manuel cohen

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  • Document stamped Confidential and dated 6th December 1943, regarding the organisation of the Direction des Services de Renseignements et de Securite Militaire, from Henri Giraud, Commander in Chief of French Armed Forces, to General de Gaulle, President of the Comite d'Action en France, who jointly set up the Comite Francais de la Liberation Nationale, or French Committee of National Liberation or CFLN, with General Charles de Gaulle, a provisional government of Free France, from the collection of the Service Historique de La Defense, at the Chateau de Vincennes, Vincennes, Paris, France. The document states that Rivet and Paillole remain in charge. The collection includes documents of the Vichy government detailing spying activities of the French Secret Services on the German Nazi regime. The Centre Historique des Archives at Vincennes forms part of the SHD, which stores the archives of the Ministry of Defence and its armed forces. It was set up by decree in 2005. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC_HISTORY_MC_0292.jpg
  • Document stamped Secret produced by the Services de Renseignements et d'Action regarding the Comite Francais de la Liberation Nationale, or French Committee of National Liberation or CFLN, a provisional government of Free France, from the collection of the Service Historique de La Defense, at the Chateau de Vincennes, Vincennes, Paris, France. The collection includes documents of the Vichy government detailing spying activities of the French Secret Services on the German Nazi regime. The Centre Historique des Archives at Vincennes forms part of the SHD, which stores the archives of the Ministry of Defence and its armed forces. It was set up by decree in 2005. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC_HISTORY_MC_0286.jpg
  • File with document marked Top Secret and dated 18th September 1943, outlining the situation of the Service des Renseignements on that date, and note stating that the file was handed in by Paul Rivet in April 1944 to Colonel de Villeneuve, from the collection of the Service Historique de La Defense, at the Chateau de Vincennes, Vincennes, Paris, France. The collection includes documents of the Vichy government detailing spying activities of the French Secret Services on the German Nazi regime. The Centre Historique des Archives at Vincennes forms part of the SHD, which stores the archives of the Ministry of Defence and its armed forces. It was set up by decree in 2005. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC_HISTORY_MC_0284.jpg
  • Document marked Top Secret and dated 18th September 1943, outlining the situation of the Service des Renseignements on that date, handed in by Paul Rivet in April 1944 to Colonel de Villeneuve, from the collection of the Service Historique de La Defense, at the Chateau de Vincennes, Vincennes, Paris, France. The collection includes documents of the Vichy government detailing spying activities of the French Secret Services on the German Nazi regime. The Centre Historique des Archives at Vincennes forms part of the SHD, which stores the archives of the Ministry of Defence and its armed forces. It was set up by decree in 2005. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC_HISTORY_MC_0285.jpg
  • Top Secret document listing 5 volumes of a report dated 1930-42, into information technology during the Second World War by the EMA or Ecole Militaire d'Administration and the SR or Service des Renseignements, including the study of the Enigma Machine, a cipher machine using complex coding to protect military communications, from the collection of the Service Historique de La Defense, at the Chateau de Vincennes, Vincennes, Paris, France. The collection includes documents of the Vichy government detailing spying activities of the French Secret Services on the German Nazi regime. The Centre Historique des Archives at Vincennes forms part of the SHD, which stores the archives of the Ministry of Defence and its armed forces. It was set up by decree in 2005. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC_HISTORY_MC_0267.jpg
  • Page of a report written by British Secret Services, after the interrogation of Mathilde Carre, 1908-2007, known as La Chatte or Pussy, code name Victoire, a French double agent of the 'Reseau Interallie' during the Second World War, transmitted to the French Secret Services, from the collection of the Service Historique de La Defense, at the Chateau de Vincennes, Vincennes, Paris, France. The document is stamped Top Secret and dated 8th November 1944. The collection includes documents of the Vichy government detailing spying activities of the French Secret Services on the German Nazi regime. The Centre Historique des Archives at Vincennes forms part of the SHD, which stores the archives of the Ministry of Defence and its armed forces. It was set up by decree in 2005. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC_HISTORY_MC_0255.jpg
  • Order de Bataille T R, document stamped Top Secret and dated 20th April 1942, listing the battle plan and regimental commanders, from the collection of the Service Historique de La Defense, at the Chateau de Vincennes, Vincennes, Paris, France. The collection includes documents of the Vichy government detailing spying activities of the French Secret Services on the German Nazi regime. The Centre Historique des Archives at Vincennes forms part of the SHD, which stores the archives of the Ministry of Defence and its armed forces. It was set up by decree in 2005. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC_HISTORY_MC_0253.jpg
  • Note de Service (pour les Chefs de Section), stamped Top Secret and dated 22nd July 1940, regarding setting up the Services de Renseignements, from the collection of the Service Historique de La Defense, at the Chateau de Vincennes, Vincennes, Paris, France. This document was written by the BMA, or Bureau des Menees Antinationales or Bureau of Anti-national Activities, which was set up during the Second World War to protect the military armistice, and dealt with military intelligence. The collection includes documents of the Vichy government detailing spying activities of the French Secret Services on the German Nazi regime. The Centre Historique des Archives at Vincennes forms part of the SHD, which stores the archives of the Ministry of Defence and its armed forces. It was set up by decree in 2005. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC_HISTORY_MC_0254.jpg
  • Top Secret document listing 5 volumes of a report dated 1930-42, into information technology during the Second World War, by General Bertrand, by the EMA or Ecole Militaire d'Administration and the SR or Service des Renseignements, including the study of the Enigma Machine, a cipher machine using complex coding to protect military communications, from the collection of the Service Historique de La Defense, at the Chateau de Vincennes, Vincennes, Paris, France. The collection includes documents of the Vichy government detailing spying activities of the French Secret Services on the German Nazi regime. The Centre Historique des Archives at Vincennes forms part of the SHD, which stores the archives of the Ministry of Defence and its armed forces. It was set up by decree in 2005. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC_HISTORY_MC_0266.jpg
  • Personnel document for Rosa Saladrigas who worked in the factory from age 14, from 1948 until 1960, in the Fabra i Coats factory in San Andreu, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain. Fabra i Coats was a large industrial site with cotton spinning factory employing 3000 people in the early 20th century. The factory declined from the 1970s and closed in 2005. A portion of the industrial site has since been refurbished as a cultural centre, the Centre Can Fabra, housing a library, startup companies, artist studios, contemporary arts centre and community and social centres. The remaining factory is destined to also become a cultural space. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC20_SPAIN_MC_327.jpg
