printing studio of Scriptorium SL in Valencia, Spain. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    30052014_Scriptorium_MC041.jpg
  • Graphic retouchers highlight the gilt painting with golden ink and then age their work with a small scalpel at the printing studio of Scriptorium SL in Valencia, Spain. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    30052014_Scriptorium_MC038.jpg
  • Graphic retouchers highlight the gilt painting with golden ink and then age their work with a small scalpel at the printing studio of Scriptorium SL in Valencia, Spain. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    30052014_Scriptorium_MC039.jpg
  • Graphic retouchers highlight the gilt painting with golden ink and then age their work with a small scalpel at the printing studio of Scriptorium SL in Valencia, Spain. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    30052014_Scriptorium_MC036.jpg
  • Graphic retouchers highlight the gilt painting with golden ink and then age their work with a small scalpel at the printing studio of Scriptorium SL in Valencia, Spain. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    30052014_Scriptorium_MC035.jpg
  • Sergio is assembling the folios of the facsimile with natural string at the printing studio of Scriptorium SL in Valencia, Spain. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    30052014_Scriptorium_MC033.jpg
  • Sergio is assembling the folios of the facsimile with natural string at the printing studio of Scriptorium SL in Valencia, Spain. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    30052014_Scriptorium_MC031.jpg
  • Alberto is assembling the folios of the facsimile with natural string at the printing studio of Scriptorium SL in Valencia, Spain. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    30052014_Scriptorium_MC024.jpg
  • Alberto is assembling the folios of the facsimile with natural string at the printing studio of Scriptorium SL in Valencia, Spain. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    30052014_Scriptorium_MC023.jpg
  • First edition of the "Crusader Bible", 13th century manuscript kept in the Pierpont Morgan Library in New York, on natural parchment made of animal skin published by Scriptorium SL in Valencia, Spain. © Scriptorium / Manuel Cohen
    LC14_CrusaderBible_MC025.jpg
  • First edition of the "Crusader Bible", 13th century manuscript kept in the Pierpont Morgan Library in New York, on natural parchment made of animal skin published by Scriptorium SL in Valencia, Spain. © Scriptorium / Manuel Cohen
    LC14_CrusaderBible_MC024.jpg
  • (left) The Sacrifices of Cain and Abel; Cain Murders His Brother: The Lord is pleased with the ram Abel has brought as a sacrifice, but Cain meets with no such favour for the sheaves he presents at the altar. Furiously jealous, Cain later slays Abel with a hatchet. (Genesis 4:3ñ8); (right) The Death of Cain: This scene is drawn from an account popular in the middle ages that expanded upon the brief description of Cain's death in the Book of Genesis. The aged and blind Lamech, his aim guided by a boy, shoots Cain with bow and arrow as he is tangled in a bush. Note that in this and the preceding miniatures, the painter has deliberately ignored some of the plants springing from the ground, perhaps to create a contrast between the barren nature of the world and the lush Garden of Eden. (Genesis 4:15, 23ñ24). Excerpt of the first edition of the "Crusader Bible", 13th century manuscript kept in the Pierpont Morgan Library in New York, on natural parchment made of animal skin published by Scriptorium SL in Valencia, Spain. © Scriptorium / Manuel Cohen
    LC14_CrusaderBible_MC020.jpg
  • Ehud, a Clever Leader: After the death of Joshua, Israel falls into sin and displeases the Lord; as punishment, the people are made subservient to Eglon, king of the Moabites, for eighteen years. The people repent and plead with the Lord for a deliverer. The Lord chooses Ehud of the tribe of Benjamin. When the Moabite army departs to fight a foreign battle, clever Ehud gains a private audience with Eglon and brutally slays the king. Ehud escapes and summons the Israelite army with a trumpet. The Moabites are humbled. (Judges 3:20ñ30). Excerpt of the first edition of the "Crusader Bible", 13th century manuscript kept in the Pierpont Morgan Library in New York, on natural parchment made of animal skin published by Scriptorium SL in Valencia, Spain. © Scriptorium / Manuel Cohen
    LC14_CrusaderBible_MC017.jpg
  • (Up) A Plea for Help: As Saul drives oxen in from the fields, he is met by anguished messengers from Jabesh-Gilead. Nahash the Ammonite has encamped outside the city and threatened to gouge out the right eye of every inhabitant. The king, enraged, slaughters two oxen and cuts them into pieces. The pieces are sent throughout Israel with a message: either follow Saul and Samuel into battle or expect the same to be done to your oxen. (1 Samuel 11:1ñ7); (Down) Marshaling Forces: Saul, crowned, bearing a scepter, and seated on an ivory throne, greets the warriors of Israel. The foremost kneel before the king and pledge their fealty. A standard bearer rides along in a supply cart. Behind Saul, a royal attendant assures a messenger from Jabesh-Gilead that help is at hand. (1 Samuel 11:7ñ9). Excerpt of the first edition of the "Crusader Bible", 13th century manuscript kept in the Pierpont Morgan Library in New York, on natural parchment made of animal skin published by Scriptorium SL in Valencia, Spain. © Scriptorium / Manuel Cohen
