manuel cohen

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  • Medina, Tangier, Morocco pictured on December 27, 2009. An atmospheric view through a screen of people silhouetted as they pass through a gateway in the Old Town. Tangier, the 'White City', gateway to North Africa, a port on the Straits of Gibraltar where the Meditaerranean meets the Atlantic is an ancient city where many cultures, Phoenicians, Berbers, Portuguese and Spaniards have all left their mark. With its medina, palace and position overlooking two seas the city is now being developed as a tourist attraction and modern port. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LCMOROCCODEC09_MC056.jpg
  • Medina, Tangier, Morocco pictured on December 27, 2009. A woman in traditional costume and cardigan walks confidently past an elaborate gateway in the Old Town, her straw hat and veil shading her from the sunshine. Tangier, the 'White City', gateway to North Africa, a port on the Straits of Gibraltar where the Meditaerranean meets the Atlantic is an ancient city where many cultures, Phoenicians, Berbers, Portuguese and Spaniards have all left their mark. With its medina, palace and position overlooking two seas the city is now being developed as a tourist attraction and modern port. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LCMOROCCODEC09_MC050.jpg
  • Medina, Tangier, Morocco pictured on December 27, 2009. A view from behind of a woman in green, with two men, approaching an arched gateway in a shady corner of the Old Town. Tangier, the 'White City', gateway to North Africa, a port on the Straits of Gibraltar where the Meditaerranean meets the Atlantic is an ancient city where many cultures, Phoenicians, Berbers, Portuguese and Spaniards have all left their mark. With its medina, palace and position overlooking two seas the city is now being developed as a tourist attraction and modern port. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LCMOROCCODEC09_MC049.jpg
  • The Entrance Tower to the outer gateway of the Citadel, Aleppo, Syria. Standing on a mound covered in limestone blocks the Citadel is at the heart of Aleppo. Beneath it archaeological remains dating back as far as the 9th century BC have been discovered. Sayf al-Dawla (944-967), the first Hamdanid ruler of Aleppo, built the fortress and used the citadel as a military center. Zangid ruler Nur al-Din (1147-1174) fortified the citadel and added some structures. But during the Ayyubid period and the reign of the Sultan al-Zahir al-Ghazi of Aleppo (1186-1216), the Citadel went through major reconstruction, fortification and addition of new structures that create the complex of the Citadel in its current form.
    LCSYRIA05087.JPG
  • General view of Bab el-Mahrouk gate, 12th century, Fez, Morocco, pictured on February 25, 2009 in the morning.  Bab el-Mahrouk is the main gateway between the old medina and newer suburbs. Its restored stonework is seen against the mountains with market stalls in the foreground. Fez, Morocco's second largest city, and one of the four imperial cities, was founded in 789 by Idris I on the banks of the River Fez. The oldest university in the world is here and the city is still the Moroccan cultural and spiritual centre. Fez has three sectors: the oldest part, the walled city of Fes-el-Bali, houses Morocco's largest medina and is a UNESCO World Heritage Site;  Fes-el-Jedid was founded in 1244 as a new capital by the Merenid dynasty, and contains the Mellah, or Jewish quarter; Ville Nouvelle was built by the French who took over most of Morocco in 1912 and transferred the capital to Rabat. Picture by Manuel Cohen.
    LCMOROCCO_FEB09_MC0077.jpg
  • Entrance between Bab Mansour and the Royal Palace, Meknes, Morocco pictured on December 26, 2009. A dark figure in a Djellaba walks through the shadowy gateway with the help of a stick. The Bab Mansour Gate, completed in 1732, is named after its architect. Meknes, one of Morocco's Imperial cities, was redeveloped under Sultan Ismail Moulay (1634-1727). It is a fortified city built from pise, or clay and straw, and was designed to be the political capital of Morocco, as opposed to Fez, the religious capital. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LCMOROCCODEC09_MC033.jpg
  • Entrance between Bab Mansour and the Royal Palace, Meknes, Morocco pictured on December 26, 2009. A figure in a Djellaba walks through the contrasting light and shadow of the gateway with its numerous arches. The Bab Mansoor Gate, completed in 1732, is named after its architect. Meknes, one of Morocco's Imperial cities, was redeveloped under Sultan Ismail Moulay (1634-1727). It is a fortified city built from pise, or clay and straw, and was designed to be the political capital of Morocco, as opposed to Fez, the religious capital. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LCMOROCCODEC09_MC032.jpg
  • The Entrance Tower to the outer gateway of the Citadel, Aleppo, Syria. Standing on a mound covered in limestone blocks the Citadel is at the heart of Aleppo. Beneath it archaeological remains dating back as far as the 9th century BC have been discovered. Sayf al-Dawla (944-967), the first Hamdanid ruler of Aleppo, built the fortress and used the citadel as a military center. Zangid ruler Nur al-Din (1147-1174) fortified the citadel and added some structures. But during the Ayyubid period and the reign of the Sultan al-Zahir al-Ghazi of Aleppo (1186-1216), the Citadel went through major reconstruction, fortification and addition of new structures that create the complex of the Citadel in its current form.
    LCSYRIA05089.jpg
  • The Entrance Tower to the outer gateway of the Citadel, Aleppo, Syria. Standing on a mound covered in limestone blocks the Citadel is at the heart of Aleppo. Beneath it archaeological remains dating back as far as the 9th century BC have been discovered. Sayf al-Dawla (944-967), the first Hamdanid ruler of Aleppo, built the fortress and used the citadel as a military center. Zangid ruler Nur al-Din (1147-1174) fortified the citadel and added some structures. But during the Ayyubid period and the reign of the Sultan al-Zahir al-Ghazi of Aleppo (1186-1216), the Citadel went through major reconstruction, fortification and addition of new structures that create the complex of the Citadel in its current form.
    LCSYRIA05088.JPG
  • The Entrance Tower to the outer gateway of the Citadel, Aleppo, Syria. Standing on a mound covered in limestone blocks the Citadel is at the heart of Aleppo. Beneath it archaeological remains dating back as far as the 9th century BC have been discovered. Sayf al-Dawla (944-967), the first Hamdanid ruler of Aleppo, built the fortress and used the citadel as a military center. Zangid ruler Nur al-Din (1147-1174) fortified the citadel and added some structures. But during the Ayyubid period and the reign of the Sultan al-Zahir al-Ghazi of Aleppo (1186-1216), the Citadel went through major reconstruction, fortification and addition of new structures that create the complex of the Citadel in its current form.
