manuel cohen

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  • Craftsman repairing the horsehair mane of a cavalry helmet, at the Ateliers de la Garde Republicaine, or workshops of the Republican Guard, 10, Avenue de la Republique, Paris, France. The Empire cuirassier cavalry helmets are made from over 80 pieces of steel or brass riveted or welded on site. The Garde Republicaine was founded by Napoleon in 1802. It is part of the Gendarmerie and is responsible for security, guards of honour, military ceremonies and horseback patrols. In its workshops, master craftsmen maintain the equipment used by the horsemen and infantrymen, using traditional and sometimes ancient techniques passed down through the generations. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC18_FRANCE_MC_0566.jpg
  • Craftsman repairing the horsehair mane of a cavalry helmet, at the Ateliers de la Garde Republicaine, or workshops of the Republican Guard, 10, Avenue de la Republique, Paris, France. The Empire cuirassier cavalry helmets are made from over 80 pieces of steel or brass riveted or welded on site. The Garde Republicaine was founded by Napoleon in 1802. It is part of the Gendarmerie and is responsible for security, guards of honour, military ceremonies and horseback patrols. In its workshops, master craftsmen maintain the equipment used by the horsemen and infantrymen, using traditional and sometimes ancient techniques passed down through the generations. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC18_FRANCE_MC_0563.jpg
  • Craftsman with a helmet, at the Ateliers de la Garde Republicaine, or workshops of the Republican Guard, 10, Avenue de la Republique, Paris, France. The Empire cuirassier cavalry helmets are made from over 80 pieces of steel or brass riveted or welded on site, and a horsehair mane. The Garde Republicaine was founded by Napoleon in 1802. It is part of the Gendarmerie and is responsible for security, guards of honour, military ceremonies and horseback patrols. In its workshops, master craftsmen maintain the equipment used by the horsemen and infantrymen, using traditional and sometimes ancient techniques passed down through the generations. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC18_FRANCE_MC_0569.jpg
  • Craftsman repairing the horsehair mane of a cavalry helmet, at the Ateliers de la Garde Republicaine, or workshops of the Republican Guard, 10, Avenue de la Republique, Paris, France. The Empire cuirassier cavalry helmets are made from over 80 pieces of steel or brass riveted or welded on site. The Garde Republicaine was founded by Napoleon in 1802. It is part of the Gendarmerie and is responsible for security, guards of honour, military ceremonies and horseback patrols. In its workshops, master craftsmen maintain the equipment used by the horsemen and infantrymen, using traditional and sometimes ancient techniques passed down through the generations. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC18_FRANCE_MC_0568.jpg
  • Craftsman repairing the horsehair mane of a cavalry helmet, at the Ateliers de la Garde Republicaine, or workshops of the Republican Guard, 10, Avenue de la Republique, Paris, France. The Empire cuirassier cavalry helmets are made from over 80 pieces of steel or brass riveted or welded on site. The Garde Republicaine was founded by Napoleon in 1802. It is part of the Gendarmerie and is responsible for security, guards of honour, military ceremonies and horseback patrols. In its workshops, master craftsmen maintain the equipment used by the horsemen and infantrymen, using traditional and sometimes ancient techniques passed down through the generations. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC18_FRANCE_MC_0567.jpg
  • Craftsman sewing the horsehair mane of a cavalry helmet, at the Ateliers de la Garde Republicaine, or workshops of the Republican Guard, 10, Avenue de la Republique, Paris, France. The Empire cuirassier cavalry helmets are made from over 80 pieces of steel or brass riveted or welded on site. The Garde Republicaine was founded by Napoleon in 1802. It is part of the Gendarmerie and is responsible for security, guards of honour, military ceremonies and horseback patrols. In its workshops, master craftsmen maintain the equipment used by the horsemen and infantrymen, using traditional and sometimes ancient techniques passed down through the generations. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC18_FRANCE_MC_0562.JPG
  • Craftsman repairing the horsehair mane of a cavalry helmet, at the Ateliers de la Garde Republicaine, or workshops of the Republican Guard, 10, Avenue de la Republique, Paris, France. The Empire cuirassier cavalry helmets are made from over 80 pieces of steel or brass riveted or welded on site. The Garde Republicaine was founded by Napoleon in 1802. It is part of the Gendarmerie and is responsible for security, guards of honour, military ceremonies and horseback patrols. In its workshops, master craftsmen maintain the equipment used by the horsemen and infantrymen, using traditional and sometimes ancient techniques passed down through the generations. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC18_FRANCE_MC_0561.jpg
  • Door to the cavalry helmet workshop at the Ateliers de la Garde Republicaine, or workshops of the Republican Guard, 10, Avenue de la Republique, Paris, France. The Empire cuirassier cavalry helmets are made from over 80 pieces of steel or brass riveted or welded on site, and a horsehair mane. The Garde Republicaine was founded by Napoleon in 1802. It is part of the Gendarmerie and is responsible for security, guards of honour, military ceremonies and horseback patrols. In its workshops, master craftsmen maintain the equipment used by the horsemen and infantrymen, using traditional and sometimes ancient techniques passed down through the generations. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC18_FRANCE_MC_0577.jpg
  • Cavalry helmet, detail, at the Ateliers de la Garde Republicaine, or workshops of the Republican Guard, 10, Avenue de la Republique, Paris, France. The Empire cuirassier cavalry helmets are made from over 80 pieces of steel or brass riveted or welded on site, and a horsehair mane. The Garde Republicaine was founded by Napoleon in 1802. It is part of the Gendarmerie and is responsible for security, guards of honour, military ceremonies and horseback patrols. In its workshops, master craftsmen maintain the equipment used by the horsemen and infantrymen, using traditional and sometimes ancient techniques passed down through the generations. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC18_FRANCE_MC_0576.jpg
  • Cavalry helmet, detail, at the Ateliers de la Garde Republicaine, or workshops of the Republican Guard, 10, Avenue de la Republique, Paris, France. The Empire cuirassier cavalry helmets are made from over 80 pieces of steel or brass riveted or welded on site, and a horsehair mane. The Garde Republicaine was founded by Napoleon in 1802. It is part of the Gendarmerie and is responsible for security, guards of honour, military ceremonies and horseback patrols. In its workshops, master craftsmen maintain the equipment used by the horsemen and infantrymen, using traditional and sometimes ancient techniques passed down through the generations. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC18_FRANCE_MC_0574.JPG
  • Cavalry helmet, detail with coat of arms, at the Ateliers de la Garde Republicaine, or workshops of the Republican Guard, 10, Avenue de la Republique, Paris, France. The Empire cuirassier cavalry helmets are made from over 80 pieces of steel or brass riveted or welded on site, and a horsehair mane. The Garde Republicaine was founded by Napoleon in 1802. It is part of the Gendarmerie and is responsible for security, guards of honour, military ceremonies and horseback patrols. In its workshops, master craftsmen maintain the equipment used by the horsemen and infantrymen, using traditional and sometimes ancient techniques passed down through the generations. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC18_FRANCE_MC_0575.jpg
  • Craftsman repairing a helmet, at the Ateliers de la Garde Republicaine, or workshops of the Republican Guard, 10, Avenue de la Republique, Paris, France. The Empire cuirassier cavalry helmets are made from over 80 pieces of steel or brass riveted or welded on site, and a horsehair mane. The Garde Republicaine was founded by Napoleon in 1802. It is part of the Gendarmerie and is responsible for security, guards of honour, military ceremonies and horseback patrols. In its workshops, master craftsmen maintain the equipment used by the horsemen and infantrymen, using traditional and sometimes ancient techniques passed down through the generations. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC18_FRANCE_MC_0570.jpg
