manuel cohen

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  • La Grande Arche de la Defense, 1985 - 1989, by Johann Otto von Spreckelsen (1929-1987) with engineer Erik Reitzel, La Defense, Puteaux, France. French architect Paul Andreu completed the construction of the monument with engineer Erik Reitzel after the resignation of the Danish architect in 1986. Monument to the defenders of Paris in 1870 called La Defense, bronze, 1883, by Louis-Ernest Barrias (1841-1905), visible in the middle. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC13_Paris_MC036.jpg
  • La Grande Arche de la Defense, 1985 - 1989, by Johann Otto von Spreckelsen (1929-1987) with engineer Erik Reitzel, La Defense, Puteaux, France. French architect Paul Andreu completed the construction of the monument with engineer Erik Reitzel after the resignation of the Danish architect in 1986. Monument to the defenders of Paris in 1870 called La Defense, bronze, 1883, by Louis-Ernest Barrias (1841-1905), visible in the middle. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC13_Paris_MC043.jpg
  • La Grande Arche de la Defense, 1985 - 1989, by Johann Otto von Spreckelsen (1929-1987) with engineer Erik Reitzel, La Defense, Puteaux, France. French architect Paul Andreu completed the construction of the monument with engineer Erik Reitzel after the resignation of the Danish architect in 1986. Monument to the defenders of Paris in 1870 called La Defense, bronze, 1883, by Louis-Ernest Barrias (1841-1905), visible on the left. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC13_Paris_MC037.jpg
  • Tour Coeur Defense (CB11), 2001, by Jean Paul Viguier, La Defense, Courbevoie, France. Coeur Defense replaced the Immeuble Esso, which was the first modern structure demolished at La Defense. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC13_Paris_MC030.jpg
  • Tour Coeur Defense (CB11), 2001, by Jean Paul Viguier, and Tour Total Coupole, 1985, by WZMH Architects and Cabinet Saubot-Jullien, La Defense, Courbevoie, France. Coeur Defense replaced the Immeuble Esso, which was the first modern structure demolished at La Defense. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC13_Paris_MC028.jpg
  • La Grande Arche de la Defense, 1985 - 1989, by Johann Otto von Spreckelsen (1929-1987) with engineer Erik Reitzel, La Defense, Puteaux, France. French architect Paul Andreu completed the construction of the monument with engineer Erik Reitzel after the resignation of the Danish architect in 1986. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC13_Paris_MC041.jpg
  • La Grande Arche de la Defense, 1985 - 1989, by Johann Otto von Spreckelsen (1929-1987) with engineer Erik Reitzel, La Defense, Puteaux, France. French architect Paul Andreu completed the construction of the monument with engineer Erik Reitzel after the resignation of the Danish architect in 1986. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC13_Paris_MC042.jpg
  • La Grande Arche de la Defense, 1985 - 1989, by Johann Otto von Spreckelsen (1929-1987) with engineer Erik Reitzel, La Defense, Puteaux, France. French architect Paul Andreu completed the construction of the monument with engineer Erik Reitzel after the resignation of the Danish architect in 1986. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC13_Paris_MC034.jpg
  • Pool of the Esplanade General de Gaulle reflecting Tour Coeur Defense, 2001, by Jean Paul Viguier and (left) Tour Total Coupole, 1985, by WZMH Architects and Cabinet Saubot-Jullien, La Defense, Courbevoie, France. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC13_Paris_MC035.jpg
  • People Rollerblading, riding  and walking on Esplanade du General de Gaulle beneath a sunny Sunday sky, Voie des Sculpteurs and La Grande Arche de la Defense, 1989 by Johann Otto von Spreckelsen, visible in the distance, La Defense, Paris, France. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC12_Paris_MC078.jpg
  • La Defense, bronze, 1883, by Louis-Ernest Barrias (1841-1905), Monument to the defenders of Paris in 1870, La Defense, Paris, France. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC12_Paris_MC122.jpg
  • La Defense, bronze, 1883, by Louis-Ernest Barrias (1841-1905), Monument to the defenders of Paris in 1870, La Defense, Paris, France. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC12_Paris_MC121.jpg
  • Undulating reflections of La Defense skyscrapers in the glass structure of a skycraper, La Defense, Paris, France. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC12_Paris_MC076.jpg
  • (Right) Les Quatre Temps shopping center, (left) Tour EDF (PB6), 1999 - 2001, by Pei Cobb Freed and Partners, Roger Saubot and Jean Rouit and, in the background, Tour Ariane, 1975, Jean de Mailly and Robert Zammit, seen from Parvis de la Defense, Puteaux, France. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC13_Paris_MC033.jpg
  • Males figures seen from the back against the sunlit sculpture, Le Bassin, 1987, Panayotis Vassilakis (Takis), Esplanade of La Defense, Paris, France. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC12_Paris_MC075.jpg
  • Tour Ariane skyscraper, 1975, Jean de Mailly and Robert Zammit, La defense, Paris, France. The aluminium curtain wall of the facade is reflecting the Place de la Pyramide lit by the early afternoon light. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC12_Paris_MC077.jpg
  • Tour Total, 1985, WZMH Architects, La Defense, Paris, France. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC12_Paris_MC074.JPG
  • GDF SUEZ building, 2008, Valode and Pistre Architectes, La Defense, Paris, France. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC12_Paris_MC072.jpg
  • GDF SUEZ building, 2008, Valode and Pistre Architectes, La Defense, Paris, France. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC12_Paris_MC071.jpg
  • Tour Areva, 1974, Roger Saubot and Francois Jullien, La Defense, Paris, France. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC12_Paris_MC070.jpg
  • Tour EDF, 2001, Pei Cobb Freed and Partners, La Defense, Paris, France. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC12_Paris_MC069.jpg
  • Tour Esplanade, SFR building, 1990, La Defense, Paris, France. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC12_Paris_MC073.jpg
  • L'Araignee Rouge or Le Grand Stabile Rouge (The Red Spider), monumental sculpture, steel, 1976, by Alexander Calder, and, in the background, Tour Total Coupole, 1985, by WZMH Architects and Cabinet Saubot-Jullien, La Defense, Courbevoie, France. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC13_Paris_MC039.jpg
  • Tour Initiale (priorly Tour Nobel), 1966, by Jean de Mailly and Jacques Depusse, renovated in 2003 by Valode et Pistre, La Defense, Puteaux, France. Eiffel Tower visible in the distance (right). Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC13_Paris_MC038.jpg
  • Logotype, Centre des nouvelles industries et technologies, CNIT (Center of New Industries and Technologies), convention center, 1958, La Defense, Puteaux, France. The original building designed by Robert Camelot, Jean de Mailly, Bernard Zehrfuss, Nicolas Esquillan, Jean Prouve was remodelled in 1988 by Andrault et Parrat (ANPAR), Ennio Torrieri and Bernard Lamy and, in 2009 by Cuno Brullmann and Jean Luc Crochon with Pierre Parrat. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC13_Paris_MC029.jpg