    LCSYRIA05086.jpg
  • Gateway at the beginning of the Unas causeway, linking the mortuary pyramid of Unas, 9th pharaoh of the 5th dynasty, Old Kingdom, built c. 2345 BC, to his valley temple, at Saqqara, Egypt. The causeway is 720-750m long and built of stone with a roof and walls covered with reliefs. The burial site at Saqqara, containing pyramids, mastabas and tombs from 1st dynasty to the Greco Roman period, was the royal necropolis for Memphis. Saqqara is listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC22_EGYPT_MC_0207.jpg
  • False door stela, with carved double gateway representing the door to the hereafter, used in tomb architecture since the third millennium BC, <br />
2nd - 1st century BC, sandstone, from Thebes, in the Luxor Museum, inaugurated 1975, in Luxor, Egypt. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC22_EGYPT_MC_0063.jpg
  • Rajendra Pol, a gateway to the City Palace, built 1727-32 by Maharaja Sawai Jai Singh, founder of Jaipur, as the seat of the maharaja of Jaipur, designed by Vidyadhar Bhattacharya and Sir Samuel Swinton Jacob, mixing European, Mughal and Rajput architectural styles, in Jaipur, Rajasthan, India. The building now houses the Maharaja Sawai Man Singh II Museum, and is the home of the Jaipur royal family. The city of Jaipur was founded in 1727 by Jai Singh II, the Raja of Amer, and planned and designed by Vidyadhar Bhattacharya. Jaipur is the capital of Rajasthan and the 10th most populous city in India. Jaipur is listed as the Pink City of India UNESCO World Heritage Site. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC20_INDIA_MC_078.jpg
  • Gray Rock (left) and South Gateway Rock (right), with the Manitou Springs incline behind and Pikes Peak above, at the Garden of The Gods, an area of geological rock formations protected as a public park, near Colorado Springs, Colorado, USA. The formations are the result of vertical tilting due to the uplift forces of the Rocky Mountains and the Pikes Peak massif, of the horizontal layers of sandstones, conglomerates and limestones, resulting after erosion in the formation of fins and pinnacles. Native Americans have visited the area since 1330 BC and camped here since 250 BC, sheltering under the cliffs and producing rock art. The Garden of the Gods was listed as a National Natural Landmark in 1971. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC16_COLORADO_MC_157.jpg
  • Gray Rock (left) and South Gateway Rock (right), with the Manitou Springs incline behind and Pikes Peak above, at the Garden of The Gods, an area of geological rock formations protected as a public park, near Colorado Springs, Colorado, USA. The formations are the result of vertical tilting due to the uplift forces of the Rocky Mountains and the Pikes Peak massif, of the horizontal layers of  sandstones, conglomerates and limestones, resulting after erosion in the formation of fins and pinnacles. Native Americans have visited the area since 1330 BC and camped here since 250 BC, sheltering under the cliffs and producing rock art. The Garden of the Gods was listed as a National Natural Landmark in 1971. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC16_COLORADO_MC_161.jpg
  • Gray Rock (left) and South Gateway Rock (right), with the Manitou Springs incline behind and Pikes Peak above, at the Garden of The Gods, an area of geological rock formations protected as a public park, near Colorado Springs, Colorado, USA. The formations are the result of vertical tilting due to the uplift forces of the Rocky Mountains and the Pikes Peak massif, of the horizontal layers of sandstones, conglomerates and limestones, resulting after erosion in the formation of fins and pinnacles. Native Americans have visited the area since 1330 BC and camped here since 250 BC, sheltering under the cliffs and producing rock art. The Garden of the Gods was listed as a National Natural Landmark in 1971. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC16_COLORADO_MC_162.jpg
  • Gray Rock (left) and South Gateway Rock (right), with the Manitou Springs incline behind and Pikes Peak above, at the Garden of The Gods, an area of geological rock formations protected as a public park, near Colorado Springs, Colorado, USA. The formations are the result of vertical tilting due to the uplift forces of the Rocky Mountains and the Pikes Peak massif, of the horizontal layers of sandstones, conglomerates and limestones, resulting after erosion in the formation of fins and pinnacles. Native Americans have visited the area since 1330 BC and camped here since 250 BC, sheltering under the cliffs and producing rock art. The Garden of the Gods was listed as a National Natural Landmark in 1971. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC16_COLORADO_MC_158.jpg
  • Gray Rock (left) and South Gateway Rock (right), with the Manitou Springs incline behind and Pikes Peak above, at the Garden of The Gods, an area of geological rock formations protected as a public park, near Colorado Springs, Colorado, USA. The formations are the result of vertical tilting due to the uplift forces of the Rocky Mountains and the Pikes Peak massif, of the horizontal layers of sandstones, conglomerates and limestones, resulting after erosion in the formation of fins and pinnacles. Native Americans have visited the area since 1330 BC and camped here since 250 BC, sheltering under the cliffs and producing rock art. The Garden of the Gods was listed as a National Natural Landmark in 1971. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC16_COLORADO_MC_147.jpg
  • The Torre de Belem or Belem Tower, built in the 16th century by Francisco de Arruda under King John II as part of a defence system at the mouth of the river Tagus and a ceremonial gateway to the city, Santa Maria de Belem, Lisbon, Portugal. The limestone tower is built in Late Gothic Manueline style, and consists of a bastion terrace (left), 4 storey tower and small access bridge. It is listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site due to its important role during the Portuguese Age of Discoveries. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC15_LISBON_MC169.jpg
  • Bastion terrace with Moorish bartizan turrets and cannon hole at the Torre de Belem or Belem Tower, built in the 16th century by Francisco de Arruda under King John II as part of a defence system at the mouth of the river Tagus and a ceremonial gateway to the city, Santa Maria de Belem, Lisbon, Portugal. The limestone tower is built in Late Gothic Manueline style, and consists of a bastion and 4 storey tower. It is listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site due to its important role during the Portuguese Age of Discoveries. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC15_LISBON_MC038.jpg
  • The Torre de Belem or Belem Tower, built in the 16th century by Francisco de Arruda under King John II as part of a defence system at the mouth of the river Tagus and a ceremonial gateway to the city, Santa Maria de Belem, Lisbon, Portugal. The limestone tower is built in Late Gothic Manueline style, and consists of a bastion terrace (left), 4 storey tower and small access bridge. It is listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site due to its important role during the Portuguese Age of Discoveries. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC15_LISBON_MC039.jpg
  • Bastion terrace with Moorish bartizan turrets and cannon hole at the Torre de Belem or Belem Tower, built in the 16th century by Francisco de Arruda under King John II as part of a defence system at the mouth of the river Tagus and a ceremonial gateway to the city, Santa Maria de Belem, Lisbon, Portugal. The limestone tower is built in Late Gothic Manueline style, and consists of a bastion and 4 storey tower. It is listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site due to its important role during the Portuguese Age of Discoveries. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC15_LISBON_MC037.jpg
  • The Torre de Belem or Belem Tower, built in the 16th century by Francisco de Arruda under King John II as part of a defence system at the mouth of the river Tagus and a ceremonial gateway to the city, Santa Maria de Belem, Lisbon, Portugal. The limestone tower is built in Late Gothic Manueline style, and consists of a bastion terrace (left), 4 storey tower and small access bridge. It is listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site due to its important role during the Portuguese Age of Discoveries. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC15_LISBON_MC015.jpg
  • The Torre de Belem or Belem Tower, built in the 16th century by Francisco de Arruda under King John II as part of a defence system at the mouth of the river Tagus and a ceremonial gateway to the city, Santa Maria de Belem, Lisbon, Portugal. The limestone tower is built in Late Gothic Manueline style, and consists of a bastion terrace (right), 4 storey tower and small access bridge. It is listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site due to its important role during the Portuguese Age of Discoveries. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC15_LISBON_MC013.jpg
  • The Water Gate, 13th - 15th centuries, giving access to the South bank of the Vivari channel, Butrint, Chaonia, Albania. The gate has an arch of tile and stone, with a later buttress visible through the gateway. Butrint was founded by the Greek Chaonian tribe and was a port throughout Hellenistic and Roman times, when it was known as Buthrotum. It was ruled by the Byzantines and the Venetians and finally abandoned in the Middle Ages. The ruins at Butrint were listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1992. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC14_Albania_MC281.jpg
  • The Water Gate, 13th - 15th centuries, giving access to the South bank of the Vivari channel, Butrint, Chaonia, Albania. The gate has an arch of tile and stone, with a later buttress visible through the gateway. Butrint was founded by the Greek Chaonian tribe and was a port throughout Hellenistic and Roman times, when it was known as Buthrotum. It was ruled by the Byzantines and the Venetians and finally abandoned in the Middle Ages. The ruins at Butrint were listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1992. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC14_Albania_MC263.jpg
  • Bab Boujloud or Blue Gate, a huge gateway to the medina of Fes, Fes-Boulemane, Northern Morocco. The gate was built by the French in 1913 next to the 12th century original in Mauresque Andalusian style, with horseshoe arches decorated with Fassi blue tiles on the outside and green tiles on the inside, in patterns of stars and swirls. Through the arch are the minarets of the 20th-century Sidi Lazzaz mosque (right) and the restored 14th-century Bouinania Madrasa (left). The medina of Fes was listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1981. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC14_Morocco_MC256.jpg
  • Bab Boujloud or Blue Gate, a huge gateway to the medina of Fes, Fes-Boulemane, Northern Morocco. The gate was built by the French in 1913 next to the 12th century original in Mauresque Andalusian style, with horseshoe arches decorated with Fassi blue tiles on the outside and green tiles on the inside, in patterns of stars and swirls. Through the arch are the minarets of the 20th-century Sidi Lazzaz mosque (right) and the restored 14th-century Bouinania Madrasa (left). The medina of Fes was listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1981. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC14_Morocco_MC257.JPG