  • Craftsman repairing the horsehair mane of a cavalry helmet, at the Ateliers de la Garde Republicaine, or workshops of the Republican Guard, 10, Avenue de la Republique, Paris, France. The Empire cuirassier cavalry helmets are made from over 80 pieces of steel or brass riveted or welded on site. The Garde Republicaine was founded by Napoleon in 1802. It is part of the Gendarmerie and is responsible for security, guards of honour, military ceremonies and horseback patrols. In its workshops, master craftsmen maintain the equipment used by the horsemen and infantrymen, using traditional and sometimes ancient techniques passed down through the generations. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC18_FRANCE_MC_0564.jpg
  • Stone relief depicting a helmet and armour, on the Marble Road in front of the Library of Celsus, Ephesus, Izmir, Turkey. The Marble Road leads from the Library of Celsus to the Great Theatre. Ephesus was an ancient Greek city founded in the 10th century BC, and later a major Roman city, on the Ionian coast near present day Selcuk. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC13_Turkey_MC344.JPG
  • Ancient Roman decorations helmet, Ostia Antica, Italy. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LCITALY12_MC462.JPG
  • Craftsman at work repairing helmets, at the Ateliers de la Garde Republicaine, or workshops of the Republican Guard, 10, Avenue de la Republique, Paris, France. The Empire cuirassier cavalry helmets are made from over 80 pieces of steel or brass riveted or welded on site, and a horsehair mane. The Garde Republicaine was founded by Napoleon in 1802. It is part of the Gendarmerie and is responsible for security, guards of honour, military ceremonies and horseback patrols. In its workshops, master craftsmen maintain the equipment used by the horsemen and infantrymen, using traditional and sometimes ancient techniques passed down through the generations. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC18_FRANCE_MC_0565.jpg
  • La Vanguardia newspaper, DECA (Republican anti-air defence authority) pass and DECA helmet (left-right), all from 1938, in the Barcelona Al Limit exhibition, about Barcelona's military and social history, in the bunker at MUHBA Turo de la Rovira, a regenerated heritage site on top of a 262m high hill in the suburbs of Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain. The hill houses an anti-aircraft battery from the Spanish Civil War, the Canons shantytown, municipal waterworks, quarry and abandoned military structures. The site is part of MUHBA, the Museu d'Historia de Barcelona. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC20_SPAIN_MC_464.jpg
  • Military treasures including weapons and a helmet, and a model of a Gaulish soldier with armour, shield, helmet and sword, 1st century BC, in the permanent exhibition of the Musee Archeologique de la Bataille de Gergovie, or Archaeological Museum of the Battle of Gergovia, designed by Jean Paul Reuillard, built 2015-19 and opened 19th October 2019, on the Plateau de Gergovie, or Gergovia Plateau, site of the Battle of Gergovia between Vercingetorix, Gaulish Arverni chieftain, and Julius Caesar in 52 BC, which the Gauls won, in the Massif Central, Auvergne, France. The presence of both Roman and Gallic weapons in the same place suggests either Roman legions stationed here, or the presence of Gallic Auxiliary of the Roman army, or even a weapons haul taken from the enemy. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC19_FRANCE_MC_0433.jpg
  • Cavalry helmets at the Ateliers de la Garde Republicaine, or workshops of the Republican Guard, 10, Avenue de la Republique, Paris, France. The Empire cuirassier cavalry helmets are made from over 80 pieces of steel or brass riveted or welded on site, and a horsehair mane. The Garde Republicaine was founded by Napoleon in 1802. It is part of the Gendarmerie and is responsible for security, guards of honour, military ceremonies and horseback patrols. In its workshops, master craftsmen maintain the equipment used by the horsemen and infantrymen, using traditional and sometimes ancient techniques passed down through the generations. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC18_FRANCE_MC_0573.JPG
  • Cavalry helmets at the Ateliers de la Garde Republicaine, or workshops of the Republican Guard, 10, Avenue de la Republique, Paris, France. The Empire cuirassier cavalry helmets are made from over 80 pieces of steel or brass riveted or welded on site, and a horsehair mane. The Garde Republicaine was founded by Napoleon in 1802. It is part of the Gendarmerie and is responsible for security, guards of honour, military ceremonies and horseback patrols. In its workshops, master craftsmen maintain the equipment used by the horsemen and infantrymen, using traditional and sometimes ancient techniques passed down through the generations. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC18_FRANCE_MC_0571.jpg
  • Cavalry helmets at the Ateliers de la Garde Republicaine, or workshops of the Republican Guard, 10, Avenue de la Republique, Paris, France. The Empire cuirassier cavalry helmets are made from over 80 pieces of steel or brass riveted or welded on site, and a horsehair mane. The Garde Republicaine was founded by Napoleon in 1802. It is part of the Gendarmerie and is responsible for security, guards of honour, military ceremonies and horseback patrols. In its workshops, master craftsmen maintain the equipment used by the horsemen and infantrymen, using traditional and sometimes ancient techniques passed down through the generations. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC18_FRANCE_MC_0572.jpg
  • Model of a Roman legionary infantry soldier wearing plate armour with a shield, dagger, spear and helmet, in the Roman Army Museum, Hadrian's Wall, Northumberland, England. A legionary would wear a woollen tunic and iron body armour, with rim around his helmet to protect the head from sword blows. Hadrian's Wall was built 73 miles across Britannia, now England, 122-128 AD, under the reign of Emperor Hadrian, ruled 117-138, to mark the Northern extent of the Roman Empire and guard against barbarian attacks from the Picts to the North. The Roman Army Museum at Carvoran fort is run by the Vindolanda Charitable Trust and forms part of the Hadrian's Wall UNESCO World Heritage Site. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC16_ENGLAND_MC_151.jpg
  • Model of a Roman centurion, an army officer in charge of the manoeuvres, conduct and training of a century of 80 men, wearing a plumed helmet and chainmail, in the Roman Army Museum, Hadrian's Wall, Northumberland, England. A centurion would wear a sideways horsehair crest on his helmet, a chainmail shirt over a leather doublet and a cloak on his back, with a sword and dagger at his belt. Hadrian's Wall was built 73 miles across Britannia, now England, 122-128 AD, under the reign of Emperor Hadrian, ruled 117-138, to mark the Northern extent of the Roman Empire and guard against barbarian attacks from the Picts to the North. The Roman Army Museum at Carvoran fort is run by the Vindolanda Charitable Trust and forms part of the Hadrian's Wall UNESCO World Heritage Site. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC16_ENGLAND_MC_149.jpg
  • Model of a Roman centurion, an army officer in charge of the manoeuvres, conduct and training of a century of 80 men, wearing a plumed helmet and chainmail, in the Roman Army Museum, Hadrian's Wall, Northumberland, England. A centurion would wear a sideways horsehair crest on his helmet, a chainmail shirt over a leather doublet and a cloak on his back, with a sword and dagger at his belt. Hadrian's Wall was built 73 miles across Britannia, now England, 122-128 AD, under the reign of Emperor Hadrian, ruled 117-138, to mark the Northern extent of the Roman Empire and guard against barbarian attacks from the Picts to the North. The Roman Army Museum at Carvoran fort is run by the Vindolanda Charitable Trust and forms part of the Hadrian's Wall UNESCO World Heritage Site. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC16_ENGLAND_MC_150.jpg
  • Tomb of Knight Mello d'Epoisses, Fontenay Abbey, Marmagne, Cote d'Or, France. This Cistercian abbey was founded by Saint Bernard of Clairvaux in 1119, built in the Romanesque style. The abbey itself housed 300 monks from 1200, but was sacked during the French Revolution. These tombs are in the choir of the abbey church. Originally a mausoleum, this tomb consists of a modern base supporting the recumbent statues of a knight and his wife. The helmeted knight is wearing his military garb, with his sword and armour partly covered by the arms of Mello d'Epoisses, a powerful 14th century Burgundian family. Here we see the knight's head, partly damaged, wearing his helmet and protective armour. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC13_FRANCE_MC236.jpg