    LC14_CrusaderBible_MC014.JPG
  • (left) Jonathan, a Prince: Encamped outside of Gibeah, Saul rests beneath a pomegranate tree and advises his warriors. Meanwhile, without informing his father, Saul's son Jonathan bravely scales a mountain to attack a Philistine garrison. Accompanied only by his armour-bearer, Jonathan engages the enemy; together they kill twenty men. (1 Samuel 14:1ñ14); (right) The Battle is Joined: Sounds of battle have been heard in the Philistine camp, so Saul has assembled his army. It is discovered that Jonathan and his armour-bearer are missing. As the priest Ahijah bears the Ark of the Covenant into battle, Saul issues a bold command: the army is not to partake of food until all of the Philistines are destroyed. Jonathan, riding ahead, does not hear his father's instruction. Cradling his great helm in his left hand, he leans from his horse and spears a honeycomb to eat. (1 Samuel 14:17ñ27). Excerpt of the first edition of the "Crusader Bible", 13th century manuscript kept in the Pierpont Morgan Library in New York, on natural parchment made of animal skin published by Scriptorium SL in Valencia, Spain. © Scriptorium / Manuel Cohen
    LC14_CrusaderBible_MC013.jpg
  • (Up) Uriah Refuses to Return Home: Uriah will not obey David's orders to return home, for to do so in a time of war would bring shame upon him. He sets up his eagle-topped pavilion before the king's house and enjoys a rich feast provided by the king. David's grand doorway is crowned by a finial topped by a royal fleur-de-lis. (2 Samuel 11:7ñ9); (Down) Uriah is Slain: David, unable to convince Uriah to return home, sends him back to the Israelite camp with a sealed letter for Joab. Joab is instructed to reassign Uriah to the fiercest part of the battle. Uriah is posted to the front lines of the Israelite siege at Rabbah, where valiant men defend the citadel. There he is struck by a bolt fired from an enemy crossbow and killed. (2 Samuel 11:14ñ17). Excerpt of the first edition of the "Crusader Bible", 13th century manuscript kept in the Pierpont Morgan Library in New York, on natural parchment made of animal skin published by Scriptorium SL in Valencia, Spain. © Scriptorium / Manuel Cohen
    LC14_CrusaderBible_MC010.JPG
  • Tamar laments her misfortune in Absalom's house while Absalom's servants kill Amnon at a feast held for David's sons. (2 Samuel 13 1-29). Excerpt of the first edition of the "Crusader Bible", 13th century manuscript kept in the Pierpont Morgan Library in New York, on natural parchment made of animal skin published by Scriptorium SL in Valencia, Spain. © Scriptorium / Manuel Cohen
    LC14_CrusaderBible_MC009.jpg
  • Amnon tricks Tamar to lie in bed with him. Amnon's love for Tamar turns to hatred and he forces her to leave in humiliation. (2 Samuel 13 1-29). Excerpt of the first edition of the "Crusader Bible", 13th century manuscript kept in the Pierpont Morgan Library in New York, on natural parchment made of animal skin published by Scriptorium SL in Valencia, Spain. © Scriptorium / Manuel Cohen
    LC14_CrusaderBible_MC008.jpg
  • Israel's Enemies Humiliated: Joshua soon learns that his enemies are hiding in a cave at Makkedah. Israelite men drag the five kings from their hiding place, and, in obedience to Joshua, they trample on the kings' necks. Joshua, still holding his spear, encourages the men, reminding them that a similar fate awaits all those who oppose the Lord. (Joshua 10:15ñ25). Excerpt of the first edition of the "Crusader Bible", 13th century manuscript kept in the Pierpont Morgan Library in New York, on natural parchment made of animal skin published by Scriptorium SL in Valencia, Spain. © Scriptorium / Manuel Cohen
    LC14_CrusaderBible_MC006.JPG
  • (left) The Lord Provides: Once more the Israelites complain to Moses of thirst, but again the Lord provides. Moses, in obedience to God, strikes the rock at Horeb with his staff, and a spring bursts forth to quench the thirst of the people and their flocks. (Exodus 17:3ñ6); (Right) Joshua, a Soldier: Amalek and his army threaten the Israelites with war. Moses commands Joshua, son of Nun, to assemble an army. The opponents face each other across a field at Rephidim, in this illustration arrayed in thirteenth-century battle dress. Joshua wears a brown tunic and carries a tri-point shield emblazoned with a lion. He and his cavalry all wear great helms. The enemy horsemen, to include the crowned Amalek, wear an older style of pointed helmet with a nasal guard. In the foreground, trumpeters and drummers sound the call to battle. (Exodus 17:8ñ13). Excerpt of the first edition of the "Crusader Bible", 13th century manuscript kept in the Pierpont Morgan Library in New York, on natural parchment made of animal skin published by Scriptorium SL in Valencia, Spain. © Scriptorium / Manuel Cohen