  • Bab Boujloud or Blue Gate, a huge gateway to the medina of Fes, Fes-Boulemane, Northern Morocco. The gate was built by the French in 1913 next to the 12th century original in Mauresque Andalusian style, with horseshoe arches decorated with Fassi blue tiles on the outside and green tiles on the inside, in patterns of stars and swirls. Through the arch are the minarets of the 20th-century Sidi Lazzaz mosque (right) and the restored 14th-century Bouinania Madrasa (left). The medina of Fes was listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1981. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC14_Morocco_MC258.jpg
  • Ramparts with the Tour Bouillon with its pedestrian entrance gate for the villagers, 13th century, seen through a gateway with steps, at the medieval castle of Chateau-Thierry, Picardy, France. The first fortifications on this spur over the river Marne date from the 4th century and the first castle was built in the 9th century Merovingian period by the counts of Vermandois. Thibaud II enlarged the castle in the 12th century and built the Tour Thibaud, and Thibaud IV expanded it significantly in the 13th century to include 17 defensive towers in the walls and an East and South gate. The castle was largely destroyed in the French Revolution after having been a royal palace since 1285. In 1814 it was used as a citadel for Napoleonic troops. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC14_France_MC209.jpg
  • Tetrapylon or monumental gateway, 2nd century AD, Aphrodisias, Aydin, Turkey. The tetrapylon greeted pilgrims visiting the Temple or Sanctuary of Aphrodite and linked the main North-South street of the town to the Sacred Way leading to a large forecourt in front of the temple. It consists of 4 rows of 4 columns and the pediment over the West columns is decorated with reliefs of Eros and Nike hunting among the acanthus leaves. Aphrodisias was a small ancient Greek city in Caria near the modern-day town of Geyre. It was named after Aphrodite, the Greek goddess of love, who had here her unique cult image, the Aphrodite of Aphrodisias. The city suffered major earthquakes in the 4th and 7th centuries which destroyed most of the ancient structures. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC13_Turkey_MC553.jpg
  • Relief of Nike and Eros hunting among the acanthus leaves on the Western pediment of the Tetrapylon or monumental gateway, 2nd century AD, Aphrodisias, Aydin, Turkey. The tetrapylon greeted pilgrims visiting the Temple or Sanctuary of Aphrodite and linked the main North-South street of the town to the Sacred Way leading to a large forecourt in front of the temple. It consists of 4 rows of 4 columns. Aphrodisias was a small ancient Greek city in Caria near the modern-day town of Geyre. It was named after Aphrodite, the Greek goddess of love, who had here her unique cult image, the Aphrodite of Aphrodisias. The city suffered major earthquakes in the 4th and 7th centuries which destroyed most of the ancient structures. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC13_Turkey_MC554.jpg
  • Tetrapylon or monumental gateway, 2nd century AD, Aphrodisias, Aydin, Turkey. The tetrapylon greeted pilgrims visiting the Temple or Sanctuary of Aphrodite and linked the main North-South street of the town to the Sacred Way leading to a large forecourt in front of the temple. It consists of 4 rows of 4 columns and the pediment over the West columns is decorated with reliefs of Eros and Nike hunting among the acanthus leaves. Aphrodisias was a small ancient Greek city in Caria near the modern-day town of Geyre. It was named after Aphrodite, the Greek goddess of love, who had here her unique cult image, the Aphrodite of Aphrodisias. The city suffered major earthquakes in the 4th and 7th centuries which destroyed most of the ancient structures. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC13_Turkey_MC555.jpg
  • Tetrapylon or monumental gateway from the East, 2nd century AD, Aphrodisias, Aydin, Turkey. The tetrapylon greeted pilgrims visiting the Temple or Sanctuary of Aphrodite and linked the main North-South street of the town to the Sacred Way leading to a large forecourt in front of the temple. It consists of 4 rows of 4 columns and the pediment over the West columns is decorated with reliefs of Eros and Nike hunting among the acanthus leaves. Aphrodisias was a small ancient Greek city in Caria near the modern-day town of Geyre. It was named after Aphrodite, the Greek goddess of love, who had here her unique cult image, the Aphrodite of Aphrodisias. The city suffered major earthquakes in the 4th and 7th centuries which destroyed most of the ancient structures. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC13_Turkey_MC556.jpg
  • Tetrapylon or monumental gateway, 2nd century AD, Aphrodisias, Aydin, Turkey. The tetrapylon greeted pilgrims visiting the Temple or Sanctuary of Aphrodite and linked the main North-South street of the town to the Sacred Way leading to a large forecourt in front of the temple. It consists of 4 rows of 4 columns and the pediment over the West columns is decorated with reliefs of Eros and Nike hunting among the acanthus leaves. Aphrodisias was a small ancient Greek city in Caria near the modern-day town of Geyre. It was named after Aphrodite, the Greek goddess of love, who had here her unique cult image, the Aphrodite of Aphrodisias. The city suffered major earthquakes in the 4th and 7th centuries which destroyed most of the ancient structures. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC13_Turkey_MC543.jpg
  • Relief of Nike and Eros hunting among the acanthus leaves on the Western pediment of the Tetrapylon or monumental gateway, 2nd century AD, Aphrodisias, Aydin, Turkey. The tetrapylon greeted pilgrims visiting the Temple or Sanctuary of Aphrodite and linked the main North-South street of the town to the Sacred Way leading to a large forecourt in front of the temple. It consists of 4 rows of 4 columns. Aphrodisias was a small ancient Greek city in Caria near the modern-day town of Geyre. It was named after Aphrodite, the Greek goddess of love, who had here her unique cult image, the Aphrodite of Aphrodisias. The city suffered major earthquakes in the 4th and 7th centuries which destroyed most of the ancient structures. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC13_Turkey_MC544.jpg
  • Tetrapylon or monumental gateway, 2nd century AD, Aphrodisias, Aydin, Turkey. The tetrapylon greeted pilgrims visiting the Temple or Sanctuary of Aphrodite and linked the main North-South street of the town to the Sacred Way leading to a large forecourt in front of the temple. It consists of 4 rows of 4 columns and the pediment over the West columns is decorated with reliefs of Eros and Nike hunting among the acanthus leaves. Aphrodisias was a small ancient Greek city in Caria near the modern-day town of Geyre. It was named after Aphrodite, the Greek goddess of love, who had here her unique cult image, the Aphrodite of Aphrodisias. The city suffered major earthquakes in the 4th and 7th centuries which destroyed most of the ancient structures. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC13_Turkey_MC551.jpg
  • Tetrapylon or monumental gateway, 2nd century AD, Aphrodisias, Aydin, Turkey. The tetrapylon greeted pilgrims visiting the Temple or Sanctuary of Aphrodite and linked the main North-South street of the town to the Sacred Way leading to a large forecourt in front of the temple. It consists of 4 rows of 4 columns and the pediment over the West columns is decorated with reliefs of Eros and Nike hunting among the acanthus leaves. Aphrodisias was a small ancient Greek city in Caria near the modern-day town of Geyre. It was named after Aphrodite, the Greek goddess of love, who had here her unique cult image, the Aphrodite of Aphrodisias. The city suffered major earthquakes in the 4th and 7th centuries which destroyed most of the ancient structures. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC13_Turkey_MC473.jpg
  • Tetrapylon or monumental gateway, 2nd century AD, Aphrodisias, Aydin, Turkey. The tetrapylon greeted pilgrims visiting the Temple or Sanctuary of Aphrodite and linked the main North-South street of the town to the Sacred Way leading to a large forecourt in front of the temple. It consists of 4 rows of 4 columns and the pediment over the West columns is decorated with reliefs of Eros and Nike hunting among the acanthus leaves. Aphrodisias was a small ancient Greek city in Caria near the modern-day town of Geyre. It was named after Aphrodite, the Greek goddess of love, who had here her unique cult image, the Aphrodite of Aphrodisias. The city suffered major earthquakes in the 4th and 7th centuries which destroyed most of the ancient structures. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC13_Turkey_MC467.jpg
  • Tetrapylon or monumental gateway, 2nd century AD, Aphrodisias, Aydin, Turkey. The tetrapylon greeted pilgrims visiting the Temple or Sanctuary of Aphrodite and linked the main North-South street of the town to the Sacred Way leading to a large forecourt in front of the temple. It consists of 4 rows of 4 columns and the pediment over the West columns is decorated with reliefs of Eros and Nike hunting among the acanthus leaves. Aphrodisias was a small ancient Greek city in Caria near the modern-day town of Geyre. It was named after Aphrodite, the Greek goddess of love, who had here her unique cult image, the Aphrodite of Aphrodisias. The city suffered major earthquakes in the 4th and 7th centuries which destroyed most of the ancient structures. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC13_Turkey_MC472.jpg
  • General view of the main gate,  Ark Fortress, 5th century, Bukhara, Uzbekistan, pictured on July 11, 2010 in the afternoon. Initially a massive earthen fortification built in the 5th century, the Ark remained Bukhara's fortress until it was badly damaged in 1920 when the city was besieged by the Bolsheviks. The towers framing the gateway date from the 18th century. Bukhara, a city on the Silk Route is about 2500 years old. Its long history is displayed both through the impressive monuments and the overall town planning and architecture. Picture by Manuel Cohen.
    LC_UZBEKISTAN_0710_MC296.jpg
  • Aerial view of the main gate,  Ark Fortress, 5th century, Bukhara, Uzbekistan, pictured on July 9, 2010 in the afternoon. Initially a massive earthen fortification built in the 5th century, the Ark remained Bukhara's fortress until it was badly damaged in 1920 when the city was besieged by the Bolsheviks. The towers framing the gateway date from the 18th century. Bukhara, a city on the Silk Route is about 2500 years old. Its long history is displayed both through the impressive monuments and the overall town planning and architecture. Picture by Manuel Cohen.
    LC_UZBEKISTAN_0710_MC272.jpg
  • Oblique view of the gateway to the Kalyan Mosque, 1514, with huge blue dome rising from the West side of the building, Bukhara, Uzbekistan, pictured on July 9, 2010 in the morning. Built on the site of several predecessors (the original mosque dated from 795), the Kalyan Mosque is Bukhara's Friday mosque. Its plan is an open rectangle with four courtyards and seven entrances. Bukhara, a city on the Silk Route is about 2500 years old. Its long history is displayed both through the impressive monuments and the overall town planning and architecture. Picture by Manuel Cohen.