  • Tomb of Knight Mello d'Epoisses, Fontenay Abbey, Marmagne, Cote d'Or, France. This Cistercian abbey was founded by Saint Bernard of Clairvaux in 1119, built in the Romanesque style. The abbey itself housed 300 monks from 1200, but was sacked during the French Revolution. These tombs are in the choir of the abbey church. Originally a mausoleum, this tomb consists of a modern base supporting the recumbent statues of a knight and his wife. The helmeted knight is wearing his military garb, with his sword and armour partly covered by the arms of Mello d'Epoisses, a powerful 14th century Burgundian family. Here we see the knight's head, partly damaged, wearing his helmet and protective armour. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC13_FRANCE_MC247.jpg
  • St Maurice, polychrome wooden statue, 16th century, depicting the saint wearing armour and a helmet, holding a lance, in the Eglise Saint-Pantaleon, built 16th - 18th century, in Troyes, Aube, Grand Est, France. The church is listed as a historic monument. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC22_FRANCE_MC_0462.jpg
  • Statue of Athena, Greek goddess of wisdom and war, detail, wearing a peplos tunic with head of Medusa and a plumed Corinthian helmet, Parthenos type, Roman copy 2nd century AD of a Greek original from 3rd century BC, from Athens, in the Musee Lapidaire, or Lapidary Museum, in Avignon, Provence-Alpes-Cote-d'Azur, France. The museum houses archaeological artefacts from the Collection Archeologique de la Fondation Calvet, from the Musee Calvet. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC21_FRANCE_MC_1309.jpg
  • Head of a warrior, Gallo-Roman relief of soldier wearing a chinstrap helmet with paragnatids (cheek covers) and holding a shield, early 1st century AD, excavated at the Arles ramparts, in the Musee de l'Arles Antique, an archaeological museum built 1995 by Henri Ciriani and extended in 2013, at Arles, Provence-Alpes-Cote d'Azur, France. The museum is built on the ruins of the Roman Circus, and houses many artefacts from the town's Gallo-Roman history from 1st century BC. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC21_FRANCE_MC_1182.JPG
  • Head of goddess Minerva as patron of artisans, wearing a Corinthian helmet, Roman, marble, 2nd century AD, copy of a Greek prototype, part of the decoration of the schola of the Tarraco Collegium Fabrum, the seat of the corporation of building workers, in the Museu Nacional Arqueologic de Tarragona, in Tarragona, Catalonia, Spain. The city was an important fortified Roman colony named Tarraco and its remains are listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC21_SPAIN_MC_0406.JPG
  • Knight on horseback at the crusades, wearing a helmet and holding a pointed shield, fresco, late 12th century, on the north wall of the Templar Chapel at the Commanderie de Cressac or Commanderie du Dognon, at Le Temple, in Cressac-Saint-Genis, Charente, France. The chapel was built 1150-60 by the Templars on the Santiago de Compostela pilgrimage route and was originally part of a commandery, providing funds to support the Knights Hospitallers in the crusades in the Holy Land. The chapel is listed as a historic monument. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC21_FRANCE_MC_0722.jpg
  • Model of a Gaulish soldier with armour, shield, helmet and sword, 1st century BC, in the permanent exhibition of the Musee Archeologique de la Bataille de Gergovie, or Archaeological Museum of the Battle of Gergovia, designed by Jean Paul Reuillard, built 2015-19 and opened 19th October 2019, on the Plateau de Gergovie, or Gergovia Plateau, site of the Battle of Gergovia between Vercingetorix, Gaulish Arverni chieftain, and Julius Caesar in 52 BC, which the Gauls won, in the Massif Central, Auvergne, France. The presence of both Roman and Gallic weapons in the same place suggests either Roman legions stationed here, or the presence of Gallic Auxiliary of the Roman army, or even a weapons haul taken from the enemy. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC19_FRANCE_MC_0432.jpg
  • Street art mural of a girl wearing a helmet with magical creatures, 2016, by Herakut (Jasmin Siddiqui, or Hera, and Falk Lehmann, or Akut), on the wall of the Ecole Publique Primo Levi, at the junction of the Rue Rene Goscinny and Rue Olivier Messiaen, next to the Jardins Grands Moulins Abbe Pierre, in the Paris Rive Gauche district of the 13th arrondissement of Paris, France. The 13th arrondissement hosts the Musee a Ciel Ouvert, an open air street art exhibition, running since 2015. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC19_PARIS_MC_1467.jpg
  • Metal fire screen with heraldic design featuring a coat of arms, helmet, cockerel and lions, detail, in the Salle de Bal or Ballroom, now housing a permanent exhibition on Exchanges and Economic Actors, but which originally housed Emilie Gaillard’s collection of medieval art and a 15th century fireplace with reliefs of mourners, in Citeco, Musee de l’Economie, a new interactive museum on the economy, opened June 2019, in the Hotel Gaillard, on the Place du General Catroux, in the 17th arrondissement of Paris, France. The Hotel Gaillard was built 1878-82 by architect Jules Fevrier in Neo Renaissance style for the banker Emile Gaillard, and later became a branch of the Banque de France, when this large room was fitted with art deco counters designed by the Maison Jansen. Later, it became an office used for meetings or training courses and as a reception room. The building is listed as a historic monument. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC19_PARIS_MC_0901.jpg
  • Fresco detail, 2nd style, on plaster, of a figure wearing a helmet on a red background, from the Antiquarium, in the Solunto Museum at the archaeological site of Solunto, in Sicily, Italy. The Phoenician village of Solunto was expanded by the Greeks after 396 BC and again by the Romans after 254 BC. It was abandoned soon after and rediscovered by archaeologists in the 16th century. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC17_ITALY_MC226.jpg
  • Bust of a man wearing a lion helmet emerging from a circular recess in the wall, sculptural detail from the Sacristy, designed by Andres de Vandelvira, 1509–75, and sculpted by Esteban Jamete, 1515-65, at the Sacra Capilla del Salvador, or Sacred Chapel of the Saviour, designed by Diego de Siloe and Andres de Vandelvira and built for Francisco de los Cobos in 1536 in Spanish Renaissance style and consecrated in 1559, on the Plaza Vazquez de Molina, in Ubeda, Jaen, Andalusia, Spain. The Renaissance buildings of Ubeda and Baeza are listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC17_SPAIN_MC125.jpg
  • Madman with a necklace of bells, sticking out his tongue and wearing the winged helmet of Mercury (mercury is one of the base metals used in alchemy), holding a broken sceptre and a dog. Below the fool is a smaller figure holding a vial, sculptural detail on a corbel below the corner turret in the Upper courtyard of the Hotel Lallemant, a mansion built 1495-1518 in French Renaissance style by the Lallemant merchant family, in Bourges, Centre Val de Loire, France. The sculptural decoration on the building, made by both French and Italian sculptors, has been interpreted by Fulcanelli and others as having an alchemical symbolism. Since 1951 the building has housed the Musee des Arts Decoratifs and it was listed as a historic monument in 1840. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC17_FRANCE_MC_0635.jpg
  • Illustration of a Roman auxiliary soldier from the Hadrian era, 125 AD, by Nick Hardcastle, at the Housesteads Roman Fort Museum, Hadrian's Wall, Northumberland, England. An auxiliary would wear a chainmail coat and iron helmet, with a long sword and spear and oval wooden shield, enclosed boots like those found at Vindolanda, and close-fitting trousers. 10 centuries of auxiliary soldiers were based at Housesteads Fort. Hadrian's Wall was built 73 miles across Britannia, now England, 122-128 AD, under the reign of Emperor Hadrian, ruled 117-138, to mark the Northern extent of the Roman Empire and guard against barbarian attacks from the Picts to the North. The Housesteads Roman Fort Museum is run by English Heritage and forms part of the Hadrian's Wall UNESCO World Heritage Site. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC16_ENGLAND_MC_145.jpg
  • St George killing the dragon, from the left wing of the Crucifixion Altarpiece, 1390-99, in gilded polychromed oak, carved by Jacques de Baerze, 14th century, and painted and gilded by Melchior Broederlam, 1350-1409, originally in the Chartreuse de Champmol, in the Musee des Beaux-Arts de Dijon, opened 1787 in the Palace of the Dukes of Burgundy in Dijon, Burgundy, France. St George has his sword raised, and wears a helmet with chainmail protecting his neck. The figures are set in niches and are topped by intricately carved Gothic architectural elements. The altarpiece was commissioned in 1390 and installed in 1399 in the Chapel of the Duc de Berry at Champmol. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC16_FRANCE_MC_0165.jpg