  • Document confirming the salary of the Receiver of the Spanish Inquisition, who dealt with all confiscated goods and properties, signed by the King, from the collection of the Crespo Lopez family exhibited in the 16th century Palacio de los Olvidados or Palace of the Forgotten, in El Albayzin, the medieval Moorish old town of Granada, Andalusia, Southern Spain. The Palace is one of the few remaining old aristocratic houses in good condition, thought to belong to a Jew and now housing artefacts of Jewish culture and history. Granada was listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1984. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC14_GRANADA_MC257.jpg
  • Document authorising the confiscation of Jewish property during the Spanish Inquisition, 16th century, from the collection of the Crespo Lopez family exhibited in the 16th century Palacio de los Olvidados or Palace of the Forgotten, in El Albayzin, the medieval Moorish old town of Granada, Andalusia, Southern Spain. The Palace is one of the few remaining old aristocratic houses in good condition, thought to belong to a Jew and now housing artefacts of Jewish culture and history. Granada was listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1984. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC14_GRANADA_MC253.jpg
  • Document authorising the confiscation of Moorish property during the Spanish Inquisition, 16th century, from the collection of the Crespo Lopez family exhibited in the 16th century Palacio de los Olvidados or Palace of the Forgotten, in El Albayzin, the medieval Moorish old town of Granada, Andalusia, Southern Spain. The Palace is one of the few remaining old aristocratic houses in good condition, thought to belong to a Jew and now housing artefacts of Jewish culture and history. Granada was listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1984. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC14_GRANADA_MC252.jpg
  • Remnants of papers, including passports, photographs, identity documents and details of French citizens who were under surveillance, which were burnt by the Germans before they retreated from Paris when defeat was imminent,  from the collection of the Service Historique de La Defense, at the Chateau de Vincennes, Vincennes, Paris, France. The collection includes documents of the Vichy government detailing spying activities of the French Secret Services on the German Nazi regime. The Centre Historique des Archives at Vincennes forms part of the SHD, which stores the archives of the Ministry of Defence and its armed forces. It was set up by decree in 2005. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC_HISTORY_MC_0259.jpg
  • Page from the file on Mathilde Carre, 1908-2007, known as La Chatte or Pussy, code name Victoire, a French double agent of the 'Reseau Interallie' during the Second World War, by the Direction des Services de Documentation, dated 1st June 1945, from the collection of the Service Historique de La Defense, at the Chateau de Vincennes, Vincennes, Paris, France. The collection includes documents of the Vichy government detailing spying activities of the French Secret Services on the German Nazi regime. The Centre Historique des Archives at Vincennes forms part of the SHD, which stores the archives of the Ministry of Defence and its armed forces. It was set up by decree in 2005. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC_HISTORY_MC_0256.jpg
  • Remnants of documents including translated surveillance reports on French citizens, which were burnt by the Germans before they retreated from Paris when defeat was imminent, from the collection of the Service Historique de La Defense, at the Chateau de Vincennes, Vincennes, Paris, France. The collection includes documents of the Vichy government detailing spying activities of the French Secret Services on the German Nazi regime. The Centre Historique des Archives at Vincennes forms part of the SHD, which stores the archives of the Ministry of Defence and its armed forces. It was set up by decree in 2005. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC_HISTORY_MC_0260.jpg
  • Form dated 22nd May 1945, documenting the detention of Mathilde Carre, 1908-2007, known as La Chatte or Pussy, code name Victoire, a French double agent of the 'Reseau Interallie' during the Second World War, who was detained in London in July 1942, from the collection of the Service Historique de La Defense, at the Chateau de Vincennes, Vincennes, Paris, France. The collection includes documents of the Vichy government detailing spying activities of the French Secret Services on the German Nazi regime. The Centre Historique des Archives at Vincennes forms part of the SHD, which stores the archives of the Ministry of Defence and its armed forces. It was set up by decree in 2005. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC_HISTORY_MC_0258.jpg
  • Second page of a letter marked Secret written by Paul Rivet, head of the Services des Renseignements et de Securite Militaire, stressing the integrity of the French armed forces and decrying collaborationists, dated 8 November 1943, from the collection of the Service Historique de La Defense, at the Chateau de Vincennes, Vincennes, Paris, France. The collection includes documents of the Vichy government detailing spying activities of the French Secret Services on the German Nazi regime. The Centre Historique des Archives at Vincennes forms part of the SHD, which stores the archives of the Ministry of Defence and its armed forces. It was set up by decree in 2005. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC_HISTORY_MC_0288.jpg
  • Page, dated 19th June 1943, from the file of the Service des Renseignements on the conflict between Paul Rivet and Jacques Soustelle and the subordination of the SR (Paul Rivet was the director of the SRSM or Services de Renseignements et de Securite Militaire) to the DGSS (Soustelle was the head of the Special Services of Free France or DGSS), 1943-44, from the collection of the Service Historique de La Defense, at the Chateau de Vincennes, Vincennes, Paris, France. The collection includes documents of the Vichy government detailing spying activities of the French Secret Services on the German Nazi regime. The Centre Historique des Archives at Vincennes forms part of the SHD, which stores the archives of the Ministry of Defence and its armed forces. It was set up by decree in 2005. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC_HISTORY_MC_0281.jpg
  • File of the Service des Renseignements on the conflict between Paul Rivet and Jacques Soustelle and the subordination of the SR (Paul Rivet was the director of the SRSM or Services de Renseignements et de Securite Militaire) to the DGSS (Soustelle was the head of the Special Services of Free France or DGSS), 1943-44, from the collection of the Service Historique de La Defense, at the Chateau de Vincennes, Vincennes, Paris, France. The collection includes documents of the Vichy government detailing spying activities of the French Secret Services on the German Nazi regime. The Centre Historique des Archives at Vincennes forms part of the SHD, which stores the archives of the Ministry of Defence and its armed forces. It was set up by decree in 2005. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC_HISTORY_MC_0280.jpg