  • Crane, seen against Tour First (CB31, Tour Assur, Tour UAP, Tour AXA), La Defense, Courbevoie, France. The tower was initially built in 1974 by Bouygues with architects Michel Stenzel, Pierre Dufau, Jean Pierre Dacbert. In 2007 began a large-scale renovation by Kohn Pedersen Fox Associates (KPF) and SRA Architects that was completed in 2011 with the currently tallest skyscraper in France. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC13_Paris_MC027.jpg
  • Logotype, Tour EDF (PB6), 1999 - 2001, by Pei Cobb Freed and Partners, Roger Saubot and Jean Rouit, La Defense, Puteaux, France. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC13_Paris_MC031.jpg
  • (Right) Tour EDF (PB6), 1999 - 2001, by Pei Cobb Freed and Partners, Roger Saubot and Jean Rouit, (left) Tour Ariane, 1975, Jean de Mailly and Robert Zammit, La Defense, Puteaux, France. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC13_Paris_MC032.jpg
  • Tours Chassagne et Alicante or Tours de la Societe Generale, 1995, by Michel Andrault and Pierre Parat, La Defense, Nanterre, France. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC13_Paris_MC040.jpg
  • Skyscrapers and Grande Arche reflected in a metallic sphere, La Defense, Paris, France. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC12_Paris_MC123.jpg
  • Centre of New Industries and Technologies, or Centre des Nouvelles Industries et Technologies, known as Le CNIT, designed by Robert Edouard Camelot, Jean de Mailly and Bernard Zehrfuss, and the engineers Jean Prouve and  Nicolas Esquillan, and built 1956-58, at La Defense, Paris, France. In 1988 the interior of the building was completely rebuilt, and it now holds a conference centre, shops, offices, a hotel and a business school. Reflected in its glass facade is the Grande Arche de la Defense, designed by Johann Otto von Spreckelsen and built 1985-89. La Defense is Europe's largest purpose-built business district, situated just outside the city of Paris. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC16_FRANCE_MC_0663.jpg
  • Sculpture of Sisyphus, 1993, by Hans Marks, on the Avenue Charles de Gaulle in Neuilly-sur-Seine in the suburbs of Paris, France. Sisyphus is depicted rolling his boulder up a hill in Hades. In the distance are the towers and the Grande Arche de la Defense. La Defense is a business district to the West of Paris. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC19_PARIS_MC_1213.jpg
  • Sculpture of Sisyphus, 1993, by Hans Marks, on the Avenue Charles de Gaulle in Neuilly-sur-Seine in the suburbs of Paris, France. Sisyphus is depicted rolling his boulder up a hill in Hades. In the distance are the towers and the Grande Arche de la Defense. La Defense is a business district to the West of Paris. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC19_PARIS_MC_1212.jpg
  • Giant logo of the Centre of New Industries and Technologies, or Centre des Nouvelles Industries et Technologies, known as Le CNIT, designed by Robert Edouard Camelot, Jean de Mailly and Bernard Zehrfuss, and the engineers Jean Prouve and Nicolas Esquillan, and built 1956-58, at La Defense, Paris, France. In 1988 the interior of the building was completely rebuilt, and it now holds a conference centre, shops, offices, a hotel and a business school. La Defense is Europe's largest purpose-built business district, situated just outside the city of Paris. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC16_FRANCE_MC_0664.jpg
  • Letter stamped Confidential and dated 6th December 1943, regarding the organisation of Special Services, from Henri Giraud, Commander in Chief of French Armed Forces, to General de Gaulle, President of the Comite d'Action en France, who jointly set up the Comite Francais de la Liberation Nationale, or French Committee of National Liberation or CFLN, a provisional government of Free France, from the collection of the Service Historique de La Defense, at the Chateau de Vincennes, Vincennes, Paris, France. The collection includes documents of the Vichy government detailing spying activities of the French Secret Services on the German Nazi regime. The Centre Historique des Archives at Vincennes forms part of the SHD, which stores the archives of the Ministry of Defence and its armed forces. It was set up by decree in 2005. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC_HISTORY_MC_0291.jpg
  • Fourth and final page of a letter marked Secret signed by Paul Rivet, head of the Services des Renseignements et de Securite Militaire, stressing the integrity of the French armed forces and decrying collaborationists, dated 8 November 1943, from the collection of the Service Historique de La Defense, at the Chateau de Vincennes, Vincennes, Paris, France. The collection includes documents of the Vichy government detailing spying activities of the French Secret Services on the German Nazi regime. The Centre Historique des Archives at Vincennes forms part of the SHD, which stores the archives of the Ministry of Defence and its armed forces. It was set up by decree in 2005. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC_HISTORY_MC_0290.jpg
  • Second page of a letter marked Secret written by Paul Rivet, head of the Services des Renseignements et de Securite Militaire, stressing the integrity of the French armed forces and decrying collaborationists, dated 8 November 1943, from the collection of the Service Historique de La Defense, at the Chateau de Vincennes, Vincennes, Paris, France. The collection includes documents of the Vichy government detailing spying activities of the French Secret Services on the German Nazi regime. The Centre Historique des Archives at Vincennes forms part of the SHD, which stores the archives of the Ministry of Defence and its armed forces. It was set up by decree in 2005. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC_HISTORY_MC_0288.jpg
  • Document stamped Secret produced by the Services de Renseignements et d'Action regarding the Comite Francais de la Liberation Nationale, or French Committee of National Liberation or CFLN, a provisional government of Free France, from the collection of the Service Historique de La Defense, at the Chateau de Vincennes, Vincennes, Paris, France. The collection includes documents of the Vichy government detailing spying activities of the French Secret Services on the German Nazi regime. The Centre Historique des Archives at Vincennes forms part of the SHD, which stores the archives of the Ministry of Defence and its armed forces. It was set up by decree in 2005. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC_HISTORY_MC_0286.jpg