  • Leather lure in the form of a soldier wearing a helmet, used on the crenelated battlements to give the impression of a larger garrison, from the Chateau de Rully, Rully, Saone-et-Loire, Burgundy, France. This 12th century fortress consisting of a square keep with round towers and a 14th century crenelated curtain wall was transformed in the 15th century by the Saint-Leger family, who added a succession of rooms around the courtyard. The castle is listed as a historic monument. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC16_FRANCE_MC_0281.jpg
  • Reproduction of the coat of arms of Philippe Pot, with lions, helmet and swords, on the wall of the Grande Salle, a ceremonial room used for public meetings, receptions and banquets, in the main 15th century building of the Chateau de Chateauneuf, or Chateauneuf-en-Auxois, a 12th and 15th century castle, Cote d'Or, Burgundy, France. The original painted coat of arms of Philippe Pot on the ceremonial fireplace was damaged in the French Revolution. Originally built in 1132 by Jean de Chaudenay, the castle was modified from a medieval fortress to a residence from 1457 under Philippe le Bon, Duc de Bourgogne, or Philip the Good, Duke of Burgundy, who gave the castle to his advisor Philippe Pot, 1428-93. The castle sits on an outcrop overlooking the valley of the Canal de Bourgogne and is listed as a historic monument. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC16_FRANCE_MC_0285.jpg
  • Effigy of John the Fearless with angels holding helmet, from the tomb of Jean sans Peur, or John the Fearless, 1371-1419, (Jean de Valois or John of Valois, Jean I, duc de Bourgogne, or John I, Duke of Burgundy) and his wife Marguerite de Baviere, or Margaret of Bavaria, 1363- 1423, 1443-70, by Jean de la Huerta, 1413-62, and Antoine le Moiturier, 1425-97, in the Grande Salle du Palais des ducs de Bourgogne, or Salle des Gardes, a 15th century Flamboyant Gothic hall, in the Musee des Beaux-Arts de Dijon, opened 1787 in the Palace of the Dukes of Burgundy in Dijon, Burgundy, France. The tomb consists of painted alabaster effigies with lions and angels, and below, figures of pleurants or weepers among Gothic tracery. The tomb was begun in 1443 (24 years after his death), by Jean de La Huerta, and Antoine le Moiturier after 1456, and finally installed in 1470. The tombs were originally from the Chartreuse de Champmol, or Chartreuse de la Sainte-Trinite de Champmol, a Carthusian monastery which was sacked in the French Revolution and the tombs moved to Dijon cathedral then here in 1827. The effigies are 19th century reconstructions, the originals being destroyed in the French Revolution. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC16_FRANCE_MC_0484.jpg
  • Effigy of John the Fearless with angels holding helmet, from the tomb of Jean sans Peur, or John the Fearless, 1371-1419, (Jean de Valois or John of Valois, Jean I, duc de Bourgogne, or John I, Duke of Burgundy) and his wife Marguerite de Baviere, or Margaret of Bavaria, 1363- 1423, 1443-70, by Jean de la Huerta, 1413-62, and Antoine le Moiturier, 1425-97, in the Grande Salle du Palais des ducs de Bourgogne, or Salle des Gardes, a 15th century Flamboyant Gothic hall, in the Musee des Beaux-Arts de Dijon, opened 1787 in the Palace of the Dukes of Burgundy in Dijon, Burgundy, France. The tomb consists of painted alabaster effigies with lions and angels, and below, figures of pleurants or weepers among Gothic tracery. The tomb was begun in 1443 (24 years after his death), by Jean de La Huerta, and Antoine le Moiturier after 1456, and finally installed in 1470. The tombs were originally from the Chartreuse de Champmol, or Chartreuse de la Sainte-Trinite de Champmol, a Carthusian monastery which was sacked in the French Revolution and the tombs moved to Dijon cathedral then here in 1827. The effigies are 19th century reconstructions, the originals being destroyed in the French Revolution. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC16_FRANCE_MC_0486.jpg
  • Effigy of John the Fearless with angels holding helmet, from the tomb of Jean sans Peur, or John the Fearless, 1371-1419, (Jean de Valois or John of Valois, Jean I, duc de Bourgogne, or John I, Duke of Burgundy) and his wife Marguerite de Baviere, or Margaret of Bavaria, 1363- 1423, 1443-70, by Jean de la Huerta, 1413-62, and Antoine le Moiturier, 1425-97, in the Grande Salle du Palais des ducs de Bourgogne, or Salle des Gardes, a 15th century Flamboyant Gothic hall, in the Musee des Beaux-Arts de Dijon, opened 1787 in the Palace of the Dukes of Burgundy in Dijon, Burgundy, France. The tomb consists of painted alabaster effigies with lions and angels, and below, figures of pleurants or weepers among Gothic tracery. The tomb was begun in 1443 (24 years after his death), by Jean de La Huerta, and Antoine le Moiturier after 1456, and finally installed in 1470. The tombs were originally from the Chartreuse de Champmol, or Chartreuse de la Sainte-Trinite de Champmol, a Carthusian monastery which was sacked in the French Revolution and the tombs moved to Dijon cathedral then here in 1827. The effigies are 19th century reconstructions, the originals being destroyed in the French Revolution. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC16_FRANCE_MC_0485.jpg
  • Angels with helmet, from the tomb of Jean sans Peur, or John the Fearless, 1371-1419, (Jean de Valois or John of Valois, Jean I, duc de Bourgogne, or John I, Duke of Burgundy) and his wife Marguerite de Baviere, or Margaret of Bavaria, 1363- 1423, 1443-70, by Jean de la Huerta, 1413-62, and Antoine le Moiturier, 1425-97, in the Grande Salle du Palais des ducs de Bourgogne, or Salle des Gardes, a 15th century Flamboyant Gothic hall, in the Musee des Beaux-Arts de Dijon, opened 1787 in the Palace of the Dukes of Burgundy in Dijon, Burgundy, France. The tomb consists of painted alabaster effigies with lions and angels, and below, figures of pleurants or weepers among Gothic tracery. The tomb was begun in 1443 (24 years after his death), by Jean de La Huerta, and Antoine le Moiturier after 1456, and finally installed in 1470. The tombs were originally from the Chartreuse de Champmol, or Chartreuse de la Sainte-Trinite de Champmol, a Carthusian monastery which was sacked in the French Revolution and the tombs moved to Dijon cathedral then here in 1827. The effigies are 19th century reconstructions, the originals being destroyed in the French Revolution. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC16_FRANCE_MC_0468.jpg
  • Effigy of John the Fearless with angels holding helmet, from the tomb of Jean sans Peur, or John the Fearless, 1371-1419, (Jean de Valois or John of Valois, Jean I, duc de Bourgogne, or John I, Duke of Burgundy) and his wife Marguerite de Baviere, or Margaret of Bavaria, 1363- 1423, 1443-70, by Jean de la Huerta, 1413-62, and Antoine le Moiturier, 1425-97, in the Grande Salle du Palais des ducs de Bourgogne, or Salle des Gardes, a 15th century Flamboyant Gothic hall, in the Musee des Beaux-Arts de Dijon, opened 1787 in the Palace of the Dukes of Burgundy in Dijon, Burgundy, France. The tomb consists of painted alabaster effigies with lions and angels, and below, figures of pleurants or weepers among Gothic tracery. The tomb was begun in 1443 (24 years after his death), by Jean de La Huerta, and Antoine le Moiturier after 1456, and finally installed in 1470. The tombs were originally from the Chartreuse de Champmol, or Chartreuse de la Sainte-Trinite de Champmol, a Carthusian monastery which was sacked in the French Revolution and the tombs moved to Dijon cathedral then here in 1827. The effigies are 19th century reconstructions, the originals being destroyed in the French Revolution. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC16_FRANCE_MC_0457.jpg
  • Mosaic with shield, helmet and weapons within a knotted medallion, from between the antecamera and the oecus or triclinium in South-East corner of the East wing of the Casa del Criptoportico, or House of the Cryptoporticus, Pompeii, Italy. The house is one of the largest in Pompeii and was owned by the Valerii Rufi family and built in the 3rd century BC. It takes its name from the underground corridor used as a wine cellar and lit by small windows. Pompeii is a Roman town which was destroyed and buried under 4-6 m of volcanic ash in the eruption of Mount Vesuvius in 79 AD. Buildings and artefacts were preserved in the ash and have been excavated and restored. Pompeii is listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site. Picture by Manuel Cohen