  • Page, dated 14th July 1943, with a note for Rivet from Lieutenant Colonel Berroeta, from the file of the Service des Renseignements on the conflict between Paul Rivet and Jacques Soustelle and the subordination of the SR (Paul Rivet was the director of the SRSM or Services de Renseignements et de Securite Militaire) to the DGSS (Soustelle was the head of the Special Services of Free France or DGSS), 1943-44, from the collection of the Service Historique de La Defense, at the Chateau de Vincennes, Vincennes, Paris, France. The collection includes documents of the Vichy government detailing spying activities of the French Secret Services on the German Nazi regime. The Centre Historique des Archives at Vincennes forms part of the SHD, which stores the archives of the Ministry of Defence and its armed forces. It was set up by decree in 2005. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC_HISTORY_MC_0282.jpg
  • Map of France detailing the various Services de Renseignements or Information Services during the Second World War, marked Top Secret, from the collection of the Service Historique de La Defense, at the Chateau de Vincennes, Vincennes, Paris, France. The collection includes documents of the Vichy government detailing spying activities of the French Secret Services on the German Nazi regime. The Centre Historique des Archives at Vincennes forms part of the SHD, which stores the archives of the Ministry of Defence and its armed forces. It was set up by decree in 2005. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC_HISTORY_MC_0277.jpg
  • Page from the file on the German armoured divisions from 1940-43, listing their movements and equipment, dated 1st February 1940 and stamped Secret, from the collection of the Service Historique de La Defense, at the Chateau de Vincennes, Vincennes, Paris, France. The collection includes documents of the Vichy government detailing spying activities of the French Secret Services on the German Nazi regime. The Centre Historique des Archives at Vincennes forms part of the SHD, which stores the archives of the Ministry of Defence and its armed forces. It was set up by decree in 2005. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC_HISTORY_MC_0275.jpg
  • Report on the use of intelligence agents abroad by the Bureau des Menees Antinationales or BMA or Bureau of Anti-national Activities, which was set up during the Second World War to protect the military armistice, and dealt with military intelligence, dated 4th December 1940 and stamped Top Secret, from the collection of the Service Historique de La Defense, at the Chateau de Vincennes, Vincennes, Paris, France. The collection includes documents of the Vichy government detailing spying activities of the French Secret Services on the German Nazi regime. The Centre Historique des Archives at Vincennes forms part of the SHD, which stores the archives of the Ministry of Defence and its armed forces. It was set up by decree in 2005. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC_HISTORY_MC_0276.jpg
  • File on the German armoured divisions from 1940-43, from the collection of the Service Historique de La Defense, at the Chateau de Vincennes, Vincennes, Paris, France. The collection includes documents of the Vichy government detailing spying activities of the French Secret Services on the German Nazi regime. The Centre Historique des Archives at Vincennes forms part of the SHD, which stores the archives of the Ministry of Defence and its armed forces. It was set up by decree in 2005. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC_HISTORY_MC_0274.jpg
  • Page from the personnel file of Colonel Georges Ronin, 1894-1954, head of the Service de Renseignements Air, the Air Force intelligence service, listing his activities from 1934-54, from the collection of the Service Historique de La Defense, at the Chateau de Vincennes, Vincennes, Paris, France. The collection includes documents of the Vichy government detailing spying activities of the French Secret Services on the German Nazi regime. The Centre Historique des Archives at Vincennes forms part of the SHD, which stores the archives of the Ministry of Defence and its armed forces. It was set up by decree in 2005. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC_HISTORY_MC_0272.jpg
  • Personnel file with identity photographs of Colonel Georges Ronin, 1894-1954, head of the Service de Renseignements Air, the Air Force intelligence service, from the collection of the Service Historique de La Defense, at the Chateau de Vincennes, Vincennes, Paris, France. The collection includes documents of the Vichy government detailing spying activities of the French Secret Services on the German Nazi regime. The Centre Historique des Archives at Vincennes forms part of the SHD, which stores the archives of the Ministry of Defence and its armed forces. It was set up by decree in 2005. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC_HISTORY_MC_0271.jpg
  • Top Secret Vichy regime file with instructions for the organisation of the STR or Service Technique de Recherches, from the collection of the Service Historique de La Defense, at the Chateau de Vincennes, Vincennes, Paris, France. The collection includes documents of the Vichy government detailing spying activities of the French Secret Services on the German Nazi regime. The Centre Historique des Archives at Vincennes forms part of the SHD, which stores the archives of the Ministry of Defence and its armed forces. It was set up by decree in 2005. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC_HISTORY_MC_0268.jpg
  • Page from a Top Secret Vichy regime file with diagram of the hierarchical structure of the employees of the STR or Service Technique de Recherches, from the collection of the Service Historique de La Defense, at the Chateau de Vincennes, Vincennes, Paris, France. The collection includes documents of the Vichy government detailing spying activities of the French Secret Services on the German Nazi regime. The Centre Historique des Archives at Vincennes forms part of the SHD, which stores the archives of the Ministry of Defence and its armed forces. It was set up by decree in 2005. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC_HISTORY_MC_0270.jpg
  • Historical summary of telegraphy on p143 of Volume II of a report by the EMA or Ecole Militaire d'Administration and the SR or Service des Renseignements, on the study of the Enigma Machine, a cipher machine using complex coding to protect military communications, dated 1931-42, from the collection of the Service Historique de La Defense, at the Chateau de Vincennes, Vincennes, Paris, France. The collection includes documents of the Vichy government detailing spying activities of the French Secret Services on the German Nazi regime. The Centre Historique des Archives at Vincennes forms part of the SHD, which stores the archives of the Ministry of Defence and its armed forces. It was set up by decree in 2005. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC_HISTORY_MC_0263.jpg
  • Historical summary of telegraphy on p143 of Volume II of a report by the EMA or Ecole Militaire d'Administration and the SR or Service des Renseignements, on the study of the Enigma Machine, a cipher machine using complex coding to protect military communications, dated 1931-42, from the collection of the Service Historique de La Defense, at the Chateau de Vincennes, Vincennes, Paris, France. The collection includes documents of the Vichy government detailing spying activities of the French Secret Services on the German Nazi regime. The Centre Historique des Archives at Vincennes forms part of the SHD, which stores the archives of the Ministry of Defence and its armed forces. It was set up by decree in 2005. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC_HISTORY_MC_0265.jpg
  • Contents page on p142 of Volume II of a report by the EMA or Ecole Militaire d'Administration and the SR or Service des Renseignements, on the study of the Enigma Machine, a cipher machine using complex coding to protect military communications, dated 1931-42, from the collection of the Service Historique de La Defense, at the Chateau de Vincennes, Vincennes, Paris, France. The collection includes documents of the Vichy government detailing spying activities of the French Secret Services on the German Nazi regime. The Centre Historique des Archives at Vincennes forms part of the SHD, which stores the archives of the Ministry of Defence and its armed forces. It was set up by decree in 2005. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC_HISTORY_MC_0262.jpg