    LC_UZBEKISTAN_0710_MC261.jpg
  • Low angle view of domed gateway, Tok-i-Sarrafon or Moneychangers' Bazaar, Bukhara, Uzbekistan, pictured on July 8, 2010 in the afternoon. The Tok-i-Sarrafon or Moneychangers' Bazaar, is one of the remaining domed Bazaars originating in the 16th-17th century trading boom along the Silk Road. Here Punjabi moneychangers would exchange Russian, Persian and Afghan currency into local coinage. Bukhara, a city on the Silk Route is about 2500 years old. Its long history is displayed both through the impressive monuments and the overall town planning and architecture. Picture by Manuel Cohen.
    LC_UZBEKISTAN_0710_MC248.jpg
  • Gray Rock (left) and South Gateway Rock (right), with the Manitou Springs incline behind and Pikes Peak above, at the Garden of The Gods, an area of geological rock formations protected as a public park, near Colorado Springs, Colorado, USA. The formations are the result of vertical tilting due to the uplift forces of the Rocky Mountains and the Pikes Peak massif, of the horizontal layers of sandstones, conglomerates and limestones, resulting after erosion in the formation of fins and pinnacles. Native Americans have visited the area since 1330 BC and camped here since 250 BC, sheltering under the cliffs and producing rock art. The Garden of the Gods was listed as a National Natural Landmark in 1971. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC16_COLORADO_MC_160.jpg
  • Bastion terrace with Moorish bartizan turrets and cannon holes at the Torre de Belem or Belem Tower, built in the 16th century by Francisco de Arruda under King John II as part of a defence system at the mouth of the river Tagus and a ceremonial gateway to the city, Santa Maria de Belem, Lisbon, Portugal. The limestone tower is built in Late Gothic Manueline style, and consists of a bastion and 4 storey tower. It is listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site due to its important role during the Portuguese Age of Discoveries. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC15_LISBON_MC036.jpg
  • The Torre de Belem or Belem Tower, built in the 16th century by Francisco de Arruda under King John II as part of a defence system at the mouth of the river Tagus and a ceremonial gateway to the city, Santa Maria de Belem, Lisbon, Portugal. The limestone tower is built in Late Gothic Manueline style, and consists of a bastion terrace (right) a 4 storey tower and small access bridge (left). It is listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site due to its important role during the Portuguese Age of Discoveries. Picture by Manuel Cohen
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  • Bab Boujloud or Blue Gate, a huge gateway to the medina of Fes, Fes-Boulemane, Northern Morocco. The gate was built by the French in 1913 next to the 12th century original in Mauresque Andalusian style, with horseshoe arches decorated with Fassi blue tiles on the outside and green tiles on the inside, in patterns of stars and swirls. Through the arch are the minarets of the 20th-century Sidi Lazzaz mosque (right) and the restored 14th-century Bouinania Madrasa (left). The medina of Fes was listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1981. Picture by Manuel Cohen
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  • Ramparts with the Tour Bouillon with its pedestrian entrance gate for the villagers, 13th century, seen through a gateway, at the medieval castle of Chateau-Thierry, Picardy, France. The first fortifications on this spur over the river Marne date from the 4th century and the first castle was built in the 9th century Merovingian period by the counts of Vermandois. Thibaud II enlarged the castle in the 12th century and built the Tour Thibaud, and Thibaud IV expanded it significantly in the 13th century to include 17 defensive towers in the walls and an East and South gate. The castle was largely destroyed in the French Revolution after having been a royal palace since 1285. In 1814 it was used as a citadel for Napoleonic troops. Picture by Manuel Cohen
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  • General view of the main gate,  Ark Fortress, 5th century, Bukhara, Uzbekistan, pictured on July 11, 2010 in the afternoon. Initially a massive earthen fortification built in the 5th century, the Ark remained Bukhara's fortress until it was badly damaged in 1920 when the city was besieged by the Bolsheviks. The towers framing the gateway date from the 18th century. Bukhara, a city on the Silk Route is about 2500 years old. Its long history is displayed both through the impressive monuments and the overall town planning and architecture. Picture by Manuel Cohen.
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  • Detail of arcade and gateway, Tok-i-Sarrafon or Moneychangers' Bazaar, Bukhara, Uzbekistan, pictured on July 9, 2010 in the afternoon. The Tok-i-Sarrafon Bazaar, or Moneychangers' Bazaar, is one of the remaining domed Bazaars originating in the 16th-17th century trading boom along the Silk Road. Here Punjabi moneychangers would exchange Russian, Persian and Afghan currency into local coinage. Bukhara, a city on the Silk Route is about 2500 years old. Its long history is displayed both through the impressive monuments and the overall town planning and architecture. Picture by Manuel Cohen.
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  • Low angle view of the Bibi-Khanym Mosque (Juma mosque), Registan square, early 15th century, Samarkand, Uzbekistan, seen at sunrise on July 16, 2010, showing the huge entrance gateway. Named after the wife of Amir Timur, 14th century ruler, the mosque was constructed following his 1399 Indian campaign. It collapsed after an earthquake in 1897 and was restored in the late 20th century. Samarkand, a city on the Silk Road, founded as Afrosiab in the 7th century BC, is a meeting point for the world's cultures. Its most important development was in the Timurid period, 14th to 15th centuries.
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  • Low angle view of the gateway to the Kalyan mosque, 15th-16th century, Bukhara, Uzbekistan, pictured on July 7, 2010, in the early morning light. A woman with an umbrella, walking through the gate, is dwarfed by the immense size of the elaborately tiled archway. Bukhara, a city on the Silk Route is about 2500 years old. Its long history is displayed both through the impressive monuments and the overall town planning and architecture.
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  • Parabolic archway entrance at street level, for horses and people, at Palau Guell, a catalan Modernist mansion designed by Antoni Gaudi, 1852-1926, built 1886-88 for Eusebi Guell, on the Carrer Nou de la Rambla, in El Raval, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain. The double gateways lead to ramps down to the basement stables. The building is listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site. Picture by Manuel Cohen
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  • Detail of Statue of Muhammad ibn Musa Al-Khwarizmi (c.780-c.850), astronomer and mathematician, with main gate of Ichan-Kala, Ota Darvoza (Father Gate), in the background, Khiva, Uzbekistan, pictured on July 5, 2010, in the afternoon. Khiva's old city, Ichan Kala, is surrounded by 2.2 kilometres of crenellated and bastioned city walls. Some sections may be 5th century, but the strongest sections were built 1686-88 by Arang Khan. The main gate today is the restored western Ota Darvoza (Father Gate). Khiva, ancient and remote, is the most intact Silk Road city. Ichan Kala, its old town, was the first site in Uzbekistan to become a World Heritage Site(1991). Picture by Manuel Cohen.
    LC_UZBEKISTAN_0710_MC151.jpg
  • General view of Ulugh Begh Madrasah, 1417-20, Registan, Samarkand, Uzbekistan, pictured on July 19, 2010, in the morning. The lancet arched portal of this Madradsah, commissioned by the scholarly Ulugh Beg, faces the square and high well-proportioned minarets flank the corners. Geometrically patterned mosaic surrounds the entrance arch. It was restored in the early twentieth century. Samarkand, a city on the Silk Road, founded as Afrosiab in the 7th century BC, is a meeting point for the world's cultures. Its most important development was in the Timurid period, 14th to 15th centuries. Picture by Manuel Cohen.
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  • General view of Ulug Beg Observatory, 1420s, Samarkand, Uzbekistan, pictured on July 17, 2010, in the afternoon. Ulugh Beg built this observatory to advance astronomical study at his Madrasah and appointed Ali Qushji to direct it. Other astronomers associated with the observatory included Qadizada al-Rumi and Jamshid Kashani. Destroyed by religious fanatics in 1449 the observatory was re-discovered in 1908, by V L Vyatkin. One of his most exciting discoveries was the Fakhri sextant, a large arch used for the observation of the Sun, Moon and other celestial bodies, and to determine midday, which was placed in a trench dug into a hill along the line of the Meridian. Samarkand, a city on the Silk Road, founded as Afrosiab in the 7th century BC, is a meeting point for the world's cultures. Its most important development was in the Timurid period, 14th to 15th centuries. Picture by Manuel Cohen.
    LC_UZBEKISTAN_0710_MC092.jpg
  • General view of one of the three smaller domed buildings with one of the corner minarets of the front (east) facade, Bibi-Khanym Mosque, 15th century,  Samarkand, Uzbekistan, pictured on July 16, 2010, in the morning. Named after the wife of Amir Timur, 14th century ruler, the mosque was constructed following his 1399 Indian campaign. It collapsed after an earthquake in 1897 and was restored in the late 20th century. Samarkand, a city on the Silk Road, founded as Afrosiab in the 7th century BC, is a meeting point for the world's cultures. Its most important development was in the Timurid period, 14th to 15th centuries. Picture by Manuel Cohen.
