manuel cohen

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  • Low angle view of the Ramparts, 10th century strong defence, from outside the village of Albarracin, Teruel, Spain, on February 13, 2006, pictured in the morning. Albarracin, a beautiful village with National Monument status overlooking the Guadalivar River, lies 28 km from Teruel, in the National Park in the Montes Universales. It is on the border of three Spanish Kingdoms: Castille, Aragon and Valencia, has been occupied for hundreds of years and is known as the Eagles` Nest because it  is built on a steep outcrop of rock surrounded by a deep gorge, a natural defence. Its buildings show  Moorish influence and even the name may derive from  the Berber clan Banu Razin who settled in the area during the 9th century. Picture by Manuel Cohen.
    LC_SPAIN_FEB06_MC002.jpg
  • General view of Cathedral and Ramparts, Albarracin, Teruel, Spain, on February 13, 2006, pictured in the morning. The Cathedral, 1572-1600, was built by Martin de Castaneda, Pierres Vedel, and Alonso del Barrio de Ajo, in the Levantine Gothic style. Albarracin, a beautiful village with National Monument status overlooking the Guadalivar River, lies 28 km from Teruel, in the National Park in the Montes Universales. It is on the border of three Spanish Kingdoms: Castille, Aragon and Valencia, has been occupied for hundreds of years and is known as the Eagles` Nest because it  is built on a steep outcrop of rock surrounded by a deep gorge, a natural defence. Its buildings show  Moorish influence and even the name may derive from  the Berber clan Banu Razin who settled in the area during the 9th century. Picture by Manuel Cohen.
    LC_SPAIN_FEB06_MC010.jpg
  • General view of the village with the Ramparts in the background, Albarracin, Teruel, Spain, on February 13, 2006, pictured in the afternoon. Albarracin, a beautiful village with National Monument status overlooking the Guadalivar River, lies 28 km from Teruel, in the National Park in the Montes Universales. It is on the border of three Spanish Kingdoms: Castille, Aragon and Valencia, has been occupied for hundreds of years and is known as the Eagles` Nest because it  is built on a steep outcrop of rock surrounded by a deep gorge, a natural defence. Its buildings show  Moorish influence and even the name may derive from  the Berber clan Banu Razin who settled in the area during the 9th century. Picture by Manuel Cohen.
    LC_SPAIN_FEB06_MC009.jpg
  • General view of Ramparts, Albarracin, Teruel, Spain, on February 13, 2006, pictured in the early morning light. Albarracin, a beautiful village with National Monument status overlooking the Guadalivar River, lies 28 km from Teruel, in the National Park in the Montes Universales. It is on the border of three Spanish Kingdoms: Castille, Aragon and Valencia, has been occupied for hundreds of years and is known as the Eagles` Nest because it  is built on a steep outcrop of rock surrounded by a deep gorge, a natural defence. Its buildings show  Moorish influence and even the name may derive from  the Berber clan Banu Razin who settled in the area during the 9th century. At the top of the village are the 10th century Moorish castle and Ramparts, reached through cobbled streets.  Picture by Manuel Cohen.
    LC_SPAIN_FEB06_MC001.jpg
  • General view of Ramparts, Albarracin, Teruel, Spain, on February 13, 2006, pictured in the afternoon. Albarracin, a beautiful village with National Monument status overlooking the Guadalivar River, lies 28 km from Teruel, in the National Park in the Montes Universales. It is on the border of three Spanish Kingdoms: Castille, Aragon and Valencia, has been occupied for hundreds of years and is known as the Eagles` Nest because it  is built on a steep outcrop of rock surrounded by a deep gorge, a natural defence. Its buildings show  Moorish influence and even the name may derive from  the Berber clan Banu Razin who settled in the area during the 9th century. Picture by Manuel Cohen.