    LC14_CrusaderBible_MC001.JPG
  • Jose Vicente highlights the gilt painting with golden ink and then age his work with a small scalpel at the printing studio of Scriptorium SL in Valencia, Spain. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    30052014_Scriptorium_MC040.jpg
  • Graphic retouchers highlight the gilt painting with golden ink and then age their work with a small scalpel at the printing studio of Scriptorium SL in Valencia, Spain. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    30052014_Scriptorium_MC034.jpg
  • Alberto is assembling the folios of the facsimile with natural string at the printing studio of Scriptorium SL in Valencia, Spain. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    30052014_Scriptorium_MC030.jpg
  • Alberto is assembling the folios of the facsimile with natural string at the printing studio of Scriptorium SL in Valencia, Spain. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    30052014_Scriptorium_MC028.jpg
  • Alberto is assembling the folios of the facsimile with natural string at the printing studio of Scriptorium SL in Valencia, Spain. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    30052014_Scriptorium_MC027.jpg
  • Alberto is assembling the folios of the facsimile with natural string at the printing studio of Scriptorium SL in Valencia, Spain. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    30052014_Scriptorium_MC026.jpg
  • Alberto is assembling the folios of the facsimile with natural string at the printing studio of Scriptorium SL in Valencia, Spain. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    30052014_Scriptorium_MC025.jpg
  • Alberto is assembling the folios of the facsimile with natural string at the printing studio of Scriptorium SL in Valencia, Spain. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    30052014_Scriptorium_MC022.jpg
  • First edition of the "Crusader Bible", 13th century manuscript kept in the Pierpont Morgan Library in New York, on natural parchment made of animal skin published by Scriptorium SL in Valencia, Spain. © Scriptorium / Manuel Cohen
    LC14_CrusaderBible_MC022.jpg
  • Deborah, a Prophetess: Following Ehud's death, the sins of the Israelites again displease the Lord. The people are made to suffer under the rule of Jabin, king of the Canaanites, for twenty years. Finally, the prophetess Deborah summons Barak to lead an attack against the Canaanite army. Deborah, riding side-saddle on a dappled charger, commands Barak and the Israelite forces. The exhausted and terror-stricken enemy offers no resistance even as its king receives his death blow. (Judges 4:8ñ16). Excerpt of the first edition of the "Crusader Bible", 13th century manuscript kept in the Pierpont Morgan Library in New York, on natural parchment made of animal skin published by Scriptorium SL in Valencia, Spain. © Scriptorium / Manuel Cohen
    LC14_CrusaderBible_MC018.jpg
  • (left) The Expulsion from Paradise: The disobedient Adam and Eve are expelled from Paradise by the Lord. An angel brandishes a sword over the guilty pair, who now ashamedly hold fig leaves to conceal their nudity. The Gate of Paradise through which the couple exits is depicted as a slender Gothic tower. (Genesis 3:22ñ24); (right) The Trials of Man and Woman: After their exile from Eden, the Lord multiplies the sorrows of Adam and Eve. She shall suffer the pains of childbirth; he must cultivate the earth for his bread. As Eve sits spinning with a distaff, Adam digs with a spade. Their sons Cain and Abel collect firewood at their feet. (Genesis 3:16ñ19). Excerpt of the first edition of the "Crusader Bible", 13th century manuscript kept in the Pierpont Morgan Library in New York, on natural parchment made of animal skin published by Scriptorium SL in Valencia, Spain. © Scriptorium / Manuel Cohen
    LC14_CrusaderBible_MC019.jpg
  • A Plea for Help: As Saul drives oxen in from the fields, he is met by anguished messengers from Jabesh-Gilead. Nahash the Ammonite has encamped outside the city and threatened to gouge out the right eye of every inhabitant. The king, enraged, slaughters two oxen and cuts them into pieces. The pieces are sent throughout Israel with a message: either follow Saul and Samuel into battle or expect the same to be done to your oxen. (1 Samuel 11:1ñ7). Excerpt of the first edition of the "Crusader Bible", 13th century manuscript kept in the Pierpont Morgan Library in New York, on natural parchment made of animal skin published by Scriptorium SL in Valencia, Spain. © Scriptorium / Manuel Cohen
    LC14_CrusaderBible_MC015.jpg