    LC_UZBEKISTAN_0710_MC089.jpg
  • General view of Registan Square, showing the Sher-Dor, 1619-36, (right), Tillyah-Kori, 1646-60, (centre) and Ulugh Beg, 1417-20, (left) Madrasahs, Samarkand, Uzbekistan, pictured on July 16, 2010, in the morning. The Tillyah-Kori (gilded) Madrasah is part of the Registan Ensemble, surrounding a magnificent square. Commissioned by Yalangtush Bakhadur it is not only a school but also the grand mosque whose lavishly gilded main hall in Kundal style justifies the name. The 75 metre main facade is two-storied with corner turrets.  The dome was only completed during the 20th century Soviet restoration. The Sher-Dor Madrasah, commissioned by Yalangtush Bakhodur as part of the Registan ensemble, and designed by Abdujabor, takes its name, "Having Tigers", from the double mosaic (restored in the 20th century) on the tympans of the portal arch showing suns and tigers attacking deer. The lancet arched portal of this Madradsah, commissioned by the scholarly Ulugh Beg, faces the square and high well-proportioned minarets flank the corners. Geometrically patterned mosaic surroun Samarkand, a city on the Silk Road, founded as Afrosiab in the 7th century BC, is a meeting point for the world's cultures. Its most important development was in the Timurid period, 14th to 15th centuries. Picture by Manuel Cohen.
    LC_UZBEKISTAN_0710_MC088.jpg
  • General view of Ulugh Beg Madradsah, 1417-20, Registan,  Samarkand, Uzbekistan, pictured on July 16, 2010, at dawn. The lancet arched portal of this Madradsah, commissioned by the scholarly Ulugh Beg, faces the square and high well-proportioned minarets flank the corners. Geometrically patterned mosaic surrounds the entrance arch. It was restored in the early twentieth century. Samarkand, a city on the Silk Road, founded as Afrosiab in the 7th century BC, is a meeting point for the world's cultures. Its most important development was in the Timurid period, 14th to 15th centuries. Picture by Manuel Cohen.
    LC_UZBEKISTAN_0710_MC079.jpg
  • General view of Tillyah-Kori Madrasah, 1646-60, Registan, Samarkand, Uzbekistan, pictured on July 15, 2010, in the morning. The Tillyah-Kori (gilded) Madrasah is part of the Registan Ensemble, surrounding a magnificent square. Commissioned by Yalangtush Bakhadur it is not only a school but also the grand mosque whose lavishly gilded main hall in Kundal style justifies the name. The 75 metre main facade is two-storied with corner turrets and  decorated in brilliant mosaic. Around the courtyard are the dormitory cells.  The dome was only completed during the 20th century Soviet restoration. Samarkand, a city on the Silk Road, founded as Afrosiab in the 7th century BC, is a meeting point for the world's cultures. Its most important development was in the Timurid period, 14th to 15th centuries. Picture by Manuel Cohen.
    LC_UZBEKISTAN_0710_MC065.jpg
  • General view of Monumental arch, Gur-Emir Mausoleum, 1417-20, Samarkand, Uzbekistan, pictured on July 14, 2010, in the afternoon. Gur-Emir Mausoleum, or Tomb of the Ruler, was built by Timur in 1404 for his favourite grandson, Mohammed Sultan, and became the mausoleum for the Timurid dynasty. Samarkand, a city on the Silk Road, founded as Afrosiab in the 7th century BC, is a meeting point for the world's cultures. Its most important development was in the Timurid period, 14th to 15th centuries. Picture by Manuel Cohen.
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  • Detail of golden door, Royal Palace, 17th century, Fez, Morocco, pictured on February 24, 2009 in the evening. The Royal Palace compound in Fes-el-Jedid covers 80 hectares and contains gardens, mosques and a 14th century Madrasa. As a residence of the king of Morocco it is closed to the public but is impressive even from the outside being especially famed for its golden doors. Fez, Morocco's second largest city, and one of the four imperial cities, was founded in 789 by Idris I on the banks of the River Fez. The oldest university in the world is here and the city is still the Moroccan cultural and spiritual centre. Fez has three sectors: the oldest part, the walled city of Fes-el-Bali, houses Morocco's largest medina and is a UNESCO World Heritage Site;  Fes-el-Jedid was founded in 1244 as a new capital by the Merenid dynasty, and contains the Mellah, or Jewish quarter; Ville Nouvelle was built by the French who took over most of Morocco in 1912 and transferred the capital to Rabat. Picture by Manuel Cohen.
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  • Entrance between Bab Mansour and the Royal Palace, Meknes, Morocco pictured on December 26, 2009. A figure in a traditional costume walks past the numerous archways of the gate. The Bab Mansour Gate, completed in 1732, is named after its architect. Meknes, one of Morocco's Imperial cities, was redeveloped under Sultan Ismail Moulay (1634-1727). It is a fortified city built from pise, or clay and straw, and was designed to be the political capital of Morocco, as opposed to Fez, the religious capital. Picture by Manuel Cohen
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  • Portrait of a young boy in front of the  the Ota Darvoza gate, Khiva, Uzbekistan, pictured on July 7, 2010, in the late afternoon light of a summer day. Khiva's old city, Ichan Kala, is surrounded by 2.2 kilometres of crenellated and bastioned city walls. Some sections may be 5th century, but the strongest sections were built 1686-88 by Arang Khan. The main gate today is the restored western Ota Darvoza (Father Gate). Khiva, ancient and remote, is the most intact Silk Road city. Ichan Kala, its old town, was the first site in Uzbekistan to become a World Heritage Site(1991). Picture by Manuel Cohen.
    LC_UZBEKISTAN_0710_MC241.jpg
  • Low angle view of South Gate, Tash Darvaza (Stone Gates), and walls of the old city, Khiva, Uzbekistan, pictured on July 7, 2010, at dawn. Khiva's old city, Ichan Kala, is surrounded by 2.2 kilometres of crenellated and bastioned city walls. Some sections may be 5th century, but the strongest sections were built 1686-88 by Arang Khan. The Tash Darvaza was built in the 19th century during the reign of Allakulykhan. Khiva, ancient and remote, is the most intact Silk Road city. Ichan Kala, its old town, was the first site in Uzbekistan to become a World Heritage Site(1991). Picture by Manuel Cohen.
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  • General view of main gate of Ichan-Kala, Ota Darvoza (Father Gate), with the Muhammad Rakhim-khan II Madrasah, 1871, in the background, Khiva, Uzbekistan, pictured on July 6, 2010, at sunset. Khiva's old city, Ichan Kala, is surrounded by 2.2 kilometres of crenellated and bastioned city walls. The main gate today is the restored western Ota Darvoza (Father Gate). Khiva, ancient and remote, is the most intact Silk Road city. Ichan Kala, its old town, was the first site in Uzbekistan to become a World Heritage Site(1991). Picture by Manuel Cohen.
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  • Low angle view of Statue of Muhammad ibn Musa Al-Khwarizmi (c.780-c.850), astronomer and mathematician, with main gate of Ichan-Kala, Ota Darvoza (Father Gate), and walls of the old city in the background, Khiva, Uzbekistan, pictured on July 6, 2010, in the afternoon. Khiva's old city, Ichan Kala, is surrounded by 2.2 kilometres of crenellated and bastioned city walls. Some sections may be 5th century, but the strongest sections were built 1686-88 by Arang Khan. The main gate today is the restored western Ota Darvoza (Father Gate). Khiva, ancient and remote, is the most intact Silk Road city. Ichan Kala, its old town, was the first site in Uzbekistan to become a World Heritage Site(1991). Picture by Manuel Cohen.
    LC_UZBEKISTAN_0710_MC210.jpg
  • Detail of a turret of the main gate of Ichan-Kala, Ota Darvoza (Father Gate), on the left  and walls of the old city on the right distance, Khiva, Uzbekistan, pictured on July 7, 2010, at dawn. Khiva's old city, Ichan Kala, is surrounded by 2.2 kilometres of crenellated and bastioned city walls. Some sections may be 5th century, but the strongest sections were built 1686-88 by Arang Khan. The main gate today is the restored western Ota Darvoza (Father Gate). Khiva, ancient and remote, is the most intact Silk Road city. Ichan Kala, its old town, was the first site in Uzbekistan to become a World Heritage Site(1991). Picture by Manuel Cohen.
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  • General view of main gate of Ichan-Kala, Ota Darvoza (Father Gate), Khiva, Uzbekistan, pictured on July 5, 2010, in the afternoon. The Kalta Minor is visible behind the gate. Khiva's old city, Ichan Kala, is surrounded by 2.2 kilometres of crenellated and bastioned city walls. Some sections may be 5th century, but the strongest sections were built 1686-88 by Arang Khan. The main gate today is the restored western Ota Darvoza (Father Gate). Khiva, ancient and remote, is the most intact Silk Road city. Ichan Kala, its old town, was the first site in Uzbekistan to become a World Heritage Site(1991). Picture by Manuel Cohen.