  • Letter stamped Confidential and dated 6th December 1943, regarding the organisation of Special Services, from Henri Giraud, Commander in Chief of French Armed Forces, to General de Gaulle, President of the Comite d'Action en France, who jointly set up the Comite Francais de la Liberation Nationale, or French Committee of National Liberation or CFLN, a provisional government of Free France, from the collection of the Service Historique de La Defense, at the Chateau de Vincennes, Vincennes, Paris, France. The collection includes documents of the Vichy government detailing spying activities of the French Secret Services on the German Nazi regime. The Centre Historique des Archives at Vincennes forms part of the SHD, which stores the archives of the Ministry of Defence and its armed forces. It was set up by decree in 2005. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC_HISTORY_MC_0291.jpg
  • Fourth and final page of a letter marked Secret signed by Paul Rivet, head of the Services des Renseignements et de Securite Militaire, stressing the integrity of the French armed forces and decrying collaborationists, dated 8 November 1943, from the collection of the Service Historique de La Defense, at the Chateau de Vincennes, Vincennes, Paris, France. The collection includes documents of the Vichy government detailing spying activities of the French Secret Services on the German Nazi regime. The Centre Historique des Archives at Vincennes forms part of the SHD, which stores the archives of the Ministry of Defence and its armed forces. It was set up by decree in 2005. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC_HISTORY_MC_0290.jpg
  • Third page of a letter marked Secret written by Paul Rivet, head of the Services des Renseignements et de Securite Militaire, stressing the integrity of the French armed forces and decrying collaborationists, dated 8 November 1943, from the collection of the Service Historique de La Defense, at the Chateau de Vincennes, Vincennes, Paris, France. The collection includes documents of the Vichy government detailing spying activities of the French Secret Services on the German Nazi regime. The Centre Historique des Archives at Vincennes forms part of the SHD, which stores the archives of the Ministry of Defence and its armed forces. It was set up by decree in 2005. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC_HISTORY_MC_0289.jpg
  • First page of a letter marked Secret written by Paul Rivet, head of the Services des Renseignements et de Securite Militaire, stressing the integrity of the French armed forces and decrying collaborationists, dated 8 November 1943, from the collection of the Service Historique de La Defense, at the Chateau de Vincennes, Vincennes, Paris, France. The collection includes documents of the Vichy government detailing spying activities of the French Secret Services on the German Nazi regime. The Centre Historique des Archives at Vincennes forms part of the SHD, which stores the archives of the Ministry of Defence and its armed forces. It was set up by decree in 2005. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC_HISTORY_MC_0287.jpg
  • Page, dated 22nd October 1943, with a note to forward information to Rivet (and signed by Rivet), from the file of the Service des Renseignements on the conflict between Paul Rivet and Jacques Soustelle and the subordination of the SR (Paul Rivet was the director of the SRSM or Services de Renseignements et de Securite Militaire) to the DGSS (Soustelle was the head of the Special Services of Free France or DGSS), 1943-44, from the collection of the Service Historique de La Defense, at the Chateau de Vincennes, Vincennes, Paris, France. The collection includes documents of the Vichy government detailing spying activities of the French Secret Services on the German Nazi regime. The Centre Historique des Archives at Vincennes forms part of the SHD, which stores the archives of the Ministry of Defence and its armed forces. It was set up by decree in 2005. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC_HISTORY_MC_0283.jpg
  • File detailing 'Activites de crise et de guerre' from 1936-39, and a handwritten letter dated 15th October 1952 by Paul Rivet (director of the SRSM or Services de Renseignements et de Securite Militaire), from the collection of the Service Historique de La Defense, at the Chateau de Vincennes, Vincennes, Paris, France. The collection includes documents of the Vichy government detailing spying activities of the French Secret Services on the German Nazi regime. The Centre Historique des Archives at Vincennes forms part of the SHD, which stores the archives of the Ministry of Defence and its armed forces. It was set up by decree in 2005. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC_HISTORY_MC_0279.jpg
  • Handwriting indicating Top Secret classification on the back of a map of France detailing the various Services de Renseignements or Information Services during the Second World War, marked Top Secret, from the collection of the Service Historique de La Defense, at the Chateau de Vincennes, Vincennes, Paris, France. The collection includes documents of the Vichy government detailing spying activities of the French Secret Services on the German Nazi regime. The Centre Historique des Archives at Vincennes forms part of the SHD, which stores the archives of the Ministry of Defence and its armed forces. It was set up by decree in 2005. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC_HISTORY_MC_0278.jpg
  • Cover of the employment booklet of Colonel Georges Ronin, 1894-1954, head of the Service de Renseignements Air, the Air Force intelligence service, from the collection of the Service Historique de La Defense, at the Chateau de Vincennes, Vincennes, Paris, France. The collection includes documents of the Vichy government detailing spying activities of the French Secret Services on the German Nazi regime. The Centre Historique des Archives at Vincennes forms part of the SHD, which stores the archives of the Ministry of Defence and its armed forces. It was set up by decree in 2005. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC_HISTORY_MC_0273.jpg
  • Page from a Top Secret Vichy regime file detailing the role of the STR or Service Technique de Recherches, from the collection of the Service Historique de La Defense, at the Chateau de Vincennes, Vincennes, Paris, France. The collection includes documents of the Vichy government detailing spying activities of the French Secret Services on the German Nazi regime. The Centre Historique des Archives at Vincennes forms part of the SHD, which stores the archives of the Ministry of Defence and its armed forces. It was set up by decree in 2005. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC_HISTORY_MC_0269.jpg
  • Contents page on p142 of Volume II of a report by the EMA or Ecole Militaire d'Administration and the SR or Service des Renseignements, on the study of the Enigma Machine, a cipher machine using complex coding to protect military communications, dated 1931-42, from the collection of the Service Historique de La Defense, at the Chateau de Vincennes, Vincennes, Paris, France. The collection includes documents of the Vichy government detailing spying activities of the French Secret Services on the German Nazi regime. The Centre Historique des Archives at Vincennes forms part of the SHD, which stores the archives of the Ministry of Defence and its armed forces. It was set up by decree in 2005. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC_HISTORY_MC_0264.jpg