  • File with document marked Top Secret and dated 18th September 1943, outlining the situation of the Service des Renseignements on that date, and note stating that the file was handed in by Paul Rivet in April 1944 to Colonel de Villeneuve, from the collection of the Service Historique de La Defense, at the Chateau de Vincennes, Vincennes, Paris, France. The collection includes documents of the Vichy government detailing spying activities of the French Secret Services on the German Nazi regime. The Centre Historique des Archives at Vincennes forms part of the SHD, which stores the archives of the Ministry of Defence and its armed forces. It was set up by decree in 2005. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC_HISTORY_MC_0284.jpg
  • Page, dated 19th June 1943, from the file of the Service des Renseignements on the conflict between Paul Rivet and Jacques Soustelle and the subordination of the SR (Paul Rivet was the director of the SRSM or Services de Renseignements et de Securite Militaire) to the DGSS (Soustelle was the head of the Special Services of Free France or DGSS), 1943-44, from the collection of the Service Historique de La Defense, at the Chateau de Vincennes, Vincennes, Paris, France. The collection includes documents of the Vichy government detailing spying activities of the French Secret Services on the German Nazi regime. The Centre Historique des Archives at Vincennes forms part of the SHD, which stores the archives of the Ministry of Defence and its armed forces. It was set up by decree in 2005. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC_HISTORY_MC_0281.jpg
  • Page, dated 22nd October 1943, with a note to forward information to Rivet (and signed by Rivet), from the file of the Service des Renseignements on the conflict between Paul Rivet and Jacques Soustelle and the subordination of the SR (Paul Rivet was the director of the SRSM or Services de Renseignements et de Securite Militaire) to the DGSS (Soustelle was the head of the Special Services of Free France or DGSS), 1943-44, from the collection of the Service Historique de La Defense, at the Chateau de Vincennes, Vincennes, Paris, France. The collection includes documents of the Vichy government detailing spying activities of the French Secret Services on the German Nazi regime. The Centre Historique des Archives at Vincennes forms part of the SHD, which stores the archives of the Ministry of Defence and its armed forces. It was set up by decree in 2005. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC_HISTORY_MC_0283.jpg
  • Page, dated 14th July 1943, with a note for Rivet from Lieutenant Colonel Berroeta, from the file of the Service des Renseignements on the conflict between Paul Rivet and Jacques Soustelle and the subordination of the SR (Paul Rivet was the director of the SRSM or Services de Renseignements et de Securite Militaire) to the DGSS (Soustelle was the head of the Special Services of Free France or DGSS), 1943-44, from the collection of the Service Historique de La Defense, at the Chateau de Vincennes, Vincennes, Paris, France. The collection includes documents of the Vichy government detailing spying activities of the French Secret Services on the German Nazi regime. The Centre Historique des Archives at Vincennes forms part of the SHD, which stores the archives of the Ministry of Defence and its armed forces. It was set up by decree in 2005. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC_HISTORY_MC_0282.jpg
  • File detailing 'Activites de crise et de guerre' from 1936-39, and a handwritten letter dated 15th October 1952 by Paul Rivet (director of the SRSM or Services de Renseignements et de Securite Militaire), from the collection of the Service Historique de La Defense, at the Chateau de Vincennes, Vincennes, Paris, France. The collection includes documents of the Vichy government detailing spying activities of the French Secret Services on the German Nazi regime. The Centre Historique des Archives at Vincennes forms part of the SHD, which stores the archives of the Ministry of Defence and its armed forces. It was set up by decree in 2005. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC_HISTORY_MC_0279.jpg
  • Map of France detailing the various Services de Renseignements or Information Services during the Second World War, marked Top Secret, from the collection of the Service Historique de La Defense, at the Chateau de Vincennes, Vincennes, Paris, France. The collection includes documents of the Vichy government detailing spying activities of the French Secret Services on the German Nazi regime. The Centre Historique des Archives at Vincennes forms part of the SHD, which stores the archives of the Ministry of Defence and its armed forces. It was set up by decree in 2005. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC_HISTORY_MC_0277.jpg
  • Page from the file on the German armoured divisions from 1940-43, listing their movements and equipment, dated 1st February 1940 and stamped Secret, from the collection of the Service Historique de La Defense, at the Chateau de Vincennes, Vincennes, Paris, France. The collection includes documents of the Vichy government detailing spying activities of the French Secret Services on the German Nazi regime. The Centre Historique des Archives at Vincennes forms part of the SHD, which stores the archives of the Ministry of Defence and its armed forces. It was set up by decree in 2005. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC_HISTORY_MC_0275.jpg
  • Handwriting indicating Top Secret classification on the back of a map of France detailing the various Services de Renseignements or Information Services during the Second World War, marked Top Secret, from the collection of the Service Historique de La Defense, at the Chateau de Vincennes, Vincennes, Paris, France. The collection includes documents of the Vichy government detailing spying activities of the French Secret Services on the German Nazi regime. The Centre Historique des Archives at Vincennes forms part of the SHD, which stores the archives of the Ministry of Defence and its armed forces. It was set up by decree in 2005. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC_HISTORY_MC_0278.jpg
  • Report on the use of intelligence agents abroad by the Bureau des Menees Antinationales or BMA or Bureau of Anti-national Activities, which was set up during the Second World War to protect the military armistice, and dealt with military intelligence, dated 4th December 1940 and stamped Top Secret, from the collection of the Service Historique de La Defense, at the Chateau de Vincennes, Vincennes, Paris, France. The collection includes documents of the Vichy government detailing spying activities of the French Secret Services on the German Nazi regime. The Centre Historique des Archives at Vincennes forms part of the SHD, which stores the archives of the Ministry of Defence and its armed forces. It was set up by decree in 2005. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC_HISTORY_MC_0276.jpg
  • Cover of the employment booklet of Colonel Georges Ronin, 1894-1954, head of the Service de Renseignements Air, the Air Force intelligence service, from the collection of the Service Historique de La Defense, at the Chateau de Vincennes, Vincennes, Paris, France. The collection includes documents of the Vichy government detailing spying activities of the French Secret Services on the German Nazi regime. The Centre Historique des Archives at Vincennes forms part of the SHD, which stores the archives of the Ministry of Defence and its armed forces. It was set up by decree in 2005. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC_HISTORY_MC_0273.jpg