  • (Up) Uriah Refuses to Return Home: Uriah will not obey David's orders to return home, for to do so in a time of war would bring shame upon him. He sets up his eagle-topped pavilion before the king's house and enjoys a rich feast provided by the king. David's grand doorway is crowned by a finial topped by a royal fleur-de-lis. (2 Samuel 11:7ñ9); (Down) Uriah is Slain: David, unable to convince Uriah to return home, sends him back to the Israelite camp with a sealed letter for Joab. Joab is instructed to reassign Uriah to the fiercest part of the battle. Uriah is posted to the front lines of the Israelite siege at Rabbah, where valiant men defend the citadel. There he is struck by a bolt fired from an enemy crossbow and killed. (2 Samuel 11:14ñ17). Excerpt of the first edition of the "Crusader Bible", 13th century manuscript kept in the Pierpont Morgan Library in New York, on natural parchment made of animal skin published by Scriptorium SL in Valencia, Spain. © Scriptorium / Manuel Cohen
    LC14_CrusaderBible_MC011.jpg
  • The Longest Day: Joshua and his army depart to defend the city of Gibeon, now under siege by the Amorite kings. Joshua is twice shown in this illustration; in the center, he rides through a city gate and spears an enemy king. Behind this group he appears again, imperiously commanding the sun and moon to remain motionless in the sky. As daylight is prolonged, the Israelites have ample time to revenge themselves upon their enemies. To the right, the other Amorite kings flee their attackers. (Joshua 10:6ñ13). Excerpt of the first edition of the "Crusader Bible", 13th century manuscript kept in the Pierpont Morgan Library in New York, on natural parchment made of animal skin published by Scriptorium SL in Valencia, Spain. © Scriptorium / Manuel Cohen
    LC14_CrusaderBible_MC005.JPG
  • (left) A Costly Transgression Revealed: Confused and aggrieved by the defeat at Ai, Joshua prostrates himself before the Ark of the Covenant (depicted here as a rich reliquary chest) and begs for an explanation. It is discovered that Achan, a man of the tribe of Judah, took forbidden spoil from the accursed town of Jericho. Later Achan confesses the sin to Joshua; he and his family show Joshua a bar of gold (here painted silver), a rich garment, and two hundred shekels. The Lord points accusingly at the greedy family from the heavens. To appease Him, they must be destroyed. (Joshua 7:19ñ23); (right) Achan Stoned: Although Joshua appears loathe to do so, he orders the stoning of Achan, his entire family, and his cattle. Later, the Israelites will destroy Achan's thatched dwelling; all the possessions of the transgressor must be done away with in order to appease the Lord. (Joshua 7:24ñ25). Excerpt of the first edition of the "Crusader Bible", 13th century manuscript kept in the Pierpont Morgan Library in New York, on natural parchment made of animal skin published by Scriptorium SL in Valencia, Spain. © Scriptorium / Manuel Cohen
    LC14_CrusaderBible_MC003.jpg
  • Graphic retouchers highlight the gilt painting with golden ink and then age their work with a small scalpel at the printing studio of Scriptorium SL in Valencia, Spain. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    30052014_Scriptorium_MC037.jpg
  • Sergio is assembling the folios of the facsimile with natural string at the printing studio of Scriptorium SL in Valencia, Spain. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    30052014_Scriptorium_MC032.jpg
  • Folio 27v of the "Liber Genealogiae Regum Hispaniae", the Book of the Genealogy of the Kings of Spain, first edition of the 15th century manuscript kept in the National Library of Spain in Madrid, on natural parchment made of animal skin published by Scriptorium SL in Valencia, Spain. © Scriptorium / Manuel Cohen
    LC14_GenealogyKingsSpain_MC001.jpg
  • Folio 40R of the "Liber Genealogiae Regum Hispaniae", the Book of the Genealogy of the Kings of Spain, first edition of the 15th century manuscript kept in the National Library of Spain in Madrid, on natural parchment made of animal skin published by Scriptorium SL in Valencia, Spain. © Scriptorium / Manuel Cohen
    LC14_GenealogyKingsSpain_MC002.jpg
  • First edition of the "Liber Genealogiae Regum Hispaniae", the Book of the Genealogy of the Kings of Spain, 15th century manuscript kept in the National Library of Spain in Madrid, on natural parchment made of animal skin published by Scriptorium SL in Valencia, Spain. © Scriptorium / Manuel Cohen
    LC14_GenealogyKingsSpain_MC003.jpg
  • "Mappa Mundi", showing the Apostles' dispersion in their respective regions. First edition of the "Apocalypse, the Beatus held at El Burgo de Osma", 11th century manuscript kept in the El Burgo de Osma Cathedral, on natural parchment made of animal skin published by Scriptorium SL in Valencia, Spain. © Scriptorium / Manuel Cohen
    LC14_Apocalipsis_MC003.jpg
  • Storia Apoc. XVIII,  1-20 : El Fuego de Babilonia y el duelo de los Reyes y Mercaderes (BABYLON FIRE AND MOURNING OF KINGS AND MERCHANTS). First edition of the "Apocalypse, the Beatus held at El Burgo de Osma", 11th century manuscript kept in the El Burgo de Osma Cathedral, on natural parchment made of animal skin published by Scriptorium SL in Valencia, Spain. © Scriptorium / Manuel Cohen
    LC14_Apocalipsis_MC002.jpg
  • Victory of the Lamb over the beast and the kings of the earth. This illustration from the Osma codex shows a Whore of Babylon for the first and only time nude. First edition of the "Apocalypse, the Beatus held at El Burgo de Osma", 11th century manuscript kept in the El Burgo de Osma Cathedral, on natural parchment made of animal skin published by Scriptorium SL in Valencia, Spain. © Scriptorium / Manuel Cohen