  • File stamped Top Secret of Volume II of a report by the EMA or Ecole Militaire d'Administration and the SR or Services des Renseignements, on the study of the Enigma Machine, a cipher machine using complex coding to protect military communications, dated 1931-42, from the collection of the Service Historique de La Defense, at the Chateau de Vincennes, Vincennes, Paris, France. The collection includes documents of the Vichy government detailing spying activities of the French Secret Services on the German Nazi regime. The Centre Historique des Archives at Vincennes forms part of the SHD, which stores the archives of the Ministry of Defence and its armed forces. It was set up by decree in 2005. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC_HISTORY_MC_0261.jpg
  • File made by the German Secret Service on the 'Reseau Interallie', the Second World War spy network infiltrated by the French double agent Mathilde Carre, 1908-2007, known as La Chatte or Pussy, code name Victoire, dated 18th November 1941, from the collection of the Service Historique de La Defense, at the Chateau de Vincennes, Vincennes, Paris, France. The collection includes documents of the Vichy government detailing spying activities of the French Secret Services on the German Nazi regime. The Centre Historique des Archives at Vincennes forms part of the SHD, which stores the archives of the Ministry of Defence and its armed forces. It was set up by decree in 2005. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC_HISTORY_MC_0257.jpg
  • Decree of the National Convention abolishing slavery in the colonies and giving all residents French citizenship, February 1794, in the Musee du Nouveau Monde, or New World Museum, opened 1982 in the Hotel Fleuriau, an 18th century mansion home to merchant Aime-Benjamin Fleuriau, 1707-1877, in La Rochelle, Charente-Maritime, Nouvelle-Aquitaine, France. The museum explores links between France and the Americas, including the slave trade. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC23_FRANCE_MC_0614.jpg
  • Act of military surrender of the armies of the Third Reich, signed in Reims on 7th May 1945 at 2.41 am, in the Musee de la Reddition, or Surrender Museum, a history museum commemorating the Nazi surrender in 1945 ending WWII, opened in 1985, in Reims, Marne, Grand Est, France. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC21_FRANCE_MC_1985.jpg
  • Royal Passport for Spanish merchant ships intended for the lawful trade of slaves, by the Naval Department of Cartagena, 1818, in the Museu Maritim de Barcelona, or Barcelona Maritime Museum, housed in the former medieval royal shipyards and arsenals at Drassanes, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain. The museum houses exhibits on the maritime history of Catalonia, including many ships and boats built in the shipyards of Barcelona. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC20_SPAIN_MC_1181.jpg
  • Renewal of a commission to buy African fugitive slaves, by Don Francisco Dionisio Vives, captain general of Cuba, to Jose Gabriel de Torres in Havana, 1825, in the Museu Maritim de Barcelona, or Barcelona Maritime Museum, housed in the former medieval royal shipyards and arsenals at Drassanes, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain. The museum houses exhibits on the maritime history of Catalonia, including many ships and boats built in the shipyards of Barcelona. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC20_SPAIN_MC_1180.jpg
  • Extension of 1804 of the Royal Decree issued by King Carlos IV in 1789, concerning the encouragement of the slave trade in the American colonies, in the Museu Maritim de Barcelona, or Barcelona Maritime Museum, housed in the former medieval royal shipyards and arsenals at Drassanes, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain. The museum houses exhibits on the maritime history of Catalonia, including many ships and boats built in the shipyards of Barcelona. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC20_SPAIN_MC_1179.JPG
  • Shipwreck of the French brig La Lucia in July 1849 on the coast of the Sahara desert, from the renewal of a commission to buy African fugitive slaves, by Don Francisco Dionisio Vives, captain general of Cuba, to Jose Gabriel de Torres in Havana, 1825, in the Museu Maritim de Barcelona, or Barcelona Maritime Museum, housed in the former medieval royal shipyards and arsenals at Drassanes, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain. The museum houses exhibits on the maritime history of Catalonia, including many ships and boats built in the shipyards of Barcelona. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC20_SPAIN_MC_1166.jpg
  • Deed of liberation of a slave on the Ile de Goree, Senegal, 17th February 1789, signed by Francois Blanchot de Verly, 1735-1807, governor of Senegal, in the Musee d'histoire de Nantes, in the Chateau des ducs de Bretagne, in Nantes, Pays de la Loire, France. This document frees a slave who denounced a revolt in Goree, occupied by the French from 1674, an important stopover for slave ships. The museum opened in 2007 and covers the history of Nantes, focusing on slavery, world wars, industrialisation and the chateau. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC21_FRANCE_MC_0019.jpg
  • Plan, profile and layout of the Nantes slave ship Marie Seraphique, outfitted by Gruel, captained by Gaugy, 1769, by Rene L'Hermitte, in the Musee d'histoire de Nantes, in the Chateau des ducs de Bretagne, in Nantes, Pays de la Loire, France. The plans precisely illustrate how the ship's cargo of goods and slaves was organised. 307 slaves from Angola were brought by canoe to the ship and stored in the between-deck, and the crossing is charted in the bottom section. The document was commissioned by the shipowner, for the campaign of 25th August - 16th December 1769. The museum opened in 2007 and covers the history of Nantes, focusing on slavery, world wars, industrialisation and the chateau. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC21_FRANCE_MC_0147.jpg
  • Plan, profile and layout of the Nantes slave ship Marie Seraphique, outfitted by Gruel, captained by Gaugy, 1769, by Rene L'Hermitte, in the Musee d'histoire de Nantes, in the Chateau des ducs de Bretagne, in Nantes, Pays de la Loire, France. The plans precisely illustrate how the ship's cargo of goods and slaves was organised. 307 slaves from Angola were brought by canoe to the ship and stored in the between-deck, and the crossing is charted in the bottom section. The document was commissioned by the shipowner, for the campaign of 25th August - 16th December 1769. The museum opened in 2007 and covers the history of Nantes, focusing on slavery, world wars, industrialisation and the chateau. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC21_FRANCE_MC_0148.jpg
  • Portrait of Wolfgang Ronner, painting, 1529, oil on wood, by Hans Maler, 1480-1529, in the Alte Pinakothek, Munich, Germany. Ronner was a trade representative and holds a document in his hand. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC_HISTORY_MC_0245.JPG
  • 307 slaves from Angola stored in the between-deck, detail from the plan, profile and layout of the Nantes slave ship Marie Seraphique, outfitted by Gruel, captained by Gaugy, 1769, by Rene L'Hermitte, in the Musee d'histoire de Nantes, in the Chateau des ducs de Bretagne, in Nantes, Pays de la Loire, France. The plans precisely illustrate how the ship's cargo of goods and slaves was organised. The crossing is charted in the bottom section. The document was commissioned by the shipowner, for the campaign of 25th August - 16th December 1769. The museum opened in 2007 and covers the history of Nantes, focusing on slavery, world wars, industrialisation and the chateau. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC21_FRANCE_MC_0149.jpg