  • File on the German armoured divisions from 1940-43, from the collection of the Service Historique de La Defense, at the Chateau de Vincennes, Vincennes, Paris, France. The collection includes documents of the Vichy government detailing spying activities of the French Secret Services on the German Nazi regime. The Centre Historique des Archives at Vincennes forms part of the SHD, which stores the archives of the Ministry of Defence and its armed forces. It was set up by decree in 2005. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC_HISTORY_MC_0274.jpg
  • Page from the personnel file of Colonel Georges Ronin, 1894-1954, head of the Service de Renseignements Air, the Air Force intelligence service, listing his activities from 1934-54, from the collection of the Service Historique de La Defense, at the Chateau de Vincennes, Vincennes, Paris, France. The collection includes documents of the Vichy government detailing spying activities of the French Secret Services on the German Nazi regime. The Centre Historique des Archives at Vincennes forms part of the SHD, which stores the archives of the Ministry of Defence and its armed forces. It was set up by decree in 2005. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC_HISTORY_MC_0272.jpg
  • Top Secret Vichy regime file with instructions for the organisation of the STR or Service Technique de Recherches, from the collection of the Service Historique de La Defense, at the Chateau de Vincennes, Vincennes, Paris, France. The collection includes documents of the Vichy government detailing spying activities of the French Secret Services on the German Nazi regime. The Centre Historique des Archives at Vincennes forms part of the SHD, which stores the archives of the Ministry of Defence and its armed forces. It was set up by decree in 2005. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC_HISTORY_MC_0268.jpg
  • Page from a Top Secret Vichy regime file with diagram of the hierarchical structure of the employees of the STR or Service Technique de Recherches, from the collection of the Service Historique de La Defense, at the Chateau de Vincennes, Vincennes, Paris, France. The collection includes documents of the Vichy government detailing spying activities of the French Secret Services on the German Nazi regime. The Centre Historique des Archives at Vincennes forms part of the SHD, which stores the archives of the Ministry of Defence and its armed forces. It was set up by decree in 2005. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC_HISTORY_MC_0270.jpg
  • Top Secret document listing 5 volumes of a report dated 1930-42, into information technology during the Second World War by the EMA or Ecole Militaire d'Administration and the SR or Service des Renseignements, including the study of the Enigma Machine, a cipher machine using complex coding to protect military communications, from the collection of the Service Historique de La Defense, at the Chateau de Vincennes, Vincennes, Paris, France. The collection includes documents of the Vichy government detailing spying activities of the French Secret Services on the German Nazi regime. The Centre Historique des Archives at Vincennes forms part of the SHD, which stores the archives of the Ministry of Defence and its armed forces. It was set up by decree in 2005. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC_HISTORY_MC_0267.jpg
  • Historical summary of telegraphy on p143 of Volume II of a report by the EMA or Ecole Militaire d'Administration and the SR or Service des Renseignements, on the study of the Enigma Machine, a cipher machine using complex coding to protect military communications, dated 1931-42, from the collection of the Service Historique de La Defense, at the Chateau de Vincennes, Vincennes, Paris, France. The collection includes documents of the Vichy government detailing spying activities of the French Secret Services on the German Nazi regime. The Centre Historique des Archives at Vincennes forms part of the SHD, which stores the archives of the Ministry of Defence and its armed forces. It was set up by decree in 2005. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC_HISTORY_MC_0263.jpg
  • Historical summary of telegraphy on p143 of Volume II of a report by the EMA or Ecole Militaire d'Administration and the SR or Service des Renseignements, on the study of the Enigma Machine, a cipher machine using complex coding to protect military communications, dated 1931-42, from the collection of the Service Historique de La Defense, at the Chateau de Vincennes, Vincennes, Paris, France. The collection includes documents of the Vichy government detailing spying activities of the French Secret Services on the German Nazi regime. The Centre Historique des Archives at Vincennes forms part of the SHD, which stores the archives of the Ministry of Defence and its armed forces. It was set up by decree in 2005. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC_HISTORY_MC_0265.jpg
  • Contents page on p142 of Volume II of a report by the EMA or Ecole Militaire d'Administration and the SR or Service des Renseignements, on the study of the Enigma Machine, a cipher machine using complex coding to protect military communications, dated 1931-42, from the collection of the Service Historique de La Defense, at the Chateau de Vincennes, Vincennes, Paris, France. The collection includes documents of the Vichy government detailing spying activities of the French Secret Services on the German Nazi regime. The Centre Historique des Archives at Vincennes forms part of the SHD, which stores the archives of the Ministry of Defence and its armed forces. It was set up by decree in 2005. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC_HISTORY_MC_0264.jpg
  • Contents page on p142 of Volume II of a report by the EMA or Ecole Militaire d'Administration and the SR or Service des Renseignements, on the study of the Enigma Machine, a cipher machine using complex coding to protect military communications, dated 1931-42, from the collection of the Service Historique de La Defense, at the Chateau de Vincennes, Vincennes, Paris, France. The collection includes documents of the Vichy government detailing spying activities of the French Secret Services on the German Nazi regime. The Centre Historique des Archives at Vincennes forms part of the SHD, which stores the archives of the Ministry of Defence and its armed forces. It was set up by decree in 2005. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC_HISTORY_MC_0262.jpg
  • File stamped Top Secret of Volume II of a report by the EMA or Ecole Militaire d'Administration and the SR or Services des Renseignements, on the study of the Enigma Machine, a cipher machine using complex coding to protect military communications, dated 1931-42, from the collection of the Service Historique de La Defense, at the Chateau de Vincennes, Vincennes, Paris, France. The collection includes documents of the Vichy government detailing spying activities of the French Secret Services on the German Nazi regime. The Centre Historique des Archives at Vincennes forms part of the SHD, which stores the archives of the Ministry of Defence and its armed forces. It was set up by decree in 2005. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC_HISTORY_MC_0261.jpg