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  • La Republique, allegorical painting of female figure draped in red, white and blue and wearing a cockerel helmet, in front of the Assemblee Nationale and the July Column on the Place de la Bastille in Paris, by Paul Baudry, 1828-86, in Le MUDO, or the Musee de l'Oise, Beauvais, Picardy, France. The woman is pointing to a tablet of law indicating the universal suffrage laws of 1848. Picture by Manuel Cohen
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  • Funerary monument of Charles de Fresnoy, 1573-1624, by Michel II Bourdin, 1609-86, French sculptor, consisting of kneeling statue, prie-dieu, helmet, gloves and 2 armorial plaques, in Le MUDO, or the Musee de l'Oise, Beauvais, Picardy, France. This monument is listed as a Tresor National. It was originally in the church at Neuilly-en-Thelle until the French Revolution, then passed through the family. Picture by Manuel Cohen
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  • Funerary monument of Charles de Fresnoy, 1573-1624, by Michel II Bourdin, 1609-86, French sculptor, consisting of kneeling statue, prie-dieu, helmet, gloves and 2 armorial plaques, in Le MUDO, or the Musee de l'Oise, Beauvais, Picardy, France. This monument is listed as a Tresor National. It was originally in the church at Neuilly-en-Thelle until the French Revolution, then passed through the family. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC15_FRANCE_MC0579.jpg
  • Relief on the side of the Greek Harpy monument, 470-460 BC, showing a seated figure, either a deity or a deified ancestor, receiving a gift of a helmet from a standing figure. The Harpy monument is a 7.5m high pillar tomb with burial chamber on top, Xanthos, Antalya, Turkey. The reliefs, thought to be a gift to the sarcophagus owner and his wife from other family members, were taken by Charles Fellows to the British Museum in 1842 and replaced with plaster copies. This relief demonstrates the Greek use of isocephaly, where the heads of the figures are at the same height, whether standing of seated. Xanthos was a centre of culture and commerce for the Lycians, and later for the Persians, Greeks and Romans, and was listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1988. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC13_Turkey_MC679.jpg
  • Roland is dying, he lies on his shield and holds his sword Durendal. He asks his half-brother Baldwin for a drink, and he hands it to him in his upturned helmet. This is a calm scene of peace for a martyr who was betrayed like Jesus. Section of Baldwin handing a drink to Roland, from the Charlemagne window, early 13th century, in the ambulatory of Chartres Cathedral, Eure-et-Loir, France. Chartres cathedral was built 1194-1250 and is a fine example of Gothic architecture. Most of its windows date from 1205-40 although a few earlier 12th century examples are also intact. It was declared a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1979. Picture by Manuel Cohen
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  • Julian speaks to his valet, who brings him his white horse as he prepares to leave camp for home. He wears his knight's robes, his sword in its green sheath and his face covered by his helmet's visor. Section of Julian preparing himself to return home, 1215-25, from the Life of St Julian the Hospitaller window in the chapel of St Julian in the ambulatory of Chartres Cathedral, Eure-et-Loir, France. Chartres cathedral was built 1194-1250 and is a fine example of Gothic architecture. Most of its windows date from 1205-40 although a few earlier 12th century examples are also intact. It was declared a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1979. Picture by Manuel Cohen
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  • Gaulois, or Gaul, bronze statue, c. 1885, by Emile Laporte, 1858-1907, in the Camille Claudel Museum, opened 2017, in Nogent-sur-Seine, Aube, Grand Est, France. The sculpture represents a Gallic soldier wearing winged helmet and animal skins, and holding a sword. Camille Claudel, 1864-1943, was a female sculptor who moved to Nogent-sur-Seine in 1876. She studied under Alfred Boucher and was a model for, and mistress of, Auguste Rodin. Picture by Manuel Cohen
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  • Statue of Mars, Roman god of war, wearing a helmet, holding a broken spear and a rounded shield decorated with the Medusa, Roman, 2nd century AD, marble, from El Mehamara, Sidi Bishr, in the Antiquities Museum, established 2001, in the Bibliotheca Alexandrina, the Library of Alexandria, built 1995-2002 in Alexandria, Egypt. The building also houses a cultural centre, conference centre, museums, art galleries and a planetarium. Picture by Manuel Cohen
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  • Statue of Athena, Greek goddess of wisdom and war, wearing a peplos tunic with head of Medusa and a plumed Corinthian helmet, Parthenos type, Roman copy 2nd century AD of a Greek original from 3rd century BC, from Athens, in the Musee Lapidaire, or Lapidary Museum, in Avignon, Provence-Alpes-Cote-d'Azur, France. The museum houses archaeological artefacts from the Collection Archeologique de la Fondation Calvet, from the Musee Calvet. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC21_FRANCE_MC_1307.jpg
  • Statue of Athena, Greek goddess of wisdom and war, detail, wearing a peplos tunic with head of Medusa and a plumed Corinthian helmet, Parthenos type, Roman copy 2nd century AD of a Greek original from 3rd century BC, from Athens, in the Musee Lapidaire, or Lapidary Museum, in Avignon, Provence-Alpes-Cote-d'Azur, France. The museum houses archaeological artefacts from the Collection Archeologique de la Fondation Calvet, from the Musee Calvet. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC21_FRANCE_MC_1308.jpg
  • Altar dedicated to Minerva, Roman goddess of wisdom and war, wearing helmet and holding shield and spear, Gallo-Roman, late 2nd century - early 3rd century AD, from Courthezon, in the Musee Lapidaire, or Lapidary Museum, in Avignon, Provence-Alpes-Cote-d'Azur, France. The museum houses archaeological artefacts from the Collection Archeologique de la Fondation Calvet, from the Musee Calvet. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC21_FRANCE_MC_1335.jpg
  • Head of Mars, Roman god of war, worshipped by the Roman legions, Gallo-Roman, depicted as an old man with beard and helmet, marble, late 2nd - early 3rd century AD, excavated from the river Rhone, in the Musee de l'Arles Antique, an archaeological museum built 1995 by Henri Ciriani and extended in 2013, at Arles, Provence-Alpes-Cote d'Azur, France. The museum is built on the ruins of the Roman Circus, and houses many artefacts from the town's Gallo-Roman history from 1st century BC. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC21_FRANCE_MC_1195.jpg
  • Head of Mars, Roman god of war, worshipped by the Roman legions, Gallo-Roman, depicted as an old man with beard and helmet, marble, late 2nd - early 3rd century AD, excavated from the river Rhone, in the Musee de l'Arles Antique, an archaeological museum built 1995 by Henri Ciriani and extended in 2013, at Arles, Provence-Alpes-Cote d'Azur, France. The museum is built on the ruins of the Roman Circus, and houses many artefacts from the town's Gallo-Roman history from 1st century BC. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC21_FRANCE_MC_1196.jpg
  • Model of a Gaulish soldier with armour, shield, helmet and sword, 1st century BC, in the permanent exhibition of the Musee Archeologique de la Bataille de Gergovie, or Archaeological Museum of the Battle of Gergovia, designed by Jean Paul Reuillard, built 2015-19 and opened 19th October 2019, on the Plateau de Gergovie, or Gergovia Plateau, site of the Battle of Gergovia between Vercingetorix, Gaulish Arverni chieftain, and Julius Caesar in 52 BC, which the Gauls won, in the Massif Central, Auvergne, France. The presence of both Roman and Gallic weapons in the same place suggests either Roman legions stationed here, or the presence of Gallic Auxiliary of the Roman army, or even a weapons haul taken from the enemy. Picture by Manuel Cohen
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  • Model of a Roman soldier with shield, helmet, sandals, armour and sword, 1st century BC, in the permanent exhibition of the Musee Archeologique de la Bataille de Gergovie, or Archaeological Museum of the Battle of Gergovia, designed by Jean Paul Reuillard, built 2015-19 and opened 19th October 2019, on the Plateau de Gergovie, or Gergovia Plateau, site of the Battle of Gergovia between Vercingetorix, Gaulish Arverni chieftain, and Julius Caesar in 52 BC, which the Gauls won, in the Massif Central, Auvergne, France. Picture by Manuel Cohen