    LC_SPAIN_FEB06_MC011.jpg
  • Cylindrical tower, Castello a Mare or Castellammare, a fortress defending the entrance to the port at Palermo, Sicily, Italy. The cylindrical tower forms part of the 15th century fort defences, and is 25m wide and 3 storeys high. Originally built in the 12th century, the fort was expanded in the 15th and 1th centuries. The site contains a Norman keep, a fortified gate or entrance, and remains of a sophisticated Renaissance star-shaped defence. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC20_ITALY_MC_109.jpg
  • Cylindrical tower and bulwark of San Giorgio, Castello a Mare or Castellammare, a fortress defending the entrance to the port at Palermo, Sicily, Italy. The cylindrical tower forms part of the 15th century fort defences, and is 25m wide and 3 storeys high. Originally built in the 12th century, the fort was expanded in the 15th and 1th centuries. The site contains a Norman keep, a fortified gate or entrance, and remains of a sophisticated Renaissance star-shaped defence. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC20_ITALY_MC_104.jpg
  • Cylindrical tower and bulwark of San Giorgio, Castello a Mare or Castellammare, a fortress defending the entrance to the port at Palermo, Sicily, Italy. The cylindrical tower forms part of the 15th century fort defences, and is 25m wide and 3 storeys high. Originally built in the 12th century, the fort was expanded in the 15th and 1th centuries. The site contains a Norman keep, a fortified gate or entrance, and remains of a sophisticated Renaissance star-shaped defence. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC20_ITALY_MC_102.jpg
  • French Military Historian, Laurent Henninger, Professor at CEHD - Château de Vincennes (Centre for History and Defence Studies) at his residence in Paris on April 18, 2009. He has participated in master classes with Bernard Gainot and Maurice Ronai. His publications include "L'utilisation des esclaves et anciens esclaves dans les armées de la guerre de Sécession américaine", (The use of slaves and former slaves in the armies of the American War of Independence), published by L'Harmattan and various articles. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    04182009_LaurentHenninger_MC005.JPG
  • French Military Historian, Laurent Henninger, Professor at CEHD - Château de Vincennes (Centre for History and Defence Studies) at his residence in Paris on April 18, 2009. He has participated in master classes with Bernard Gainot and Maurice Ronai. His publications include "L'utilisation des esclaves et anciens esclaves dans les armées de la guerre de Sécession américaine", (The use of slaves and former slaves in the armies of the American War of Independence), published by L'Harmattan and various articles. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    04182009_LaurentHenninger_MC004.JPG
  • French Military Historian, Laurent Henninger, Professor at CEHD - Château de Vincennes (Centre for History and Defence Studies) at his residence in Paris on April 18, 2009. He has participated in master classes with Bernard Gainot and Maurice Ronai. His publications include "L'utilisation des esclaves et anciens esclaves dans les armées de la guerre de Sécession américaine", (The use of slaves and former slaves in the armies of the American War of Independence), published by L'Harmattan and various articles. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    04182009_LaurentHenninger_MC003.JPG
  • French Military Historian, Laurent Henninger, Professor at CEHD - Château de Vincennes (Centre for History and Defence Studies) at his residence in Paris on April 18, 2009. He has participated in master classes with Bernard Gainot and Maurice Ronai. His publications include "L'utilisation des esclaves et anciens esclaves dans les armées de la guerre de Sécession américaine", (The use of slaves and former slaves in the armies of the American War of Independence), published by L'Harmattan and various articles. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    04182009_LaurentHenninger_MC001.JPG
  • Cylindrical tower and bulwark of San Giorgio, Castello a Mare or Castellammare, a fortress defending the entrance to the port at Palermo, Sicily, Italy. The cylindrical tower forms part of the 15th century fort defences, and is 25m wide and 3 storeys high. Originally built in the 12th century, the fort was expanded in the 15th and 1th centuries. The site contains a Norman keep, a fortified gate or entrance, and remains of a sophisticated Renaissance star-shaped defence. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC20_ITALY_MC_060.jpg