  • Remnants of documents including translated surveillance reports on French citizens, which were burnt by the Germans before they retreated from Paris when defeat was imminent, from the collection of the Service Historique de La Defense, at the Chateau de Vincennes, Vincennes, Paris, France. The collection includes documents of the Vichy government detailing spying activities of the French Secret Services on the German Nazi regime. The Centre Historique des Archives at Vincennes forms part of the SHD, which stores the archives of the Ministry of Defence and its armed forces. It was set up by decree in 2005. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC_HISTORY_MC_0260.jpg
  • Form dated 22nd May 1945, documenting the detention of Mathilde Carre, 1908-2007, known as La Chatte or Pussy, code name Victoire, a French double agent of the 'Reseau Interallie' during the Second World War, who was detained in London in July 1942, from the collection of the Service Historique de La Defense, at the Chateau de Vincennes, Vincennes, Paris, France. The collection includes documents of the Vichy government detailing spying activities of the French Secret Services on the German Nazi regime. The Centre Historique des Archives at Vincennes forms part of the SHD, which stores the archives of the Ministry of Defence and its armed forces. It was set up by decree in 2005. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC_HISTORY_MC_0258.jpg
  • Remnants of papers, including passports, photographs, identity documents and details of French citizens who were under surveillance, which were burnt by the Germans before they retreated from Paris when defeat was imminent,  from the collection of the Service Historique de La Defense, at the Chateau de Vincennes, Vincennes, Paris, France. The collection includes documents of the Vichy government detailing spying activities of the French Secret Services on the German Nazi regime. The Centre Historique des Archives at Vincennes forms part of the SHD, which stores the archives of the Ministry of Defence and its armed forces. It was set up by decree in 2005. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC_HISTORY_MC_0259.jpg
  • Page from the file on Mathilde Carre, 1908-2007, known as La Chatte or Pussy, code name Victoire, a French double agent of the 'Reseau Interallie' during the Second World War, by the Direction des Services de Documentation, dated 1st June 1945, from the collection of the Service Historique de La Defense, at the Chateau de Vincennes, Vincennes, Paris, France. The collection includes documents of the Vichy government detailing spying activities of the French Secret Services on the German Nazi regime. The Centre Historique des Archives at Vincennes forms part of the SHD, which stores the archives of the Ministry of Defence and its armed forces. It was set up by decree in 2005. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC_HISTORY_MC_0256.jpg
  • Order de Bataille T R, document stamped Top Secret and dated 20th April 1942, listing the battle plan and regimental commanders, from the collection of the Service Historique de La Defense, at the Chateau de Vincennes, Vincennes, Paris, France. The collection includes documents of the Vichy government detailing spying activities of the French Secret Services on the German Nazi regime. The Centre Historique des Archives at Vincennes forms part of the SHD, which stores the archives of the Ministry of Defence and its armed forces. It was set up by decree in 2005. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC_HISTORY_MC_0253.jpg
  • Note de Service (pour les Chefs de Section), stamped Top Secret and dated 22nd July 1940, regarding setting up the Services de Renseignements, from the collection of the Service Historique de La Defense, at the Chateau de Vincennes, Vincennes, Paris, France. This document was written by the BMA, or Bureau des Menees Antinationales or Bureau of Anti-national Activities, which was set up during the Second World War to protect the military armistice, and dealt with military intelligence. The collection includes documents of the Vichy government detailing spying activities of the French Secret Services on the German Nazi regime. The Centre Historique des Archives at Vincennes forms part of the SHD, which stores the archives of the Ministry of Defence and its armed forces. It was set up by decree in 2005. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC_HISTORY_MC_0254.jpg
  • Document stamped Confidential and dated 6th December 1943, regarding the organisation of the Direction des Services de Renseignements et de Securite Militaire, from Henri Giraud, Commander in Chief of French Armed Forces, to General de Gaulle, President of the Comite d'Action en France, who jointly set up the Comite Francais de la Liberation Nationale, or French Committee of National Liberation or CFLN, with General Charles de Gaulle, a provisional government of Free France, from the collection of the Service Historique de La Defense, at the Chateau de Vincennes, Vincennes, Paris, France. The document states that Rivet and Paillole remain in charge. The collection includes documents of the Vichy government detailing spying activities of the French Secret Services on the German Nazi regime. The Centre Historique des Archives at Vincennes forms part of the SHD, which stores the archives of the Ministry of Defence and its armed forces. It was set up by decree in 2005. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC_HISTORY_MC_0292.jpg
  • Third page of a letter marked Secret written by Paul Rivet, head of the Services des Renseignements et de Securite Militaire, stressing the integrity of the French armed forces and decrying collaborationists, dated 8 November 1943, from the collection of the Service Historique de La Defense, at the Chateau de Vincennes, Vincennes, Paris, France. The collection includes documents of the Vichy government detailing spying activities of the French Secret Services on the German Nazi regime. The Centre Historique des Archives at Vincennes forms part of the SHD, which stores the archives of the Ministry of Defence and its armed forces. It was set up by decree in 2005. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC_HISTORY_MC_0289.jpg
  • First page of a letter marked Secret written by Paul Rivet, head of the Services des Renseignements et de Securite Militaire, stressing the integrity of the French armed forces and decrying collaborationists, dated 8 November 1943, from the collection of the Service Historique de La Defense, at the Chateau de Vincennes, Vincennes, Paris, France. The collection includes documents of the Vichy government detailing spying activities of the French Secret Services on the German Nazi regime. The Centre Historique des Archives at Vincennes forms part of the SHD, which stores the archives of the Ministry of Defence and its armed forces. It was set up by decree in 2005. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC_HISTORY_MC_0287.jpg