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  • Metal fire screen with heraldic design featuring a coat of arms, helmet, cockerel and lions, in the Salle de Bal or Ballroom, now housing a permanent exhibition on Exchanges and Economic Actors, but which originally housed Emilie Gaillard’s collection of medieval art and a 15th century fireplace with reliefs of mourners, in Citeco, Musee de l’Economie, a new interactive museum on the economy, opened June 2019, in the Hotel Gaillard, on the Place du General Catroux, in the 17th arrondissement of Paris, France. The Hotel Gaillard was built 1878-82 by architect Jules Fevrier in Neo Renaissance style for the banker Emile Gaillard, and later became a branch of the Banque de France, when this large room was fitted with art deco counters designed by the Maison Jansen. Later, it became an office used for meetings or training courses and as a reception room. The building is listed as a historic monument. Picture by Manuel Cohen
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  • Metal fire screen with a lion and helmet, in the monumental 15th century Venetian fireplace in the Petit Salon, in Citeco, Musee de l’Economie, a new interactive museum on the economy, opened June 2019, in the Hotel Gaillard, on the Place du General Catroux, in the 17th arrondissement of Paris, France. The Hotel Gaillard was built 1878-82 by architect Jules Fevrier in Neo Renaissance style for the banker Emile Gaillard, and later became a branch of the Banque de France. Originally the Petit Salon was hung with Emilie Gaillard's collection of gilded leather wall hangings and paintings. It was used for family evenings and intimate gatherings, and then a reception area when the building became a bank. The building is listed as a historic monument. Picture by Manuel Cohen
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  • Medallion relief of Paris, son of Priam in profile, wearing a helmet of a ram's head and horns, triangular pediment above a door in the Upper Courtyard of the Hotel Lallemant, a mansion built 1495-1518 in French Renaissance style by the Lallemant merchant family, in Bourges, Centre Val de Loire, France. At the top of this triangle is depicted a ball of fire, either a reference to the fire of 1487, or perhaps a symbol of alchemy. The sculptural decoration on the building, made by both French and Italian sculptors, has been interpreted by Fulcanelli and others as having an alchemical symbolism. Since 1951 the building has housed the Musee des Arts Decoratifs and it was listed as a historic monument in 1840. Picture by Manuel Cohen
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  • Madman with a necklace of bells, sticking out his tongue and wearing the winged helmet of Mercury (mercury is one of the base metals used in alchemy), holding a broken sceptre and a dog. Below the fool is a smaller figure holding a vial, sculptural detail on a corbel below the corner turret in the Upper courtyard of the Hotel Lallemant, a mansion built 1495-1518 in French Renaissance style by the Lallemant merchant family, in Bourges, Centre Val de Loire, France. The sculptural decoration on the building, made by both French and Italian sculptors, has been interpreted by Fulcanelli and others as having an alchemical symbolism. Since 1951 the building has housed the Musee des Arts Decoratifs and it was listed as a historic monument in 1840. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC17_FRANCE_MC_0636.jpg
  • Model of a Roman auxiliary soldier, a non-citizen from conquered lands recruited and fighting for Rome, in the Roman Army Museum, Hadrian's Wall, Northumberland, England. Auxiliaries were often hired due to specific fighting skills and were employed to fight in countries other than their homeland. Auxiliaries wore a chainmail shirt over a tunic, leather or woollen trousers, a helmet and a large oval shield made from leather or wood. Hadrian's Wall was built 73 miles across Britannia, now England, 122-128 AD, under the reign of Emperor Hadrian, ruled 117-138, to mark the Northern extent of the Roman Empire and guard against barbarian attacks from the Picts to the North. The Roman Army Museum at Carvoran fort is run by the Vindolanda Charitable Trust and forms part of the Hadrian's Wall UNESCO World Heritage Site. Picture by Manuel Cohen
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  • Roman stone with carving of Mars, god of war and the legions, dressed as a soldier wearing body armour, pleated skirt and greaves or leg protection and a crested helmet, holding a spear and shield with a goose in the foreground, at the Housesteads Roman Fort Museum, Hadrian's Wall, Northumberland, England. An inscription reads, 'To the God Mars, Victory and the Deities of the Emperors'. Housesteads Fort was built in 124 AD and is the most complete Roman fort in Britain, built by legionaries to house 10 centuries of auxiliary soldiers based on the frontier. Hadrian's Wall was built 73 miles across Britannia, now England, 122-128 AD, under the reign of Emperor Hadrian, ruled 117-138, to mark the Northern extent of the Roman Empire and guard against barbarian attacks from the Picts to the North. The Housesteads Roman Fort Museum is run by English Heritage and forms part of the Hadrian's Wall UNESCO World Heritage Site. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC16_ENGLAND_MC_138.jpg
  • Effigy of John the Fearless with angels holding helmet, from the tomb of Jean sans Peur, or John the Fearless, 1371-1419, (Jean de Valois or John of Valois, Jean I, duc de Bourgogne, or John I, Duke of Burgundy) and his wife Marguerite de Baviere, or Margaret of Bavaria, 1363- 1423, 1443-70, by Jean de la Huerta, 1413-62, and Antoine le Moiturier, 1425-97, in the Grande Salle du Palais des ducs de Bourgogne, or Salle des Gardes, a 15th century Flamboyant Gothic hall, in the Musee des Beaux-Arts de Dijon, opened 1787 in the Palace of the Dukes of Burgundy in Dijon, Burgundy, France. The tomb consists of painted alabaster effigies with lions and angels, and below, figures of pleurants or weepers among Gothic tracery. The tomb was begun in 1443 (24 years after his death), by Jean de La Huerta, and Antoine le Moiturier after 1456, and finally installed in 1470. The tombs were originally from the Chartreuse de Champmol, or Chartreuse de la Sainte-Trinite de Champmol, a Carthusian monastery which was sacked in the French Revolution and the tombs moved to Dijon cathedral then here in 1827. The effigies are 19th century reconstructions, the originals being destroyed in the French Revolution. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC16_FRANCE_MC_0483.jpg
  • Fresco detail of symbols of the goddess Athena, including an owl, spear, helmet and shield, in a cubiculum in the Casa dell Efebo, or House of the Ephebus, Pompeii, Italy. This is a large, sumptuously decorated house probably owned by a rich family, and named after the statue of the Ephebus found here. Pompeii is a Roman town which was destroyed and buried under 4-6 m of volcanic ash in the eruption of Mount Vesuvius in 79 AD. Buildings and artefacts were preserved in the ash and have been excavated and restored. Pompeii is listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site. Picture by Manuel Cohen
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  • Leather lure in the form of a soldier wearing a helmet, used on the crenelated battlements to give the impression of a larger garrison, from the Chateau de Rully, Rully, Saone-et-Loire, Burgundy, France. This 12th century fortress consisting of a square keep with round towers and a 14th century crenelated curtain wall was transformed in the 15th century by the Saint-Leger family, who added a succession of rooms around the courtyard. The castle is listed as a historic monument. Picture by Manuel Cohen
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  • Carved soldier's head with plumed lion helmet, on the archway next to the Bell Tower on Luza Square on Stradun or Placa, the main street in the Old Town, Dubrovnik, Croatia. The city developed as an important port in the 15th and 16th centuries and has had a multicultural history, allied to the Romans, Ostrogoths, Byzantines, Ancona, Hungary and the Ottomans. In 1979 the city was listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site. Picture by Manuel Cohen
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  • Portrait of Joan of Arc wearing her helmet, engraving by Georges Henri Lavalley, 1869 - 1902, displayed in the Tour Jeanne d'Arc, or Joan of Arc Tower, the donjon or keep and only remaining part of the Chateau de Rouen, built 1204 by Philippe Auguste or King Philip II of France, in Rouen, Normandy, France. Joan of Arc was tried and tortured in this tower. It is a 3-storey building with one room per floor and a pointed roof which was rebuilt in the 19th century. The Tour Jeanne-d'Arc is listed as a monument historique and is now housing the Musee Departemental des Antiquites de Rouen. Picture by Manuel Cohen