    LC14_Apocalipsis_MC001.jpg
  • Border players at the game inside a tent. Copy of the first edition of the "Book of Chess, Dice and Board Games", 13th century manuscript kept in the Library of the Real Monastery in San Lorenzo de El Escorial, on natural parchment made of animal skin published by Scriptorium SL in Valencia, Spain. © Scriptorium / Manuel Cohen
    LC14_AlfonsoX_MC002.jpg
  • Alfonso X of Castile (1221-1284), called the Wise, dictating to a scribe, with two other characters that might be chess players of his court compiling information about the game. Copy of the first edition of the "Book of Chess, Dice and Board Games", 13th century manuscript kept in the Library of the Real Monastery in San Lorenzo de El Escorial, on natural parchment made of animal skin published by Scriptorium SL in Valencia, Spain. © Scriptorium / Manuel Cohen
    LC14_AlfonsoX_MC001.jpg
  • Alberto is assembling the folios of the facsimile with natural string at the printing studio of Scriptorium SL in Valencia, Spain. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    30052014_Scriptorium_MC029.jpg
  • Left page : Dice players in a Sevilian garden; right page : Alfonso X of Castile (1221-1284), called the Wise, dictating to two scribes, with two other characters that might be chess players of his court compiling information about the game. First edition of the "Book of Chess, Dice and Board Games", 13th century manuscript kept in the Library of the Real Monastery in San Lorenzo de El Escorial, on natural parchment made of animal skin published by Scriptorium SL in Valencia, Spain. © Scriptorium / Manuel Cohen
    LC14_AlfonsoX_MC003.jpg
  • A 'Granada y los Converses' book, used as a blood cleansing process, to confirm nobility and christian virtue by listing acts carried out by its owner, from the collection of the Crespo Lopez family exhibited in the 16th century Palacio de los Olvidados or Palace of the Forgotten, in El Albayzin, the medieval Moorish old town of Granada, Andalusia, Southern Spain. The Palace is one of the few remaining old aristocratic houses in good condition, thought to belong to a Jew and now housing artefacts of Jewish culture and history. Granada was listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1984. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC14_GRANADA_MC251.jpg
  • Great Bible of Clairvaux, an illuminated bible made 12th century at the Abbaye de Clarvaux or Clairvaux Abbey under St Bernard, now in the Mediatheque Jacques-Chirac, the multimedia library in Troyes, Aube, Grand Est, France. The bible is monumental and is illuminated in Cistercian monochrome style, with one-colour initials, geometric and vegetal motifs but no anthropomorphic or zoomorphic elements. 5 of the 6 original volumes survive. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC21_FRANCE_MC_1705.jpg
  • Apse of Saint Sauveur church, built 1198-1202, at Petit Andely in the early morning, illuminated in the mist, Les Andelys, Eure, Haute-Normandie, France. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC13_FRANCE_MC348.JPG
  • Gran Teatre del Liceu illuminated in the evening, an opera house on La Rambla in Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain. The original theatre was opened in 1837 but it moved here in 1847 in a former convent building, converted by Joaquim de Gispert d'Angli. The building was rebuilt in 1862 after it was damaged in a fire, although the facade was saved, and then again in 1994 after another fire, reopened 1999. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC21_SPAIN_MC_1128.JPG
  • Star of the Virgin Mary, installed 29th November and first illuminated 8th December 2021, atop the Tower of the Virgin Mary, at the Basilica de la Sagrada Familia, an unfinished catholic church designed in Gothic Revival, Art Nouveau and Modernist style by Antoni Gaudi, 1852-1926, and begun in 1882 by Francisco de Paula del Villar, continued from 1883 by Gaudi, consecrated 2010 and still undergoing construction, in Eixample, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain. The basilica is a UNESCO World Heritage Site. Photographed 2021. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC21_SPAIN_MC_0847.JPG
  • Main Grand-Moutier Cloister, illuminated at night, at Fontevraud Abbey, Fontevraud-l'Abbaye, Loire Valley, Maine-et-Loire, France. The cloister, built to house virgin nuns, was originally Romanesque but was rebuilt in the 16th century. Renee de Bourbon renovated the south gallery in Gothic style in 1519, then Louise de Bourbon rebuilt the 3 other galleries in classical style 1530-60. The abbey was founded in 1100 by Robert of Arbrissel, who created the Order of Fontevraud. It was a double monastery for monks and nuns, run by an abbess. The abbey is listed as a historic monument and a UNESCO World Heritage Site. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC20_FRANCE_MC_0162.jpg
  • Ponte Vecchio, or Old Bridge, over the river Arno, a medieval stone bridge of shops built 1345, illuminated at night, in Florence, Tuscany, Italy. The historic centre of Florence is listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC20_ITALY_MC_297.jpg