  • Document marked Top Secret and dated 18th September 1943, outlining the situation of the Service des Renseignements on that date, handed in by Paul Rivet in April 1944 to Colonel de Villeneuve, from the collection of the Service Historique de La Defense, at the Chateau de Vincennes, Vincennes, Paris, France. The collection includes documents of the Vichy government detailing spying activities of the French Secret Services on the German Nazi regime. The Centre Historique des Archives at Vincennes forms part of the SHD, which stores the archives of the Ministry of Defence and its armed forces. It was set up by decree in 2005. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC_HISTORY_MC_0285.jpg
  • File of the Service des Renseignements on the conflict between Paul Rivet and Jacques Soustelle and the subordination of the SR (Paul Rivet was the director of the SRSM or Services de Renseignements et de Securite Militaire) to the DGSS (Soustelle was the head of the Special Services of Free France or DGSS), 1943-44, from the collection of the Service Historique de La Defense, at the Chateau de Vincennes, Vincennes, Paris, France. The collection includes documents of the Vichy government detailing spying activities of the French Secret Services on the German Nazi regime. The Centre Historique des Archives at Vincennes forms part of the SHD, which stores the archives of the Ministry of Defence and its armed forces. It was set up by decree in 2005. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC_HISTORY_MC_0280.jpg
  • Personnel file with identity photographs of Colonel Georges Ronin, 1894-1954, head of the Service de Renseignements Air, the Air Force intelligence service, from the collection of the Service Historique de La Defense, at the Chateau de Vincennes, Vincennes, Paris, France. The collection includes documents of the Vichy government detailing spying activities of the French Secret Services on the German Nazi regime. The Centre Historique des Archives at Vincennes forms part of the SHD, which stores the archives of the Ministry of Defence and its armed forces. It was set up by decree in 2005. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC_HISTORY_MC_0271.jpg
  • Page from a Top Secret Vichy regime file detailing the role of the STR or Service Technique de Recherches, from the collection of the Service Historique de La Defense, at the Chateau de Vincennes, Vincennes, Paris, France. The collection includes documents of the Vichy government detailing spying activities of the French Secret Services on the German Nazi regime. The Centre Historique des Archives at Vincennes forms part of the SHD, which stores the archives of the Ministry of Defence and its armed forces. It was set up by decree in 2005. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC_HISTORY_MC_0269.jpg
  • Top Secret document listing 5 volumes of a report dated 1930-42, into information technology during the Second World War, by General Bertrand, by the EMA or Ecole Militaire d'Administration and the SR or Service des Renseignements, including the study of the Enigma Machine, a cipher machine using complex coding to protect military communications, from the collection of the Service Historique de La Defense, at the Chateau de Vincennes, Vincennes, Paris, France. The collection includes documents of the Vichy government detailing spying activities of the French Secret Services on the German Nazi regime. The Centre Historique des Archives at Vincennes forms part of the SHD, which stores the archives of the Ministry of Defence and its armed forces. It was set up by decree in 2005. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC_HISTORY_MC_0266.jpg
  • File made by the German Secret Service on the 'Reseau Interallie', the Second World War spy network infiltrated by the French double agent Mathilde Carre, 1908-2007, known as La Chatte or Pussy, code name Victoire, dated 18th November 1941, from the collection of the Service Historique de La Defense, at the Chateau de Vincennes, Vincennes, Paris, France. The collection includes documents of the Vichy government detailing spying activities of the French Secret Services on the German Nazi regime. The Centre Historique des Archives at Vincennes forms part of the SHD, which stores the archives of the Ministry of Defence and its armed forces. It was set up by decree in 2005. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC_HISTORY_MC_0257.jpg
  • Page of a report written by British Secret Services, after the interrogation of Mathilde Carre, 1908-2007, known as La Chatte or Pussy, code name Victoire, a French double agent of the 'Reseau Interallie' during the Second World War, transmitted to the French Secret Services, from the collection of the Service Historique de La Defense, at the Chateau de Vincennes, Vincennes, Paris, France. The document is stamped Top Secret and dated 8th November 1944. The collection includes documents of the Vichy government detailing spying activities of the French Secret Services on the German Nazi regime. The Centre Historique des Archives at Vincennes forms part of the SHD, which stores the archives of the Ministry of Defence and its armed forces. It was set up by decree in 2005. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC_HISTORY_MC_0255.jpg
  • Kerak castle and its fortified walls and glacis or artificial slope of earth, viewed from the East with mountains behind, and part of the town of Karak, Kerak, Jordan. Kerak is a crusader castle begun in the 1140s under Pagan the Butler, Lord of Transjordan. It was the centre of power for Transjordan and was ruled by the crusader Renaud de Chatillon, the Ayyubids, Mamluks and Ottomans. It is a spur castle with walls protected by projecting towers and its glacis providing extra defense against the enemy. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC12_Jordan_MC295.jpg
  • Funerary monument of a Nabatean cavalryman fully equipped for the afterlife, 2nd century AD, located in the ruined interior of the East Salient in the Upper Court, Kerak castle, Jordan. Kerak is a crusader castle begun in the 1140s under Pagan the Butler, Lord of Transjordan. It was the centre of power for Transjordan and was subsequently ruled by the crusader Renaud de Chatillon, the Ayyubids, Mamluks and Ottomans. It is a spur castle with walls protected by projecting towers and its glacis providing extra defense against the enemy. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC12_Jordan_MC297.jpg
  • Kerak castle and its fortified walls and glacis or artificial slope of earth, viewed from the East, Kerak, Jordan. Kerak is a crusader castle begun in the 1140s under Pagan the Butler, Lord of Transjordan. It was the centre of power for Transjordan and was ruled by the crusader Renaud de Chatillon, the Ayyubids, Mamluks and Ottomans. It is a spur castle with walls protected by projecting towers and its glacis providing extra defense against the enemy. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC12_Jordan_MC313.jpg