  • Layette cabinet in polychrome wood and metal, 18th century, detail, with labelled drawers used for storing archival documents, contracts and invoices, made for the Hotel-Dieu-Le-Comte, a hospital founded in the 12th century by Henri I le Liberal and rebuilt 1729-64, reopening 2022 after 4 years of renovations as La Cite du Vitrail, exhibiting stained glass, in Troyes, Aube, Grand Est, France. The building is listed as a historic monument. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC23_FRANCE_MC_0512.jpg
  • Layette cabinet in polychrome wood and metal, 18th century, with labelled drawers used for storing archival documents, contracts and invoices, made for the Hotel-Dieu-Le-Comte, a hospital founded in the 12th century by Henri I le Liberal and rebuilt 1729-64, reopening 2022 after 4 years of renovations as La Cite du Vitrail, exhibiting stained glass, in Troyes, Aube, Grand Est, France. The building is listed as a historic monument. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC23_FRANCE_MC_0515.jpg
  • Library of Celsus, built 110-135 AD under Consul Julius Celsus Polemaenus, governor of the province of Asia, Ephesus, Izmir, Turkey. Celsus paid for the construction with his own personal wealth, and is buried in a sarcophagus beneath it. The library held nearly 12,000 scrolls in cupboards in niches in the double walls, which protected the documents from temperature and humidity. Ephesus was an ancient Greek city founded in the 10th century BC, and later a major Roman city, on the Ionian coast near present day Selcuk. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC13_Turkey_MC406.jpg
  • Library of Celsus, built 110-135 AD under Consul Julius Celsus Polemaenus, governor of the province of Asia, Ephesus, Izmir, Turkey. Celsus paid for the construction with his own personal wealth, and is buried in a sarcophagus beneath it. The library held nearly 12,000 scrolls in cupboards in niches in the double walls, which protected the documents from temperature and humidity. The statues in the niches are copies of the originals. Ephesus was an ancient Greek city founded in the 10th century BC, and later a major Roman city, on the Ionian coast near present day Selcuk. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC13_Turkey_MC382.jpg
  • Library of Celsus, built 110-135 AD under Consul Julius Celsus Polemaenus, governor of the province of Asia, Ephesus, Izmir, Turkey. Celsus paid for the construction with his own personal wealth, and is buried in a sarcophagus beneath it. The library held nearly 12,000 scrolls in cupboards in niches in the double walls, which protected the documents from temperature and humidity. Ephesus was an ancient Greek city founded in the 10th century BC, and later a major Roman city, on the Ionian coast near present day Selcuk. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC13_Turkey_MC356.jpg
  • Pediment above the columns on the facade of the Library of Celsus, built 110-135 AD under Consul Julius Celsus Polemaenus, governor of the province of Asia, Ephesus, Izmir, Turkey. Celsus paid for the construction with his own personal wealth, and is buried in a sarcophagus beneath it. The library held nearly 12,000 scrolls in cupboards in niches in the double walls, which protected the documents from temperature and humidity. Ephesus was an ancient Greek city founded in the 10th century BC, and later a major Roman city, on the Ionian coast near present day Selcuk. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC13_Turkey_MC342.JPG
  • Library of Celsus, built 110-135 AD under Consul Julius Celsus Polemaenus, governor of the province of Asia, Ephesus, Izmir, Turkey. Celsus paid for the construction with his own personal wealth, and is buried in a sarcophagus beneath it. The library held nearly 12,000 scrolls in cupboards in niches in the double walls, which protected the documents from temperature and humidity. In the foreground are carved stone blocks with bull's heads and garlands. Ephesus was an ancient Greek city founded in the 10th century BC, and later a major Roman city, on the Ionian coast near present day Selcuk. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC13_Turkey_MC339.jpg
  • Library of Celsus, built 110-135 AD under Consul Julius Celsus Polemaenus, governor of the province of Asia, Ephesus, Izmir, Turkey. Celsus paid for the construction with his own personal wealth, and is buried in a sarcophagus beneath it. The library held nearly 12,000 scrolls in cupboards in niches in the double walls, which protected the documents from temperature and humidity. Ephesus was an ancient Greek city founded in the 10th century BC, and later a major Roman city, on the Ionian coast near present day Selcuk. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC13_Turkey_MC315.jpg
  • Interior of the Library of Celsus, built 110-135 AD under Consul Julius Celsus Polemaenus, governor of the province of Asia, Ephesus, Izmir, Turkey. Celsus paid for the construction with his own personal wealth, and is buried in a sarcophagus beneath it. The library held nearly 12,000 scrolls in cupboards in niches in the double walls, which protected the documents from temperature and humidity. Ephesus was an ancient Greek city founded in the 10th century BC, and later a major Roman city, on the Ionian coast near present day Selcuk. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC13_Turkey_MC316.jpg
  • Library of Celsus, built 110-135 AD under Consul Julius Celsus Polemaenus, governor of the province of Asia, Ephesus, Izmir, Turkey. Celsus paid for the construction with his own personal wealth, and is buried in a sarcophagus beneath it. The library held nearly 12,000 scrolls in cupboards in niches in the double walls, which protected the documents from temperature and humidity. Ephesus was an ancient Greek city founded in the 10th century BC, and later a major Roman city, on the Ionian coast near present day Selcuk. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC13_Turkey_MC317.jpg
  • Decorative carving on the facade of the Library of Celsus, built 110-135 AD under Consul Julius Celsus Polemaenus, governor of the province of Asia, Ephesus, Izmir, Turkey. Celsus paid for the construction with his own personal wealth, and is buried in a sarcophagus beneath it. The library held nearly 12,000 scrolls in cupboards in niches in the double walls, which protected the documents from temperature and humidity. Ephesus was an ancient Greek city founded in the 10th century BC, and later a major Roman city, on the Ionian coast near present day Selcuk. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC13_Turkey_MC307.jpg
  • Coffered ceiling from the facade of the Library of Celsus, built 110-135 AD under Consul Julius Celsus Polemaenus, governor of the province of Asia, Ephesus, Izmir, Turkey. Celsus paid for the construction with his own personal wealth, and is buried in a sarcophagus beneath it. The library held nearly 12,000 scrolls in cupboards in niches in the double walls, which protected the documents from temperature and humidity. Ephesus was an ancient Greek city founded in the 10th century BC, and later a major Roman city, on the Ionian coast near present day Selcuk. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC13_Turkey_MC305.jpg
  • Exhibition of sculptures, tapestries and documents, in the logis royaux, built c. 1370 by the duc d'Anjou, at the Chateau de Chinon or Forteresse royale de Chinon, on the Vienne river, Indre-et-Loire, France. The chateau was founded in the 11th century by Theobald I, count of Blois. King Henry II of England lived and died here in the 12th century and the chateau has been out of use since the late 16th century. It is listed as a historic monument and part of the Loire Valley UNESCO World Heritage Site. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC22_FRANCE_MC_1324.jpg