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  • Panoramic view of Mausoleums of the middle group, Shah-I Zinda Complex, Samarkand, Uzbekistan, pictured on July 19, 2010, in the early morning. The Shah-i-Zinda Complex is a necropolis of mausoleums whose legendary origin dates back to 676 when Kussam-ibn-Abbas arrived to convert the locals to Islam. So successful was he that he was assassinated whilst at prayer. His grave remains the centre of the sacred site which grew over many centuries, especially the 14th and 15th, into an architecturally stunning  example of ceramic art. From right to left: "Nameless 1" Mausoleum, 1380s, created by Usto Alim Nesefi, the mausoleum is decorated  with relief painted majolica; the portal decorations are notable for the symbol of "octagonal stars"; to its left are 4 unknown Mausoleums; then another Mausoleum built in the 1380s, and on the extreme left, an octagonal pavilion with a high dome and lancet arches, built under Ulugh Beg. Samarkand, a city on the Silk Road, founded as Afrosiab in the 7th century BC, is a meeting point for the world's cultures. Its most important development was in the Timurid period, 14th to 15th centuries. Picture by Manuel Cohen.
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  • View from the front of the Tillyah-Kori Madrasah, 1646-60, Registan, Samarkand, Uzbekistan, pictured on July 16, 2010, in the morning. The Tillyah-Kori (gilded) Madrasah is part of the Registan Ensemble, surrounding a magnificent square. Commissioned by Yalangtush Bakhadur it is not only a school but also the grand mosque whose lavishly gilded main hall in Kundal style justifies the name. The 75 metre main facade is two-storied with corner turrets and  decorated in brilliant mosaic. The dome was only completed during the 20th century Soviet restoration. Samarkand, a city on the Silk Road, founded as Afrosiab in the 7th century BC, is a meeting point for the world's cultures. Its most important development was in the Timurid period, 14th to 15th centuries. Picture by Manuel Cohen.
    LC_UZBEKISTAN_0710_MC133.jpg
  • Panoramic view of Registan Square, showing the Sher-Dor, 1619-36, (right), Tillya-Kori, 1646-60, (centre) and Ulugh Beg, 1417-20, (left) Madrasahs, Samarkand, Uzbekistan, pictured on July 16, 2010, at dawn. The Tillyah-Kori (gilded) Madrasah is part of the Registan Ensemble, surrounding a magnificent square. Commissioned by Yalangtush Bakhadur it is not only a school but also the grand mosque. The Sher-Dor Madrasah, commissioned by Yalangtush Bakhodur as part of the Registan ensemble, and designed by Abdujabor, takes its name, "Having Tigers", from the double mosaic (restored in the 20th century) on the tympans of the portal arch showing suns and tigers attacking deer. The lancet arched portal of the Ulugh Beg Madradsah, commissioned by the scholarly Ulugh Beg, faces the square and high well-proportioned minarets flank the corners. It was restored in the early twentieth century. Samarkand, a city on the Silk Road, founded as Afrosiab in the 7th century BC, is a meeting point for the world's cultures. Its most important development was in the Timurid period, 14th to 15th centuries. Picture by Manuel Cohen.
    LC_UZBEKISTAN_0710_MC131.jpg
  • Panoramic view of Registan Square, showing the Sher-Dor, 1619-36, (right), Tillya-Kori, 1646-60, (centre) and Ulugh Beg, 1417-20, (left) Madrasahs, Samarkand, Uzbekistan, pictured on July 15, 2010, in the morning. The Tillyah-Kori (gilded) Madrasah is part of the Registan Ensemble, surrounding a magnificent square. Commissioned by Yalangtush Bakhadur it is not only a school but also the grand mosque. The Sher-Dor Madrasah, commissioned by Yalangtush Bakhodur as part of the Registan ensemble, and designed by Abdujabor, takes its name, "Having Tigers", from the double mosaic (restored in the 20th century) on the tympans of the portal arch showing suns and tigers attacking deer. The lancet arched portal of the Ulugh Beg Madradsah, commissioned by the scholarly Ulugh Beg, faces the square and high well-proportioned minarets flank the corners. It was restored in the early twentieth century. Samarkand, a city on the Silk Road, founded as Afrosiab in the 7th century BC, is a meeting point for the world's cultures. Its most important development was in the Timurid period, 14th to 15th centuries. Picture by Manuel Cohen.
    LC_UZBEKISTAN_0710_MC129.jpg
  • Low angle view of tombs and in the backround, Mausoleums of the middle group, Shah-i-Zinda Complex, Samarkand, Uzbekistan, pictured on July 19, 2010, in the early morning. The Shah-i-Zinda Complex is a necropolis of mausoleums whose legendary origin dates back to 676 when Kussam-ibn-Abbas arrived to convert the locals to Islam. So successful was he that he was assassinated whilst at prayer. His grave remains the centre of the sacred site which grew over many centuries, especially the 14th and 15th, into an architecturally stunning  example of ceramic art. From left to right "Nameless 1" Mausoleum, 1380s, created by Usto Alim Nesefi, which is decorated  with relief painted majolica. The portal decorations are notable for the symbol of "octagonal stars"; on the right of the image is the "Nameless 2" mausoleum, 1390s. Samarkand, a city on the Silk Road, founded as Afrosiab in the 7th century BC, is a meeting point for the world's cultures. Its most important development was in the Timurid period, 14th to 15th centuries. Picture by Manuel Cohen.
    LC_UZBEKISTAN_0710_MC124.jpg
  • General view of Mausoleum of the middle group, ("Nameless 1" Mausoleum), 1380s, Shah-I Zindah ensemble, and in the distance the blue cupola of the Bibi-Khanym Madrasah and mausoleum, Samarkand, Uzbekistan, pictured on July 19, 2010, at dawn. The Shah-i-Zinda Complex is a necropolis of mausoleums whose legendary origin dates back to 676 when Kussam-ibn-Abbas arrived to convert the locals to Islam. So successful was he that he was assassinated whilst at prayer. His grave remains the centre of the sacred site which grew over many centuries, especially the 14th and 15th, into an architecturally stunning  exampleof ceramic art. The Mausoleum of the middle group.("Nameless 1" Mausoleum) was created by Usto Alim Nesefi, and is decorated with relief painted majolica. The portal decorations are notable for the symbol of "octagonal stars". Samarkand, a city on the Silk Road, founded as Afrosiab in the 7th century BC, is a meeting point for the world's cultures. Its most important development was in the Timurid period, 14th to 15th centuries. Picture by Manuel Cohen.
    LC_UZBEKISTAN_0710_MC121.jpg
  • Detail of portal of Mausoleum of the middle group, ("Nameless 1" Mausoleum), 1380s, Shah-I Zindah ensemble, and in the distance the blue cupola of the Bibi-Khanym Madrasah and mausoleum, Samarkand, Uzbekistan, pictured on July 19, 2010, at dawn. The Shah-i-Zinda Complex is a necropolis of mausoleums whose legendary origin dates back to 676 when Kussam-ibn-Abbas arrived to convert the locals to Islam. So successful was he that he was assassinated whilst at prayer. His grave remains the centre of the sacred site which grew over many centuries, especially the 14th and 15th, into an architecturally stunning  example of ceramic art. The Mausoleum of the middle group.("Nameless 1" Mausoleum) was created by Usto Alim Nesefi, and is decorated  with relief painted majolica. The portal decorations are notable for the symbol of "octagonal stars". Samarkand, a city on the Silk Road, founded as Afrosiab in the 7th century BC, is a meeting point for the world's cultures. Its most important development was in the Timurid period, 14th to 15th centuries. Picture by Manuel Cohen.
    LC_UZBEKISTAN_0710_MC120.jpg
  • General view of Bibi-Khanym Madrasah and Mausoleum, 15th century, Samarkand, Uzbekistan, pictured on July 17, 2010, in the afternoon. The mausoleum of Timur's wife (which houses a madrasah) is located opposite the Mosque also named after her. Both have been extensively restored. Samarkand, a city on the Silk Road, founded as Afrosiab in the 7th century BC, is a meeting point for the world's cultures. Its most important development was in the Timurid period, 14th to 15th centuries. Picture by Manuel Cohen.