  • Kerak castle and its fortified walls and glacis or artificial slope of earth, viewed from the East with mountains behind, and part of the town of Karak, Kerak, Jordan. Kerak is a crusader castle begun in the 1140s under Pagan the Butler, Lord of Transjordan. It was the centre of power for Transjordan and was subsequently ruled by the crusader Renaud de Chatillon, the Ayyubids, Mamluks and Ottomans. It is a spur castle with walls protected by projecting towers and its glacis providing extra defense against the enemy. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC12_Jordan_MC314.jpg
  • Peyrepertuse Castle or Chateau Pierre Pertuse, Cathar Castle, Duilhac-sous-Peyrepertuse, Corbieres, Aude, France. This castle consists of a Lower Castle built by the Kings of Aragon in the 11th century and a High Castle built by Louis IX in the 13th century, joined by a huge staircase. Its name means pierced rock in Occitan and it has been associated with the Counts of Narbonne and Barcelona. It is one of the "Five Sons of Carcassonne" or "cinq fils de Carcassonne" and is a listed monument historique. View from a distance showing steep cliffs which act as a natural defense. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC13_FRANCE_MC105.jpg
  • Peyrepertuse Castle or Chateau Pierre Pertuse, Cathar Castle, Duilhac-sous-Peyrepertuse, Corbieres, Aude, France. This castle consists of a Lower Castle built by the Kings of Aragon in the 11th century and a High Castle built by Louis IX in the 13th century, joined by a huge staircase. Its name means pierced rock in Occitan and it has been associated with the Counts of Narbonne and Barcelona. It is one of the "Five Sons of Carcassonne" or "cinq fils de Carcassonne" and is a listed monument historique. View from a distance showing steep cliffs which act as a natural defense. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC13_FRANCE_MC013.jpg
  • Peyrepertuse Castle or Chateau Pierre Pertuse, Cathar Castle, Duilhac-sous-Peyrepertuse, Corbieres, Aude, France. This castle consists of a Lower Castle built by the Kings of Aragon in the 11th century and a High Castle built by Louis IX in the 13th century, joined by a huge staircase. Its name means pierced rock in Occitan and it has been associated with the Counts of Narbonne and Barcelona. It is one of the "Five Sons of Carcassonne" or "cinq fils de Carcassonne" and is a listed monument historique. Panoramic view showing steep cliffs which are a natural defense. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC13_FRANCE_MC093.jpg
  • Old keep of the Lower Castle, Peyrepertuse Castle or Chateau Pierre Pertuse, Cathar Castle, Duilhac-sous-Peyrepertuse, Corbieres, Aude, France. This castle consists of a Lower Castle built by the Kings of Aragon in the 11th century and a High Castle built by Louis IX in the 13th century, joined by a huge staircase. Its name means pierced rock in Occitan and it has been associated with the Counts of Narbonne and Barcelona. It is one of the "Five Sons of Carcassonne" or "cinq fils de Carcassonne" and is a listed monument historique. This view shows the steep cliffs which are a natural defense. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC13_FRANCE_MC016.jpg
  • Chapelle San Jordi (left) and High Castle (right), Peyrepertuse Castle or Chateau Pierre Pertuse, Cathar Castle, Duilhac-sous-Peyrepertuse, Corbieres, Aude, France. This view shows the steep cliffs which are a natural defense. The castle consists of a Lower Castle built by the Kings of Aragon in the 11th century and a High Castle built by Louis IX in the 13th century, joined by a huge staircase. Its name means pierced rock in Occitan and it has been associated with the Counts of Narbonne and Barcelona. It is one of the "Five Sons of Carcassonne" or "cinq fils de Carcassonne" and is a listed monument historique. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC13_FRANCE_MC057.jpg
  • Chapelle San Jordi (left) and High Castle (right), Peyrepertuse Castle or Chateau Pierre Pertuse, Cathar Castle, Duilhac-sous-Peyrepertuse, Corbieres, Aude, France. This castle consists of a Lower Castle built by the Kings of Aragon in the 11th century and a High Castle built by Louis IX in the 13th century, joined by a huge staircase. Its name means pierced rock in Occitan and it has been associated with the Counts of Narbonne and Barcelona. It is one of the "Five Sons of Carcassonne" or "cinq fils de Carcassonne" and is a listed monument historique. This view shows the steep cliffs which are a natural defense. Evening view with golden light and moonrise. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC13_FRANCE_MC041.jpg
  • Chapelle San Jordi (left) and High Castle (right), Peyrepertuse Castle or Chateau Pierre Pertuse, Cathar Castle, Duilhac-sous-Peyrepertuse, Corbieres, Aude, France. This castle consists of a Lower Castle built by the Kings of Aragon in the 11th century and a High Castle built by Louis IX in the 13th century, joined by a huge staircase. Its name means pierced rock in Occitan and it has been associated with the Counts of Narbonne and Barcelona. It is one of the "Five Sons of Carcassonne" or "cinq fils de Carcassonne" and is a listed monument historique. This view shows the steep cliffs which are a natural defense. Evening view with moonrise. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC13_FRANCE_MC042.jpg
  • Chapelle San Jordi (left) and High Castle (right), Peyrepertuse Castle or Chateau Pierre Pertuse, Cathar Castle, Duilhac-sous-Peyrepertuse, Corbieres, Aude, France. This castle consists of a Lower Castle built by the Kings of Aragon in the 11th century and a High Castle built by Louis IX in the 13th century, joined by a huge staircase. Its name means pierced rock in Occitan and it has been associated with the Counts of Narbonne and Barcelona. It is one of the "Five Sons of Carcassonne" or "cinq fils de Carcassonne" and is a listed monument historique. This view shows the steep cliffs which are a natural defense. Evening view with golden light and moonrise. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC13_FRANCE_MC045.jpg
  • Inside Kerak castle looking through an archway, Kerak, Jordan. Kerak is a crusader castle begun in the 1140s under Pagan the Butler, Lord of Transjordan. It was the centre of power for Transjordan and was subsequently ruled by the crusader Renaud de Chatillon, the Ayyubids, Mamluks and Ottomans. It is a spur castle with walls protected by projecting towers and its glacis providing extra defense against the enemy. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC12_Jordan_MC296.jpg
  • Upper Court of the castle of Kerak, showing the Mamluk keep with its two levels of arches, Kerak, Jordan. Kerak is a crusader castle begun in the 1140s under Pagan the Butler, Lord of Transjordan. It was the centre of power for Transjordan and was subsequently ruled by the crusader Renaud de Chatillon, the Ayyubids, Mamluks and Ottomans. It is a spur castle with walls protected by projecting towers and its glacis providing extra defense against the enemy. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC12_Jordan_MC315.jpg