  • Arrest warrant for Roger Hidoux of Precigne, Sarthe, Pays de la Loire, France, dated 20th May 1944, during the Second World War, on the charge of fraudulent theft from the German authorities. Hidoux diverted funds or materials from the munitions depot where he worked, which was run by the Luftwaffe. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC_HISTORY_MC_0350.jpg
  • Food stamps and clothing ration book for Pierre Pean, dated 20th August 1942, issued by the town hall of Sable-sur-Sarthe, Pays de la Loire, France. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC_HISTORY_MC_0351.jpg
  • Carte Nationale de Priorite des Meres de Famille, or National Priority Card given to mothers with children, belonging to the mother of Pierre Pean, dated 25th June 1941 and valid until 1st November 1942, issued by the town hall of Sable-sur-Sarthe, Pays de la Loire, France, on behalf of the Ministry of Family and Youth. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC_HISTORY_MC_0352.jpg
  • Statue of Toussaint Louverture, 1743-1803, leader of the Haitian Revolution, detail, painted bronze, 2014, by Sow Ousmane, 1935-2016, founded by Coubertin, in the courtyard of the Musee du Nouveau Monde, or New World Museum, opened 1982 in the Hotel Fleuriau, an 18th century mansion in La Rochelle, Charente-Maritime, Nouvelle-Aquitaine, France. He is depicted wearing a bicorne and holding the Universal Declaration of the Rights of Man. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC23_FRANCE_MC_0603.jpg
  • Statue of Toussaint Louverture, 1743-1803, leader of the Haitian Revolution, detail, painted bronze, 2014, by Sow Ousmane, 1935-2016, founded by Coubertin, in the courtyard of the Musee du Nouveau Monde, or New World Museum, opened 1982 in the Hotel Fleuriau, an 18th century mansion in La Rochelle, Charente-Maritime, Nouvelle-Aquitaine, France. He is depicted wearing a bicorne and holding the Universal Declaration of the Rights of Man. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC23_FRANCE_MC_0639.jpg
  • Statue of Toussaint Louverture, 1743-1803, leader of the Haitian Revolution, detail, painted bronze, 2014, by Sow Ousmane, 1935-2016, founded by Coubertin, in the courtyard of the Musee du Nouveau Monde, or New World Museum, opened 1982 in the Hotel Fleuriau, an 18th century mansion in La Rochelle, Charente-Maritime, Nouvelle-Aquitaine, France. He is depicted wearing a bicorne and holding the Universal Declaration of the Rights of Man. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC23_FRANCE_MC_0602.jpg
  • St Bernard, oil painting on canvas, in the 18th century chapel of the Hotel-Dieu-Le-Comte, a hospital founded in the 12th century by Henri I le Liberal and rebuilt 1729-64, reopening 2022 after 4 years of renovations as La Cite du Vitrail, exhibiting stained glass, in Troyes, Aube, Grand Est, France. The building is listed as a historic monument. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC23_FRANCE_MC_0509.jpg
  • Punic votive stele with inscription and decorative border, 3rd - 2nd century BC, limestone,<br />
from near the Gate of Furnos in Carthage, in the Museo di Antichita, created 1940, housing collections of Greek and Roman antiquities and Turin and Piedmont history, from the House of Savoy, in the Palazzo Reale in Turin, Piedmont, Italy. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC22_ITALY_MC_0610.jpg
  • Punic Stele fragment with inscription detailing religious rites and lists of offerings made at a religious festival, 4th - 3rd century BC, white marble, from Carthage, in the Museo di Antichita, created 1940, housing collections of Greek and Roman antiquities and Turin and Piedmont history, from the House of Savoy, in the Palazzo Reale in Turin, Piedmont, Italy. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC22_ITALY_MC_0606.jpg
  • Record of wool quantities for textile production on a Linear B tablet, Final Palatial Period, c. 1375-1300 BC, from the Minoan palace of Knossos, in the Heraklion Archaeological Museum, Heraklion, Crete, Greece. The palm-leaf tablet was marked by a scribe to record amounts of wool given to workshops in 2 settlements and to a collector, to produce 9 cloths. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC22_CRETE_MC_008.jpg
  • Portrait of Cardinal Pierre du Cambout de Coislin, 1636-1706, bishop of Orleans 1665-1706, painting, in the Salle d'Honneur, or Hall of Honour, used as a reception, justice and banqueting hall, on the first or noble floor of the keep, built 1395, in the Chateau de Sully-sur-Loire, Loiret, France. The room was redecorated by Maximilien de Bethune in the 17th century and is lined with portraits. The castle is listed as a historic monument and forms part of the Loire Valley UNESCO World Heritage Site. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC23_FRANCE_MC_0345.jpg
  • Portrait of Georges Cadoural, 1771-1804, general, oil painting on canvas, 19th century, by French School, in the collection of the Chateau de Villandry, on the river Loire near Tours in Indre-et-Loire, France. Much of the current building was built under Jean Breton who bought the existing medieval castle in 1532 and built the Renaissance palace. The chateau is listed as a historic monument and forms part of the Loire Valley UNESCO World Heritage Site. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC22_FRANCE_MC_1507.jpg
  • Trial of Joan of Arc, facsimile of the transcription of the trial in Rouen in 1431, 1 of 3 surviving copies, in the Joan of Arc Centre collection, in the Chateau de Chinon or Forteresse royale de Chinon, Indre-et-Loire, France. Joan of Arc visited Chinon twice in 1429. The chateau was founded in the 11th century by Theobald I, count of Blois. King Henry II of England lived and died here in the 12th century and the chateau has been out of use since the late 16th century. It is listed as a historic monument and part of the Loire Valley UNESCO World Heritage Site. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC22_FRANCE_MC_1325.jpg
  • Portrait of a Doge, painting, by Tintoretto, 1518-94, in the Chateau de Chenonceau, built 1514–22 in late Gothic and early Renaissance style, on the River Cher near Chenonceaux, Indre-et-Loire, France. The chateau was extended on a bridge across the river, commissioned by Diane de Poitiers and built 1556-59 by Philibert de l'Orme, with a gallery added 1570–76 by Jean Bullant. The chateau is listed as a historic monument and forms part of the Loire Valley UNESCO World Heritage Site. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC22_FRANCE_MC_1294.jpg
  • Archimedes, painting, by Francisco de Zurbaran, 1598-1664, in the Chateau de Chenonceau, built 1514–22 in late Gothic and early Renaissance style, on the River Cher near Chenonceaux, Indre-et-Loire, France. The chateau was extended on a bridge across the river, commissioned by Diane de Poitiers and built 1556-59 by Philibert de l'Orme, with a gallery added 1570–76 by Jean Bullant. The chateau is listed as a historic monument and forms part of the Loire Valley UNESCO World Heritage Site. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC22_FRANCE_MC_1305.jpg
  • Portrait of Michel Chamillard, 1652-1721, minister to Louis XIV, painting by Gaspard Netscher, 1639-84, in the Chateau de Chenonceau, built 1514–22 in late Gothic and early Renaissance style, on the River Cher near Chenonceaux, Indre-et-Loire, France. The chateau was extended on a bridge across the river, commissioned by Diane de Poitiers and built 1556-59 by Philibert de l'Orme, with a gallery added 1570–76 by Jean Bullant. The chateau is listed as a historic monument and forms part of the Loire Valley UNESCO World Heritage Site. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC22_FRANCE_MC_1302.jpg
  • Portrait of Tongina Gonsalvus, b.1588, born with the congenital disease hypertrichosis, painting, c. 1583, by Lavinia Fontana, 1552-1614, in the Chambre du Roi, or King's Bedroom, on the second floor of the Francois I wing, built early 16th century in Italian Renaissance style, in the Chateau Royal de Blois, built 13th - 17th century in Blois in the Loire Valley, Loir-et-Cher, Centre, France. The chateau has 564 rooms and 75 staircases and is listed as a historic monument and UNESCO World Heritage Site. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC22_FRANCE_MC_1103.jpg