    LC_UZBEKISTAN_0710_MC100.jpg
  • View from the front of the Tillyah-Kori Madrasah, 1646-60, Registan, Samarkand, Uzbekistan, pictured on July 16, 2010, dramatically floodlit at night. The Tillyah-Kori (gilded) Madrasah is part of the Registan Ensemble, surrounding a magnificent square. Commissioned by Yalangtush Bakhadur it is not only a school but also the grand mosque whose lavishly gilded main hall in Kundal style justifies the name. The 75 metre main facade is two-storied with corner turrets and  decorated in brilliant mosaic. Around the courtyard are the dormitory cells.  The dome was only completed during the 20th century Soviet restoration. Samarkand, a city on the Silk Road, founded as Afrosiab in the 7th century BC, is a meeting point for the world's cultures. Its most important development was in the Timurid period, 14th to 15th centuries. Picture by Manuel Cohen.
    LC_UZBEKISTAN_0710_MC091.jpg
  • General view of Ulugh Beg Madradsah, 1417-20, Registan,  Samarkand, Uzbekistan, pictured on July 16, 2010, at dawn. The lancet arched portal of this Madradsah, commissioned by the scholarly Ulugh Beg, faces the square and high well-proportioned minarets flank the corners. Geometrically patterned mosaic surrounds the entrance arch. It was restored in the early twentieth century. Samarkand, a city on the Silk Road, founded as Afrosiab in the 7th century BC, is a meeting point for the world's cultures. Its most important development was in the Timurid period, 14th to 15th centuries. Picture by Manuel Cohen.
    LC_UZBEKISTAN_0710_MC080.jpg
  • Detail of solar tiger mosaic, Sher-Dor Madrasah, 1619-36, Samarkand, Uzbekistan, pictured on July 15, 2010. The Sher-Dor Madrasah, commissioned by Yalangtush Bakhodur as part of the Registan ensemble, and designed by Abdujabor, takes its name, "Having Tigers", from the double mosaic (restored in the 20th century) on the tympans of the portal arch showing suns and tigers attacking deer. Samarkand, a city on the Silk Road, founded as Afrosiab in the 7th century BC, is a meeting point for the world's cultures. Its most important development was in the Timurid period, 14th to 15th centuries. Picture by Manuel Cohen.
    LC_UZBEKISTAN_0710_MC076.jpg
  • Detail of solar tiger mosaic, Sher-Dor Madrasah, 1619-36, Samarkand, Uzbekistan, pictured on July 15, 2010 at sunset which lights up the elaborately tiled facade. The Sher-Dor Madrasah, commissioned by Yalangtush Bakhodur as part of the Registan ensemble, and designed by Abdujabor, takes its name, "Having Tigers", from the double mosaic (restored in the 20th century) on the tympans of the portal arch showing suns and tigers attacking deer. Samarkand, a city on the Silk Road, founded as Afrosiab in the 7th century BC, is a meeting point for the world's cultures. Its most important development was in the Timurid period, 14th to 15th centuries. Picture by Manuel Cohen.
    LC_UZBEKISTAN_0710_MC075.jpg
  • Detail of solar tiger mosaic, Sher-Dor Madrasah, 1619-36, Samarkand, Uzbekistan, pictured on July 15, 2010 at sunset which lights up the elaborately tiled facade. The Sher-Dor Madrasah, commissioned by Yalangtush Bakhodur as part of the Registan ensemble, and designed by Abdujabor, takes its name, "Having Tigers", from the double mosaic (restored in the 20th century) on the tympans of the portal arch showing suns and tigers attacking deer. Samarkand, a city on the Silk Road, founded as Afrosiab in the 7th century BC, is a meeting point for the world's cultures. Its most important development was in the Timurid period, 14th to 15th centuries. Picture by Manuel Cohen.
    LC_UZBEKISTAN_0710_MC074.jpg
  • View from the front of the Sher-Dor Madrasah, 1619-36, Registan, Samarkand, Uzbekistan, pictured on July 15, 2010 at sunset which lights up the elaborately tiled facade and domes. The Sher-Dor Madrasah, commissioned by Yalangtush Bakhodur as part of the Registan ensemble, and designed by Abdujabor, takes its name, "Having Tigers", from the double mosaic (restored in the 20th century) on the tympans of the portal arch showing suns and tigers attacking deer. Samarkand, a city on the Silk Road, founded as Afrosiab in the 7th century BC, is a meeting point for the world's cultures. Its most important development was in the Timurid period, 14th to 15th centuries. Picture by Manuel Cohen.
    LC_UZBEKISTAN_0710_MC073.jpg
  • Aerial view of the Sher-Dor Madrasah, 1619-36, Samarkand, Uzbekistan, pictured on July 15, 2010 at sunset which lights up the elaborately tiled facade and domes. The Sher-Dor Madrasah, commissioned by Yalangtush Bakhodur as part of the Registan ensemble, and designed by Abdujabor, takes its name, "Having Tigers", from the double mosaic (restored in the 20th century) on the tympans of the portal arch showing suns and tigers attacking deer. Samarkand, a city on the Silk Road, founded as Afrosiab in the 7th century BC, is a meeting point for the world's cultures. Its most important development was in the Timurid period, 14th to 15th centuries. Picture by Manuel Cohen.
    LC_UZBEKISTAN_0710_MC072.jpg
  • General view of Gur-Emir Mausoleum, 1417-20,Samarkand, Uzbekistan, pictured on July 15, 2010, at dawn. Gur-Emir Mausoleum, or Tomb of the Ruler, was built by Timur in 1404 for his favourite grandson, Mohammed Sultan, and became the mausoleum for the Timurid dynasty. The simply formed building is an octagonal drum beneath an azure fluted dome (diameter: 15m, height: 12.5m). Its walls are tiled in blue and white geometric and epigraphic patterns including the words 'God is Immortal' in 3m. high white Kufic script around the top of the drum. Samarkand, a city on the Silk Road, founded as Afrosiab in the 7th century BC, is a meeting point for the world's cultures. Its most important development was in the Timurid period, 14th to 15th centuries. Picture by Manuel Cohen.
    LC_UZBEKISTAN_0710_MC057.jpg
  • Low angle view of the Gur-Emir Mausoleum, 1417-20,  framed by the monumental entrance arch, Samarkand, Uzbekistan, pictured on July 14, 2010, floodlit at night. Gur-Emir Mausoleum, or Tomb of the Ruler, was built by Timur in 1404 for his favourite grandson, Mohammed Sultan, and became the mausoleum for the Timurid dynasty. The simply formed building is an octagonal drum beneath an azure fluted dome (diameter: 15m, height: 12.5m). Its walls are tiled in blue and white geometric and epigraphic patterns including the words 'God is Immortal' in 3m. high white Kufic script around the top of the drum. Samarkand, a city on the Silk Road, founded as Afrosiab in the 7th century BC, is a meeting point for the world's cultures. Its most important development was in the Timurid period, 14th to 15th centuries. Picture by Manuel Cohen.
    LC_UZBEKISTAN_0710_MC056.jpg
  • Low angle view of  monumental arch, Gur-Emir Mausoleum, 1417-20, Samarkand, Uzbekistan, pictured on July 14, 2010, floodlit at night. Gur-Emir Mausoleum, or Tomb of the Ruler, was built by Timur in 1404 for his favourite grandson, Mohammed Sultan, and became the mausoleum for the Timurid dynasty. Samarkand, a city on the Silk Road, founded as Afrosiab in the 7th century BC, is a meeting point for the world's cultures. Its most important development was in the Timurid period, 14th to 15th centuries. Picture by Manuel Cohen.
    LC_UZBEKISTAN_0710_MC050.jpg
  • General view of monumental arch and Gur-Emir Mausoleum, 1417-20, Samarkand, Uzbekistan, pictured on July 14, 2010, in the warm light of sunset. Gur-Emir Mausoleum, or Tomb of the Ruler, was built by Timur in 1404 for his favourite grandson, Mohammed Sultan, and became the mausoleum for the Timurid dynasty. The simply formed building is an octagonal drum beneath an azure fluted dome (diameter: 15m, height: 12.5m). Its walls are tiled in blue and white geometric and epigraphic patterns including the words 'God is Immortal' in 3m. high white Kufic script around the top of the drum. Samarkand, a city on the Silk Road, founded as Afrosiab in the 7th century BC, is a meeting point for the world's cultures. Its most important development was in the Timurid period, 14th to 15th centuries. Picture by Manuel Cohen.
    LC_UZBEKISTAN_0710_MC047.jpg
  • Low angle view of Bab el-Mahrouk, 1214, the gate to the Medina, Fez, Morocco, pictured on February 25, 2009 in the morning. In front of the ancient gate, Built by the Almohads during the reign of Mohammad El-Nasser, it is now surrounded by market stalls. Fez, Morocco's second largest city, and one of the four imperial cities, was founded in 789 by Idris I on the banks of the River Fez. The oldest university in the world is here and the city is still the Moroccan cultural and spiritual centre. Fez has three sectors: the oldest part, the walled city of Fes-el-Bali, houses Morocco's largest medina and is a UNESCO World Heritage Site;  Fes-el-Jedid was founded in 1244 as a new capital by the Merenid dynasty, and contains the Mellah, or Jewish quarter; Ville Nouvelle was built by the French who took over most of Morocco in 1912 and transferred the capital to Rabat. Picture by Manuel Cohen.