  • Old keep of Lower Castle, Peyrepertuse Castle or Chateau Pierre Pertuse, Cathar Castle, Duilhac-sous-Peyrepertuse, Corbieres, Aude, France. This view shows the steep cliffs which form a natural defense. The castle consists of a Lower Castle built by the Kings of Aragon in the 11th century and a High Castle built by Louis IX in the 13th century, joined by a huge staircase. Its name means pierced rock in Occitan and it has been associated with the Counts of Narbonne and Barcelona. It is one of the "Five Sons of Carcassonne" or "cinq fils de Carcassonne" and is a listed monument historique. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC13_FRANCE_MC015.jpg
  • Chapelle San Jordi (left) and High Castle (right), Peyrepertuse Castle or Chateau Pierre Pertuse, Cathar Castle, Duilhac-sous-Peyrepertuse, Corbieres, Aude, France. This castle consists of a Lower Castle built by the Kings of Aragon in the 11th century and a High Castle built by Louis IX in the 13th century, joined by a huge staircase. Its name means pierced rock in Occitan and it has been associated with the Counts of Narbonne and Barcelona. It is one of the "Five Sons of Carcassonne" or "cinq fils de Carcassonne" and is a listed monument historique. This view shows the steep cliffs which are a natural defense. Evening view with moonrise. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC13_FRANCE_MC046.jpg
  • La Defense, 1879, sculpture by Auguste Rodin, 1840-1917, remade in bronze in 2017 by the Fonderie de Coubertin in Saint-Remy-les-Chevreuse, on the staircase of La Seine Musicale, a music and performing arts centre, opened April 2017, on the Ile Seguin in the river Seine, between Boulogne-Billancourt and Sevres, in the Western suburbs of Paris, France. The statue depicts a winged woman with arms raised and fists clenched, leaning on a dying warrior, representing courage and resilience. The complex includes La Grande Seine, a large concert hall seating 6000 with a rotating solar panel fin, an auditorium for unamplified classical music, event or exhibition spaces and the Bellini Gardens. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC19_PARIS_MC_0833.jpg
  • La Defense, 1879, sculpture by Auguste Rodin, 1840-1917, remade in bronze in 2017 by the Fonderie de Coubertin in Saint-Remy-les-Chevreuse, on the staircase of La Seine Musicale, a music and performing arts centre, opened April 2017, on the Ile Seguin in the river Seine, between Boulogne-Billancourt and Sevres, in the Western suburbs of Paris, France. The statue depicts a winged woman with arms raised and fists clenched, leaning on a dying warrior, representing courage and resilience. Jean Nouvel was the lead architect from 2009 and the main buildings were designed by Shigeru Ban and Jean de Gastines. The complex includes La Grande Seine, a large concert hall seating 6000 with a rotating solar panel fin, an auditorium for unamplified classical music, event or exhibition spaces and the Bellini Gardens. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC19_PARIS_MC_0832.jpg
  • Staircase and terraces under the glass 'sails' of the Fondation Louis Vuitton, an art museum and cultural centre designed by Frank Gehry, b. 1929, and built 2008-14, next to the Jardin d'Acclimatation in the Bois de Boulogne, in the 16th arrondissement of Paris, France. In the distance are the towers of La Defense. The building resembles the sails of a boat and houses 11 galleries, an auditorium seating 350 and roof terraces. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC19_PARIS_MC_0755.jpg
  • Staircase and terraces under the glass 'sails' of the Fondation Louis Vuitton, an art museum and cultural centre designed by Frank Gehry, b. 1929, and built 2008-14, next to the Jardin d'Acclimatation in the Bois de Boulogne, in the 16th arrondissement of Paris, France. In the distance are the towers of La Defense. The building resembles the sails of a boat and houses 11 galleries, an auditorium seating 350 and roof terraces. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC19_PARIS_MC_0753.jpg
  • Ksar Ait Ben Haddou, earthen fortified city, Ounila valley, Ouarzazate province, Morocco. The ksar is a group of earthen houses surrounded by high defensive walls with corner towers, in traditional pre-Saharan style.  The village stands above the Oued Marghen river in the High Atlas and was a stop on the caravan route from the Sahara to Marrakech. It was founded in the 17th century and has been a UNESCO World Heritage Site since 1987. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LCMOROCCO_12_MC214.jpg
  • Ksar Ait Ben Haddou, earthen fortified city, Ounila valley, Ouarzazate province, Morocco. The ksar is a group of earthen houses surrounded by high defensive walls with corner towers, in traditional pre-Saharan style.  The village stands above the Oued Marghen river in the High Atlas and was a stop on the caravan route from the Sahara to Marrakech. It was founded in the 17th century and has been a UNESCO World Heritage Site since 1987. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LCMOROCCO_12_MC206.jpg
  • Ksar Ait Ben Haddou, earthen fortified city, Ounila valley, Ouarzazate province, Morocco. The ksar is a group of earthen houses surrounded by high defensive walls with corner towers, in traditional pre-Saharan style.  The village stands above the Oued Marghen river in the High Atlas and was a stop on the caravan route from the Sahara to Marrakech. It was founded in the 17th century and has been a UNESCO World Heritage Site since 1987. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LCMOROCCO_12_MC190.jpg
  • Sunlight on houses at Ksar Ait Ben Haddou, earthen fortified city, Ounila valley, Ouarzazate province, Morocco. The ksar is a group of earthen houses surrounded by high defensive walls with corner towers, in traditional pre-Saharan style.  The village stands above the Oued Marghen river in the High Atlas and was a stop on the caravan route from the Sahara to Marrakech. It was founded in the 17th century and has been a UNESCO World Heritage Site since 1987. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LCMOROCCO_12_MC185.jpg
  • Ksar Ait Ben Haddou, earthen fortified city, Ounila valley, Ouarzazate province, Morocco. The ksar is a group of earthen houses surrounded by high defensive walls with corner towers, in traditional pre-Saharan style.  The village stands above the Oued Marghen river in the High Atlas and was a stop on the caravan route from the Sahara to Marrakech. It was founded in the 17th century and has been a UNESCO World Heritage Site since 1987. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LCMOROCCO_12_MC228.jpg
  • Ksar Ait Ben Haddou, earthen fortified city, Ounila valley, Ouarzazate province, Morocco. The ksar is a group of earthen houses surrounded by high defensive walls with corner towers, in traditional pre-Saharan style.  The village stands above the Oued Marghen river in the High Atlas and was a stop on the caravan route from the Sahara to Marrakech. It was founded in the 17th century and has been a UNESCO World Heritage Site since 1987. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LCMOROCCO_12_MC227.jpg
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