  • Evening view across Paris with the Eiffel Tower illuminated, seen from the Tour Montparnasse, in the 15th arrondissement of Paris, France. The Tour Eiffel or Eiffel Tower was designed by Gustave Eiffel and erected 1887-89. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC19_PARIS_MC_0188.jpg
  • Leaden hall Market illuminated at night, a covered market area on Gracechurch St, in the City of London, London, England, UK. The original food market dates to the 14th century, but the existing Victorian scheme was designed in 1881 by Horace Jones, 1819-87, and redecorated 1990-91. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC17_ENGLAND_MC_225.jpg
  • Chapel of Our Lady of Loreto, built 1775-90, illuminated at night, with a full moon, inside the defensive walls of the Presidio la Bahia, or Presidio Nuestra Senora de Loreto de la Bahia, a fort built 1747-49 by the Spanish army to protect the nearby Spanish missions, near Goliad, Texas, USA. During the Texas Revolution, the Battle of Goliad, October 1835, and the Goliad Massacre, March 1836, took place here. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC17_TEXAS_MC196.jpg
  • Chapel of the Alamo Mission, or Mission San Antonio de Valero, illuminated at night, a Spanish catholic colonial mission and church built in 1744, to spread Christianity and improve education among Native Americans, in San Antonio, Texas, USA. The Battle of the Alamo took place here in 1836 during the Texas Revolution, when Mexican troops under Santa Anna killed the Texian soldiers occupying the mission. The mission is now a museum in the Alamo Plaza Historic District and forms part of the San Antonio Missions UNESCO World Heritage Site. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC17_TEXAS_MC150.jpg
  • LOVE by Laura Kimpton at night, one of a series of Monumental Word Sculptures, on the roof of the James New York Hotel, Grand St, SoHo, Manhattan, New York, New York, USA. Laura Kimpton's sculptures spread positive messages using large capital letters spelling words which are illuminated at night. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC17_NEWYORK_MC_034.jpg
  • LOVE by Laura Kimpton at night, one of a series of Monumental Word Sculptures, on the roof of the James New York Hotel, Grand St, SoHo, Manhattan, New York, New York, USA. Laura Kimpton's sculptures spread positive messages using large capital letters spelling words which are illuminated at night. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC17_NEWYORK_MC_035.jpg
  • LOVE by Laura Kimpton at night, one of a series of Monumental Word Sculptures, on the roof of the James New York Hotel, Grand St, SoHo, Manhattan, New York, New York, USA. Laura Kimpton's sculptures spread positive messages using large capital letters spelling words which are illuminated at night. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC17_NEWYORK_MC_032.jpg
  • Bronze statue of Jesus standing on an illuminated globe, 1935, by Mariano Benlliure, 1862-1947, in the Capilla del Sagrado Corazon de Jesus, Chapel of the Sacred Heart of Jesus, in the Catedral de Santa Cruz de Cadiz (Cadiz Cathedral), designed by Vicente Acero in Baroque and Neoclassical style and built 1722-1838, Cadiz, Andalusia, Southern Spain. Cadiz is one of the oldest cities in Europe, founded by the Phoenicians in 1100 BC, and later became a Carthaginian then a Roman city, and Spain's constitution was signed here in 1812. It is situated on a peninsula on the Costa de la Luz. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC17_SPAIN_MC313.jpg
  • Le Volcan or the Volcano at night, illuminated in pink, auditorium opened 1982, designed by Oscar Niemeyer, 1907-2012, and Jean-Maur Lyonnet, at the Maison de la Culture du Havre, Le Havre, Normandy, France. Behind are apartment buildings designed by Auguste Perret, 1874-1954, who led the reconstruction of Le Havre in the 1950s, after the town was completely destroyed in WWII. The large volcano shown here contains a 1200 seat theatre and 350 seat cinema, while the small volcano (behind, left) has a 500 seat hall and 80 seat auditorium and is now used as a reference library. The forum is built from concrete and the buildings are linked and accessed via ramps. The centre of Le Havre is listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC16_FRANCE_MC_0583.jpg
  • Le Volcan or the Volcano at night, illuminated in pink, auditorium opened 1982, designed by Oscar Niemeyer, 1907-2012, and Jean-Maur Lyonnet, at the Maison de la Culture du Havre, Le Havre, Normandy, France. Behind are apartment buildings designed by Auguste Perret, 1874-1954, who led the reconstruction of Le Havre in the 1950s, after the town was completely destroyed in WWII. The large volcano shown here contains a 1200 seat theatre and 350 seat cinema, while the small volcano has a 500 seat hall and 80 seat auditorium and is now used as a reference library. The forum is built from concrete and the buildings are linked and accessed via ramps. The centre of Le Havre is listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC16_FRANCE_MC_0608.jpg