    LCMOROCCO_FEB09_MC0079.jpg
  • Detail of decorative tiles and wooden carvings, Royal Palace, 17th century, Fez, Morocco, pictured on February 24, 2009 in the evening. The Royal Palace compound in Fes-el-Jedid covers 80 hectares and contains gardens, mosques and a 14th century Madrasa. As a residence of the king of Morocco it is closed to the public but is impressive even from the outside being especially famed for its golden doors. Fez, Morocco's second largest city, and one of the four imperial cities, was founded in 789 by Idris I on the banks of the River Fez. The oldest university in the world is here and the city is still the Moroccan cultural and spiritual centre. Fez has three sectors: the oldest part, the walled city of Fes-el-Bali, houses Morocco's largest medina and is a UNESCO World Heritage Site;  Fes-el-Jedid was founded in 1244 as a new capital by the Merenid dynasty, and contains the Mellah, or Jewish quarter; Ville Nouvelle was built by the French who took over most of Morocco in 1912 and transferred the capital to Rabat. Picture by Manuel Cohen.
    LCMOROCCO_FEB09_MC0066.jpg
  • View from the front of golden doors, Royal Palace, 17th century, Fez, Morocco, pictured on February 24, 2009 in the evening. The Royal Palace compound in Fes-el-Jedid covers 80 hectares and contains gardens, mosques and a 14th century Madrasa. As a residence of the king of Morocco it is closed to the public but is impressive even from the outside being especially famed for its golden doors. Fez, Morocco's second largest city, and one of the four imperial cities, was founded in 789 by Idris I on the banks of the River Fez. The oldest university in the world is here and the city is still the Moroccan cultural and spiritual centre. Fez has three sectors: the oldest part, the walled city of Fes-el-Bali, houses Morocco's largest medina and is a UNESCO World Heritage Site;  Fes-el-Jedid was founded in 1244 as a new capital by the Merenid dynasty, and contains the Mellah, or Jewish quarter; Ville Nouvelle was built by the French who took over most of Morocco in 1912 and transferred the capital to Rabat. Picture by Manuel Cohen.
    LCMOROCCO_FEB09_MC0062.jpg
  • Entrance between Bab Mansour and the Royal Palace, Meknes, Morocco pictured on December 26, 2009. Palm trees flank the sunlit traditional archway in the stuccoed wall. The Bab Mansoor Gate, completed in 1732, is named after its architect. Meknes, one of Morocco's Imperial cities, was redeveloped under Sultan Ismail Moulay (1634-1727). It is a fortified city built from pise, or clay and straw, and was designed to be the political capital of Morocco, as opposed to Fez, the religious capital. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LCMOROCCODEC09_MC029.jpg
  • Bab Mansour, Meknes, Morocco pictured on December 26, 2009. Square kiosks, with decorated lattices in the upper sections of their traditional Islamic arches, are lit by the sunshine in strong contrast to the dark wall behind them. The Bab Mansoor Gate, completed in 1732, is named after its architect. Meknes, one of Morocco's Imperial cities, was redeveloped under Sultan Ismail Moulay (1634-1727). It is a fortified city built from pise, or clay and straw, and was designed to be the political capital of Morocco, as opposed to Fez, the religious capital. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LCMOROCCODEC09_MC026.jpg
  • Lotus Gate, with continual flower and petal pattern, representing summer and dedicated to Lord Shiva-Parvati, the South East gate of the Pritam Niwas Chowk or inner courtyard, in the City Palace, built 1727-32 by Maharaja Sawai Jai Singh, founder of Jaipur, as the seat of the maharaja of Jaipur, designed by Vidyadhar Bhattacharya and Sir Samuel Swinton Jacob, mixing European, Mughal and Rajput architectural styles, in Jaipur, Rajasthan, India. The building now houses the Maharaja Sawai Man Singh II Museum, and is the home of the Jaipur royal family. The city of Jaipur was founded in 1727 by Jai Singh II, the Raja of Amer, and planned and designed by Vidyadhar Bhattacharya. Jaipur is the capital of Rajasthan and the 10th most populous city in India. Jaipur is listed as the Pink City of India UNESCO World Heritage Site. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC20_INDIA_MC_083.jpg
  • Rose Gate, detail, with repeated flower pattern representing winter, dedicated to the goddess Devi, the South West gate of the Pritam Niwas Chowk or inner courtyard, in the City Palace, built 1727-32 by Maharaja Sawai Jai Singh, founder of Jaipur, as the seat of the maharaja of Jaipur, designed by Vidyadhar Bhattacharya and Sir Samuel Swinton Jacob, mixing European, Mughal and Rajput architectural styles, in Jaipur, Rajasthan, India. The building now houses the Maharaja Sawai Man Singh II Museum, and is the home of the Jaipur royal family. The city of Jaipur was founded in 1727 by Jai Singh II, the Raja of Amer, and planned and designed by Vidyadhar Bhattacharya. Jaipur is the capital of Rajasthan and the 10th most populous city in India. Jaipur is listed as the Pink City of India UNESCO World Heritage Site. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC20_INDIA_MC_084.JPG
  • Peacock Gate, detail, with motifs of peacocks, representing autumn and dedicated to Lord Vishnu, the North East gate of the Pritam Niwas Chowk or inner courtyard, in the City Palace, built 1727-32 by Maharaja Sawai Jai Singh, founder of Jaipur, as the seat of the maharaja of Jaipur, designed by Vidyadhar Bhattacharya and Sir Samuel Swinton Jacob, mixing European, Mughal and Rajput architectural styles, in Jaipur, Rajasthan, India. The building now houses the Maharaja Sawai Man Singh II Museum, and is the home of the Jaipur royal family. The city of Jaipur was founded in 1727 by Jai Singh II, the Raja of Amer, and planned and designed by Vidyadhar Bhattacharya. Jaipur is the capital of Rajasthan and the 10th most populous city in India. Jaipur is listed as the Pink City of India UNESCO World Heritage Site. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC20_INDIA_MC_086.jpg
  • Peacock Gate, detail, with motifs of peacocks, representing autumn and dedicated to Lord Vishnu, the North East gate of the Pritam Niwas Chowk or inner courtyard, in the City Palace, built 1727-32 by Maharaja Sawai Jai Singh, founder of Jaipur, as the seat of the maharaja of Jaipur, designed by Vidyadhar Bhattacharya and Sir Samuel Swinton Jacob, mixing European, Mughal and Rajput architectural styles, in Jaipur, Rajasthan, India. The building now houses the Maharaja Sawai Man Singh II Museum, and is the home of the Jaipur royal family. The city of Jaipur was founded in 1727 by Jai Singh II, the Raja of Amer, and planned and designed by Vidyadhar Bhattacharya. Jaipur is the capital of Rajasthan and the 10th most populous city in India. Jaipur is listed as the Pink City of India UNESCO World Heritage Site. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC20_INDIA_MC_087.jpg
  • Peacock Gate, detail, with motifs of peacocks, representing autumn and dedicated to Lord Vishnu, the North East gate of the Pritam Niwas Chowk or inner courtyard, in the City Palace, built 1727-32 by Maharaja Sawai Jai Singh, founder of Jaipur, as the seat of the maharaja of Jaipur, designed by Vidyadhar Bhattacharya and Sir Samuel Swinton Jacob, mixing European, Mughal and Rajput architectural styles, in Jaipur, Rajasthan, India. The building now houses the Maharaja Sawai Man Singh II Museum, and is the home of the Jaipur royal family. The city of Jaipur was founded in 1727 by Jai Singh II, the Raja of Amer, and planned and designed by Vidyadhar Bhattacharya. Jaipur is the capital of Rajasthan and the 10th most populous city in India. Jaipur is listed as the Pink City of India UNESCO World Heritage Site. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC20_INDIA_MC_104.jpg
  • Peacock Gate, detail, with motifs of peacocks, representing autumn and dedicated to Lord Vishnu, the North East gate of the Pritam Niwas Chowk or inner courtyard, in the City Palace, built 1727-32 by Maharaja Sawai Jai Singh, founder of Jaipur, as the seat of the maharaja of Jaipur, designed by Vidyadhar Bhattacharya and Sir Samuel Swinton Jacob, mixing European, Mughal and Rajput architectural styles, in Jaipur, Rajasthan, India. The building now houses the Maharaja Sawai Man Singh II Museum, and is the home of the Jaipur royal family. The city of Jaipur was founded in 1727 by Jai Singh II, the Raja of Amer, and planned and designed by Vidyadhar Bhattacharya. Jaipur is the capital of Rajasthan and the 10th most populous city in India. Jaipur is listed as the Pink City of India UNESCO World Heritage Site. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC20_INDIA_MC_105.jpg
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