  • Portrait of Philippe le Bon or Philip the Good, duke of Burgundy, 1419-67, in the Galerie des Illustres, featuring 327 portraits of important figures from history, commissioned 1620-38 by Paul Ardier, in the Chateau de Beauregard, Renaissance chateau begun late 15th century and extended 16th century by Jean du Thier, in Loir-et-Cher, France. The painters are unidentified and mainly copied portraits from other collections. The decorative work and emblems on the woodwork and coffered ceiling are by Pierre Mosnier. The chateau is listed as a historic monument and forms part of the Loire Valley UNESCO World Heritage Site. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC22_FRANCE_MC_1043.jpg
  • Charlotte de La Marck and Henri de La Tour d'Auvergne signing their marriage contract in the 16th century, reconstruction, in the Salle a la Colonne or Column Room, in the princes' apartments built c. 1550 by Robert IV de la Marck, in the museum in the Chateau de Sedan, built 1424 - 17th century, the largest fortified medieval castle in Europe, in Sedan, Ardennes, Grand Est, France. Originally a manor house, the chateau was fortified and extended over the centuries, with cannon terraces, bastions and a curtain wall. It now houses a hotel and a museum and is listed as a historic monument. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC21_FRANCE_MC_2635.jpg
  • Charlotte de La Marck and Henri de La Tour d'Auvergne signing their marriage contract in the Salle a la Colonne or Column Room, reconstruction, in the princes' apartments built c. 1550 by Robert IV de la Marck, in the museum in the Chateau de Sedan, built 1424 - 17th century, the largest fortified medieval castle in Europe, in Sedan, Ardennes, Grand Est, France. Originally a manor house, the chateau was fortified and extended over the centuries, with cannon terraces, bastions and a curtain wall. It now houses a hotel and a museum and is listed as a historic monument. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC21_FRANCE_MC_2636.jpg
  • Portrait of Francois Jean Irenee Ruinart, viscount of Brimont, 1770-1850, by unknown artist, in the tasting room at Maison Ruinart, the oldest champagne house in the world, founded in Epernay in 1729 by Nicolas Ruinart, in Reims, Marne, Grand Est, France. The winery forms part of a UNESCO World Heritage Site. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC21_FRANCE_MC_2379.jpg
  • Desk with letters and notebooks, in the bedroom of Impressionist painter Pierre-Auguste Renoir, 1841-1919, in his family home, restored and opened to the public in 2017, in Essoyes, in Champagne, Aube, Grand Est, France. Renoir stayed and painted here every summer from 1896 until his death, and there is a separate art studio in the garden. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC21_FRANCE_MC_1790.jpg
  • Code Civil or Napoleonic Code, the French civil code, written 1804, in the Musee Napoleon or Museum of Napoleon I, opened 1969 in the former Ecole Royale Militaire or Royal Military School, where Napoleon trained 1779-84, at Brienne-le-Chateau, Aube, Grand Est, France. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC21_FRANCE_MC_2506.jpg
  • Code Civil or Napoleonic Code, the French civil code, written 1804, in the Musee Napoleon or Museum of Napoleon I, opened 1969 in the former Ecole Royale Militaire or Royal Military School, where Napoleon trained 1779-84, at Brienne-le-Chateau, Aube, Grand Est, France. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC21_FRANCE_MC_2505.jpg
  • Signing of the act of German surrender on 7th May 1945 at 2.41 am in Reims, painting by Jonnas, 1946, in the Musee de la Reddition, or Surrender Museum, a history museum commemorating the Nazi surrender in 1945 ending WWII, opened in 1985, in Reims, Marne, Grand Est, France. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC21_FRANCE_MC_1988.jpg
  • Signing of the act of German surrender on 7th May 1945 at 2.41 am in Reims, photograph, in the Musee de la Reddition, or Surrender Museum, a history museum commemorating the Nazi surrender in 1945 ending WWII, opened in 1985, in Reims, Marne, Grand Est, France. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC21_FRANCE_MC_1987.jpg
  • Plan of the Siege of Belfort, 1870-71, during the Franco-Prussian War, in the Musee d'Histoire or History Museum, at the Citadelle de Belfort, at Belfort, Bourgogne-Franche-Comte, France. The museum houses collections on archaeology, Bartholdi sculpture and military history. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC22_FRANCE_MC_0197.jpg
  • Portrait of Edouard Meny, mayor of Belfort 1855-72, oil painting, by Gustave Francois Dauphin, 1804-59, in the Musee des Beaux-Arts or Fine Art Museum, housed in Tower 41, Belfort, Bourgogne-Franche-Comte, France. The artist was a relative of the sitter and this was intended as a private family portrait. Tower 41 was built 1687-98 by Vauban as part of the defences of the lower town, and has housed the museum since 2007. The museum was renovated and extended 2016-19 and now houses painting and sculpture from Gothic times to 20th century, including many artists from Belfort. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC22_FRANCE_MC_0246.jpg
  • Letter of protest written by Arthur Rimbaud, 1854-91, French poet, to the mayor of Douai asking for weapons for the National Guard, original manuscript, draft petition and facsimiles, in the Musee Arthur Rimbaud, opened in 1969 in the Vieux-Moulin, a former water mill on the river Meuse in Charleville-Mezieres, Ardennes, Grand Est, France. The city is on the Rimbaud Verlaine Trail. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC21_FRANCE_MC_1502.jpg
  • Elevation and ground plan of a typical housing unit of the cooperative, 1878, at La Nau Gaudi, or the Gaudi Warehouse of the Mataronense Workers' Cooperative, a bleaching warehouse for a yarn factory, designed in 1878 by Antoni Gaudi, 1852-1926, in Mataro, Catalonia, Spain. The building was built for the textile cooperative La Obrera Mataronense and Gaudi had originally planned homes, an assembly hall, casino and a factory in an extended socialist project, although his plans were uncompleted. The building was restored in 2008. Credit : Manuel Cohen / © Arxiu Comarcal del Maresme, Fons Ajuntament de Mataro
    LC21_SPAIN_MC_0787.JPG
  • General plan of the project for the cooperative, 1881, at La Nau Gaudi, or the Gaudi Warehouse of the Mataronense Workers' Cooperative, a bleaching warehouse for a yarn factory, designed in 1878 by Antoni Gaudi, 1852-1926, in Mataro, Catalonia, Spain. The building was built for the textile cooperative La Obrera Mataronense and Gaudi had originally planned homes, an assembly hall, casino and a factory in an extended socialist project, although his plans were uncompleted. The building was restored in 2008. Credit : Manuel Cohen / © Arxiu Comarcal del Maresme, Fons Ajuntament de Mataro
    LC21_SPAIN_MC_0788.JPG
  • Plans for the rear (left) and main (right) facade of the casino, which was never realised, at La Nau Gaudi, or the Gaudi Warehouse of the Mataronense Workers' Cooperative, a bleaching warehouse for a yarn factory, designed in 1878 by Antoni Gaudi, 1852-1926, in Mataro, Catalonia, Spain. The building was built for the textile cooperative La Obrera Mataronense and Gaudi had originally planned homes, an assembly hall, casino and a factory in an extended socialist project, although his plans were uncompleted. The building was restored in 2008. Credit : Manuel Cohen / © Arxiu Comarcal del Maresme, Fons Ajuntament de Mataro
    LC21_SPAIN_MC_0789.JPG
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