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  • Statue of the goddess Minerva, wearing a helmet and holding a spear, from the inside of the Brandenburg Gate or Brandenburger Tor, 18th century, a neoclassical triumphal arch marking one of the old city gates of Berlin, at the end of Unter den Linden, Berlin, Germany. The gate was commissioned by King Frederick William II of Prussia as a sign of peace and built by Carl Gotthard Langhans 1788-91. It stood inaccessible next to the Berlin Wall during Germany's Partition and was restored 2000-02 by the Stiftung Denkmalschutz Berlin. It consists of 12 Doric columns and is topped by a statue of a quadriga, a chariot pulled by 4 horses. Picture by Manuel Cohen
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  • Statue of the god Mars, wearing a helmet and holding a sword and a shield, from the inside of the Brandenburg Gate or Brandenburger Tor, 18th century, a neoclassical triumphal arch marking one of the old city gates of Berlin, at the end of Unter den Linden, Berlin, Germany. The gate was commissioned by King Frederick William II of Prussia as a sign of peace and built by Carl Gotthard Langhans 1788-91. It stood inaccessible next to the Berlin Wall during Germany's Partition and was restored 2000-02 by the Stiftung Denkmalschutz Berlin. It consists of 12 Doric columns and is topped by a statue of a quadriga, a chariot pulled by 4 horses. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC14_BERLIN_MC0721.jpg
  • Relief on the side of the Greek Harpy monument, 470-460 BC, showing a seated figure, either a deity or a deified ancestor, receiving a gift of a helmet from a standing figure, and winged harpies carrying the souls of the dead, as babies, to heaven. The Harpy monument is a 7.5m high pillar tomb with burial chamber on top, Xanthos, Antalya, Turkey. The reliefs, thought to be a gift to the sarcophagus owner and his wife from other family members, were taken by Charles Fellows to the British Museum in 1842 and replaced with plaster copies. This relief demonstrates the Greek use of isocephaly, where the heads of the figures are at the same height, whether standing of seated. Xanthos was a centre of culture and commerce for the Lycians, and later for the Persians, Greeks and Romans, and was listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1988. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC13_Turkey_MC678.jpg
  • Relief on the side of the Greek Harpy monument, 470-460 BC, showing a seated figure, either a deity or a deified ancestor, receiving a gift of a helmet from a standing figure, and winged harpies carrying the souls of the dead, as babies, to heaven. The Harpy monument is a 7.5m high pillar tomb with burial chamber on top, Xanthos, Antalya, Turkey. The reliefs, thought to be a gift to the sarcophagus owner and his wife from other family members, were taken by Charles Fellows to the British Museum in 1842 and replaced with plaster copies. This relief demonstrates the Greek use of isocephaly, where the heads of the figures are at the same height, whether standing of seated. Xanthos was a centre of culture and commerce for the Lycians, and later for the Persians, Greeks and Romans, and was listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1988. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC13_Turkey_MC652.jpg
  • Constantine, Emperor of the East at Constantinople, is concerned about the rise of Islam, and dreams about the strength of Charlemagne, seen here on the right on horseback, with a white helmet, spear and red shield. An angel points at Charlemagne. Section of the dream of Constantine, from the Charlemagne window, early 13th century, in the ambulatory of Chartres Cathedral, Eure-et-Loir, France. Chartres cathedral was built 1194-1250 and is a fine example of Gothic architecture. Most of its windows date from 1205-40 although a few earlier 12th century examples are also intact. It was declared a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1979. Picture by Manuel Cohen
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  • Mask and garland frieze from the Portico of Tiberius on the Southern portico of the Agora, 1st century AD, Aphrodisias, Aydin, Turkey. The Sculpture School at Aphrodisias was an important producer of carved marble sarcophagi and friezes from the 1st century BC until the 6th century AD. The Portico of Tiberius was built under the reign of Tiberius and has many examples of mask and garland friezes, consisting of the heads of gods, goddesses, theatrical characters, mythological figures or masks, each with a distinct facial expression, between hanging garlands of leaves, fruit and flowers. This example shows the angry face of a young man wearing a lion helmet, possibly a Roman soldier. Aphrodisias was a small ancient Greek city in Caria near the modern-day town of Geyre. It was named after Aphrodite, the Greek goddess of love, who had here her unique cult image, the Aphrodite of Aphrodisias. The city suffered major earthquakes in the 4th and 7th centuries which destroyed most of the ancient structures. Picture by Manuel Cohen
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  • Mask and garland frieze from the Portico of Tiberius on the Southern portico of the Agora, 1st century AD, Aphrodisias, Aydin, Turkey. The Sculpture School at Aphrodisias was an important producer of carved marble sarcophagi and friezes from the 1st century BC until the 6th century AD. The Portico of Tiberius was built under the reign of Tiberius and has many examples of mask and garland friezes, consisting of the heads of gods, goddesses, theatrical characters, mythological figures or masks, each with a distinct facial expression, between hanging garlands of leaves, fruit and flowers. This example shows a young man wearing a helmet with a happy smiling expression. Aphrodisias was a small ancient Greek city in Caria near the modern-day town of Geyre. It was named after Aphrodite, the Greek goddess of love, who had here her unique cult image, the Aphrodite of Aphrodisias. The city suffered major earthquakes in the 4th and 7th centuries which destroyed most of the ancient structures. Picture by Manuel Cohen
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  • Sculpted wooden head of man wearing lion's head helmet, possibly Heracles, from the door between the horseshoe vestibule and the Galerie Francois I, Chateau de Fontainebleau, France. The Galerie Francois I was begun in 1528 and was the first great gallery in France and the origination of the Renaissance style in France. The Palace of Fontainebleau is one of the largest French royal palaces and was begun in the early 16th century for Francois I. It was listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1981. Picture by Manuel Cohen
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  • Gallic weapons, Gallo-Roman relief of clothing, shields, helmets, drapery, spears and sword pommel, from a municipal structure commemorating a military victory, early 1st century AD, excavated in Arles in 1972, in the Musee de l'Arles Antique, an archaeological museum built 1995 by Henri Ciriani and extended in 2013, at Arles, Provence-Alpes-Cote d'Azur, France. The museum is built on the ruins of the Roman Circus, and houses many artefacts from the town's Gallo-Roman history from 1st century BC. Picture by Manuel Cohen
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  • Frieze of the warriors, detail, Gallo-Roman relief of soldiers wearing armour and helmets with swords and a Praetorian guard, from a municipal arch or funerary monument, early 1st century AD, excavated in Arles in 1902, in the Musee de l'Arles Antique, an archaeological museum built 1995 by Henri Ciriani and extended in 2013, at Arles, Provence-Alpes-Cote d'Azur, France. The museum is built on the ruins of the Roman Circus, and houses many artefacts from the town's Gallo-Roman history from 1st century BC. Picture by Manuel Cohen
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  • Knight's Hall, with displays of armour, weapons and helmets, at the Palazzo Conte Federico, a 12th century Arabic Norman palace in Palermo, Sicily, Italy. The Federico counts bought the palace in the mid 17th century and are responsible for commissioning many of the decorations in place today. Picture by Manuel Cohen
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  • Knight's Hall, with displays of armour, weapons and helmets, at the Palazzo Conte Federico, a 12th century Arabic Norman palace in Palermo, Sicily, Italy. The Federico counts bought the palace in the mid 17th century and are responsible for commissioning many of the decorations in place today. Picture by Manuel Cohen