  • Reliquary in the form of an octagonal tower and a dove, by Goudji, French sculptor and goldsmith, b. 1941, commissioned by the Communaute des Premontres de Conques, installed and blessed 12th October 2014, suspended between the columns of the apse in the Abbatiale Sainte-Foy de Conques or Abbey-church of Saint-Foy, Conques, Aveyron, Midi-Pyrenees, France, a Romanesque abbey church begun 1050 under abbot Odolric to house the remains of St Foy, a 4th century female martyr. The reliquary is illuminated at night and invites prayer for persecuted Christians and hostages. The church is on the pilgrimage route to Santiago da Compostela, and is listed as a historic monument and a UNESCO World Heritage Site. Picture by Manuel Cohen. - Further clearance required, please contact us
    LC15_FRANCE_MC0789.jpg
  • Western facade illuminated at night, 12th century, with its 2 towers and triple portal, Laon Cathedral or the Cathedrale Notre-Dame de Laon, built 12th and 13th centuries in Gothic style, in Laon, Aisne, Picardy, France. After damage during the French Revolution, the facade was restored in 1853 by Emile Boeswillwald. The cathedral is listed as a historic monument. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC15_FRANCE_MC0374.jpg
  • The Alhambra Palace illuminated at night, Granada, Andalusia, Southern Spain. The Alhambra was begun in the 11th century as a castle, and in the 13th and 14th centuries served as the royal palace of the Nasrid sultans. The huge complex contains the Alcazaba, Nasrid palaces, gardens and Generalife. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC14_GRANADA_MC176.jpg
  • The Alhambra Palace illuminated at night, Granada, Andalusia, Southern Spain, with the Comares Tower, built in the 14th century under Muhammad V, the tallest tower in the Alhambra and housing the Hall of the Ambassadors, Nasrid Palaces and the Palace of Charles V in the background, built by Pedro Machuca in the 16th century. The Alhambra was begun in the 11th century as a castle, and in the 13th and 14th centuries served as the royal palace of the Nasrid sultans. The huge complex contains the Alcazaba, Nasrid palaces, gardens and Generalife. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC14_GRANADA_MC177.jpg
  • The Alhambra Palace illuminated at night, Granada, Andalusia, Southern Spain, with the Comares Tower, built in the 14th century under Muhammad V, the tallest tower in the Alhambra and housing the Hall of the Ambassadors, Nasrid Palaces and the Palace of Charles V in the background, built by Pedro Machuca in the 16th century. The Alhambra was begun in the 11th century as a castle, and in the 13th and 14th centuries served as the royal palace of the Nasrid sultans. The huge complex contains the Alcazaba, Nasrid palaces, gardens and Generalife. Behind are the snow-capped peaks of the Sierra Nevada. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC14_GRANADA_MC181.jpg
  • The Alhambra Palace illuminated at night, Granada, Andalusia, Southern Spain, with the Comares Tower, built in the 14th century under Muhammad V, the tallest tower in the Alhambra and housing the Hall of the Ambassadors, Nasrid Palaces and the Palace of Charles V in the background, built by Pedro Machuca in the 16th century. The Alhambra was begun in the 11th century as a castle, and in the 13th and 14th centuries served as the royal palace of the Nasrid sultans. The huge complex contains the Alcazaba, Nasrid palaces, gardens and Generalife. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC14_GRANADA_MC183.jpg
  • Doric columns of the Brandenburg Gate or Brandenburger Tor at night, with relief panels illuminated, 18th century, a neoclassical triumphal arch marking one of the old city gates of Berlin, at the end of Unter den Linden, Berlin, Germany. The gate was commissioned by King Frederick William II of Prussia as a sign of peace and built by Carl Gotthard Langhans 1788-91. It stood inaccessible next to the Berlin Wall during Germany's Partition and was restored 2000-02 by the Stiftung Denkmalschutz Berlin. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC14_BERLIN_MC0262.jpg
  • Padern Castle or Chateau de Padern, 12th century Cathar castle, Padern, Corbieres, Aude, France. This nighttime view shows the castle illuminated against the night sky. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC13_FRANCE_MC090.jpg
  • Padern Castle or Chateau de Padern, 12th century Cathar castle, Padern, Corbieres, Aude, France. This nighttime view shows the castle illuminated against the night sky. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC13_FRANCE_MC091.jpg
  • Tropical Rainforest Glasshouse (formerly Le Jardin d'Hiver or Winter Gardens), 1936, Rene Berger, with the  Desert and Arid Lands Glasshouse, 1930s, alongside, Jardin des Plantes, Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France. Low angle view of the illuminated glasshouses at night, showing the main Art Deco style entrance with its pillars in luminescent glass paste by Auguste Labouret in grand style. To the left is a cafe in glasshouse style.