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  • Carved capital depicting soldiers with spears, helmets and shields, from the old cloister, built under abbot Begon III in 1097-1107, in the Abbatiale Sainte-Foy de Conques or Abbey-church of Saint-Foy, Conques, Aveyron, Midi-Pyrenees, France, a Romanesque abbey church begun 1050 under abbot Odolric to house the remains of St Foy, a 4th century female martyr. The church is on the pilgrimage route to Santiago da Compostela, and is listed as a historic monument and a UNESCO World Heritage Site. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC15_FRANCE_MC0677.jpg
  • Gallic weapons, detail, Gallo-Roman relief of clothing, shields, helmets, drapery, spears and sword pommel, from a municipal structure commemorating a military victory, early 1st century AD, excavated in Arles in 1972, in the Musee de l'Arles Antique, an archaeological museum built 1995 by Henri Ciriani and extended in 2013, at Arles, Provence-Alpes-Cote d'Azur, France. The museum is built on the ruins of the Roman Circus, and houses many artefacts from the town's Gallo-Roman history from 1st century BC. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC21_FRANCE_MC_1143.jpg
  • Frieze of the warriors, Gallo-Roman relief  of soldiers wearing armour and helmets with swords and a Praetorian guard, from a municipal arch or funerary monument, early 1st century AD, excavated in Arles in 1902, in the Musee de l'Arles Antique, an archaeological museum built 1995 by Henri Ciriani and extended in 2013, at Arles, Provence-Alpes-Cote d'Azur, France. The museum is built on the ruins of the Roman Circus, and houses many artefacts from the town's Gallo-Roman history from 1st century BC. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC21_FRANCE_MC_1230.jpg
  • Carved capital depicting soldiers with spears, helmets and shields, from the old cloister, built under abbot Begon III in 1097-1107, in the Abbatiale Sainte-Foy de Conques or Abbey-church of Saint-Foy, Conques, Aveyron, Midi-Pyrenees, France, a Romanesque abbey church begun 1050 under abbot Odolric to house the remains of St Foy, a 4th century female martyr. The church is on the pilgrimage route to Santiago da Compostela, and is listed as a historic monument and a UNESCO World Heritage Site. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC15_FRANCE_MC0678.jpg
  • Detail of a painted decorative wall panel with angel and helmets, 19th century, in the Guard Room, Chateau de Fontainebleau, France. The Guard Room is the first of the King's apartment and was occupied by the soldiers of the guard. The Palace of Fontainebleau is one of the largest French royal palaces and was begun in the early 16th century for Francois I. It was listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1981. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC14_France_MC734.jpg
  • Emperor Charlemagne, with a red cloak, rides a white horse to the Holy Land, beheading an infidel soldier (conical helmets and round shields). The crusade to the Holy Land was a quest for the glory of Christendom and the Emperor Constantine. Section of Charlemagne leaving for the Holy Land, from the Charlemagne window, early 13th century, in the ambulatory of Chartres Cathedral, Eure-et-Loir, France. Chartres cathedral was built 1194-1250 and is a fine example of Gothic architecture. Most of its windows date from 1205-40 although a few earlier 12th century examples are also intact. It was declared a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1979. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC13_FRANCE_MC436.jpg
  • Fierce battle scene between the army of Emperor Charlemagne, 742-814, on the left, and the infidels, led by King Aygoland, on the right (with conical helmets and round shields). A soldier spears an infidel who falls off his horse. A tree at the top branches in 2 above each opposing side. Section of the Battle against the Saracens, from the Charlemagne window, early 13th century, in the ambulatory of Chartres Cathedral, Eure-et-Loir, France. Chartres cathedral was built 1194-1250 and is a fine example of Gothic architecture. Most of its windows date from 1205-40 although a few earlier 12th century examples are also intact. It was declared a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1979. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC13_FRANCE_MC439.jpg
  • Tombs of Knight Mello d'Epoisses and his wife, Fontenay Abbey, Marmagne, Cote d'Or, France. This Cistercian abbey was founded by Saint Bernard of Clairvaux in 1119, built in the Romanesque style. The abbey itself housed 300 monks from 1200, but was sacked during the French Revolution. These tombs are in the choir of the abbey church. Originally a mausoleum, this tomb consists of a modern base supporting the recumbent statues of a knight and his wife. The helmeted knight is wearing his military garb, with his sword and armour partly covered by the arms of Mello d'Epoisses, a powerful 14th century Burgundian family. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC13_FRANCE_MC261.jpg
  • Tombs of Knight Mello d'Epoisses and his wife, Fontenay Abbey, Marmagne, Cote d'Or, France. This Cistercian abbey was founded by Saint Bernard of Clairvaux in 1119, built in the Romanesque style. The abbey itself housed 300 monks from 1200, but was sacked during the French Revolution. These tombs are in the choir of the abbey church. Originally a mausoleum, this tomb consists of a modern base supporting the recumbent statues of a knight and his wife. The helmeted knight is wearing his military garb, with his sword and armour partly covered by the arms of Mello d'Epoisses, a powerful 14th century Burgundian family. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC13_FRANCE_MC250.jpg
  • Tombs of Knight Mello d'Epoisses and his wife, Fontenay Abbey, Marmagne, Cote d'Or, France. This Cistercian abbey was founded by Saint Bernard of Clairvaux in 1119, built in the Romanesque style. The abbey itself housed 300 monks from 1200, but was sacked during the French Revolution. These tombs are in the choir of the abbey church. Originally a mausoleum, this tomb consists of a modern base supporting the recumbent statues of a knight and his wife. The helmeted knight is wearing his military garb, with his sword and armour partly covered by the arms of Mello d'Epoisses, a powerful 14th century Burgundian family. The sculptures are partially damaged. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC13_FRANCE_MC235.jpg
  • Front cover of issue no. 489 of Historia, a monthly history magazine, published September 1987, a special edition covering the great century of Ancient Rome. Historia was created by Jules Tallandier and published 1909-37 and again from 1945. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC_HISTORY_MC_0442.jpg
  • Alexander the Great, 1 of 7 of a series of 9 tapestries of heroic figures entitled Suite des Preux, 1525-40, from Aubusson and Felletin, made for Pierre Paien lord of Chauray, exhibited in the Salle des Preux, in the Chateau de Langeais, a Renaissance castle built 1465-69 by king Louis XI, on the river Loire in Langeais, Indre-et-Loire, France. Originally built in the 10th century by Foulques Nerra, it was rebuilt in the 15th century by Jean Bourre and Jean Briconnet. The chateau is listed as a historic monument and forms part of the Loire Valley UNESCO World Heritage Site. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC22_FRANCE_MC_1390.jpg
  • Arthur, 1 of 7 of a series of 9 tapestries of heroic figures entitled Suite des Preux, 1525-40, from Aubusson and Felletin, made for Pierre Paien lord of Chauray, exhibited in the Salle des Preux, in the Chateau de Langeais, a Renaissance castle built 1465-69 by king Louis XI, on the river Loire in Langeais, Indre-et-Loire, France. Originally built in the 10th century by Foulques Nerra, it was rebuilt in the 15th century by Jean Bourre and Jean Briconnet. The chateau is listed as a historic monument and forms part of the Loire Valley UNESCO World Heritage Site. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC22_FRANCE_MC_1388.jpg
  • Portrait of Henri de la Tour d'Auvergne, viscount of Turenne, 1611-75, oil painting on canvas, 17th century, after Philippe de Champaigne, 1602-74, after an engraving by Robert de Nanteuil, 1623-78, in the Chateau de Chambord, designed by Domenico da Cortona and built 1519-47 in French Renaissance style under King Francois I, at Chambord, Loir-et-Cher, France. The chateau is listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC22_FRANCE_MC_1226.jpg
  • Portrait of Louis XIV, 1638-1715, oil painting on canvas, 19th century, after Hyacinthe Rigaud, 1659-1743, in the Chateau de Chambord, designed by Domenico da Cortona and built 1519-47 in French Renaissance style under King Francois I, at Chambord, Loir-et-Cher, France. The king is wearing armour and the cord of the order of Saint Louis, and holds the baton of command of the commander of the armies. The chateau is listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC22_FRANCE_MC_1229.jpg
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