    Mnhn_GS_MCohen_582.jpg
  • Plant History Glasshouse (formerly Australian Glasshouse), 1830s, Rohault de Fleury, Jardin des Plantes, Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France. Detail showing the glass and iron structure at night reflecting the Grand Gallery of Evolution in its many panes. The illuminated foliage inside glows through the reflections.
    Mnhn_GS_MCohen_183.jpg
  • Tropical Rainforest Glasshouse (formerly Le Jardin d'Hiver or Winter Gardens), 1936, Rene Berger, with the  Desert and Arid Lands Glasshouse, 1930s, alongside, Jardin des Plantes, Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France. Low angle view of the illuminated glasshouses at night, showing the main Art Deco style entrance with its pillars in luminescent glass paste by Auguste Labouret in grand style. To the left is a cafe in glasshouse style.
    Mnhn_GS_MCohen_582.jpg
  • Tropical Rainforest Glasshouse (formerly Le Jardin d'Hiver or Winter Gardens), 1936, Rene Berger, Jardin des Plantes, Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France. Low angle view of the interior of the main Art Deco style entrance at night. The illuminated green foliage of the plants inside the Glasshouse contrasts with the orange and purple glow of the floodlighting against the night sky beyond the windows.
    Mnhn_GS_MCohen_185.jpg
  • Tropical Rainforest Glasshouse (formerly Le Jardin d'Hiver or Winter Gardens), 1936, Rene Berger, with the  Desert and Arid Lands Glasshouse, 1930s, alongside, Jardin des Plantes, Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France. Low angle view of the illuminated glasshouses at night, showing the main Art Deco style entrance with its pillars in luminescent glass paste by Auguste Labouret in grand style. To the left is a cafe in glasshouse style.
    _MG_9745.jpg
  • Tropical Rainforest Glasshouse (formerly Le Jardin d'Hiver or Winter Gardens), 1936, Rene Berger, Jardin des Plantes, Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France. Low angle view of the interior of the main Art Deco style entrance at night. The illuminated green foliage of the plants inside the Glasshouse contrasts with the orange and purple glow of the floodlighting against the night sky beyond the windows.
    _MG_9730.jpg
  • Plant History Glasshouse (formerly Australian Glasshouse), 1830s, Rohault de Fleury, Jardin des Plantes, Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France. Detail showing the glass and iron structure at night reflecting the Grand Gallery of Evolution in its many panes. The illuminated foliage inside glows through the reflections.
    _MG_9680.jpg
  • Le Castillet, a fortified building and city gate built 1368-1542, illuminated in the evening, in Perpignan, Pyrenees-Orientales, Catalogne du Nord, France. The structure consists of the grand castillet, the petit castillet and a polygonal bastion, now destroyed. The building now houses a museum, the Museu Catala de les Arts i Tradicions Populars, or Museum of Popular Arts and Traditions. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC20_FRANCE_MC_1080.jpg
  • Plant History Glasshouse (formerly Australian Glasshouse), 1830s, Rohault de Fleury, Jardin des Plantes, Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France. Detail showing the glass and iron structure at night reflecting the Grand Gallery of Evolution in its many panes. The illuminated foliage inside glows through the reflections.
    Mnhn_GS_MCohen_183.jpg
  • Tropical Rainforest Glasshouse (formerly Le Jardin d'Hiver or Winter Gardens), 1936, Rene Berger, Jardin des Plantes, Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France. View from below of illuminated Tropical foliage which contrasts with the orange and purple glow of the floodlighting against the night sky beyond the windows of the Art Deco main entrance.
    Mnhn_GSBK_MCohen_684.jpg
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