  • Ruins of the cylindrical tower, and on the right, the Arab-Norman keep, also incorporating a Spanish era building, Castello a Mare or Castellammare, a fortress defending the entrance to the port at Palermo, Sicily, Italy. The cylindrical tower forms part of the 15th century fort defences, and is 25m wide and 3 storeys high. The keep was originally on the corner of the fort and twice its current height. It has a square tower and turrets with arrow slits. Originally built in the 12th century, the fort was expanded in the 15th and 1th centuries. The site contains a Norman keep, a fortified gate or entrance, and remains of a sophisticated Renaissance star-shaped defence. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC20_ITALY_MC_120.jpg
  • French Military Historian, Laurent Henninger, Professor at CEHD - Château de Vincennes (Centre for History and Defence Studies) at his residence in Paris on April 18, 2009. He has participated in master classes with Bernard Gainot and Maurice Ronai. His publications include "L'utilisation des esclaves et anciens esclaves dans les armées de la guerre de Sécession américaine", (The use of slaves and former slaves in the armies of the American War of Independence), published by L'Harmattan and various articles. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    04182009_LaurentHenninger_MC002.JPG
  • Tour de La Madeloc, aerial view, a 13th century watchtower in the Alberes massif of the Pyrenees-Orientales, Catalogne du Nord, France. The tower was built under Jaume II King of Majorca as a defence against the Moors and the French, and is one of a network of watchtowers along the coast. In the distance is the seaside town of Banyuls-sur-Mer. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    DRN_LC20_FRANCE_MC_1012.JPG
  • Tour de La Madeloc, aerial view, a 13th century watchtower in the Alberes massif of the Pyrenees-Orientales, Catalogne du Nord, France. The tower was built under Jaume II King of Majorca as a defence against the Moors and the French, and is one of a network of watchtowers along the coast. In the distance is the seaside town of Port-Vendres. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    DRN_LC20_FRANCE_MC_1006.jpg
  • La Vanguardia newspaper, DECA (Republican anti-air defence authority) pass and DECA helmet (left-right), all from 1938, in the Barcelona Al Limit exhibition, about Barcelona's military and social history, in the bunker at MUHBA Turo de la Rovira, a regenerated heritage site on top of a 262m high hill in the suburbs of Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain. The hill houses an anti-aircraft battery from the Spanish Civil War, the Canons shantytown, municipal waterworks, quarry and abandoned military structures. The site is part of MUHBA, the Museu d'Historia de Barcelona. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC20_SPAIN_MC_464.jpg
  • Inside the fort, Castello a Mare or Castellammare, a fortress defending the entrance to the port at Palermo, Sicily, Italy. Originally built in the 12th century, the fort was expanded in the 15th and 1th centuries. The site contains a Norman keep, a fortified gate or entrance, and remains of a sophisticated Renaissance star-shaped defence. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC20_ITALY_MC_103.jpg
  • Aragonese gate, Castello a Mare or Castellammare, a fortress defending the entrance to the port at Palermo, Sicily, Italy. This gate was the main entrance to the fort and the remaining building dates to the 15th century, with 2 towers in Catalan-Aragonese style. Originally built in the 12th century, the fort was expanded in the 15th and 1th centuries. The site contains a Norman keep, a fortified gate or entrance, and remains of a sophisticated Renaissance star-shaped defence. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC20_ITALY_MC_062.jpg
  • Aragonese gate, Castello a Mare or Castellammare, a fortress defending the entrance to the port at Palermo, Sicily, Italy. This gate was the main entrance to the fort and the remaining building dates to the 15th century, with 2 towers in Catalan-Aragonese style. Originally built in the 12th century, the fort was expanded in the 15th and 1th centuries. The site contains a Norman keep, a fortified gate or entrance, and remains of a sophisticated Renaissance star-shaped defence. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC20_ITALY_MC_061.jpg
  • Defence desks in a criminal courtroom, in the new law courts or Tribunal de Paris, designed by Renzo Piano and built 2014-17 on the Avenue de la Porte de Clichy in the 17th arrondissement of Paris, France. The courtroom is lined with beech panelling, with a parquet floor and sleek white furniture. The new building contains the high court of Paris, the police court, the public prosecution service and all Parisian district courts. It is 38 storeys high and resembles 3 stacked blocks reducing in size with height on top of the main building. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC19_PARIS_MC_0705.jpg
  • Second page of a letter marked Secret written by Paul Rivet, head of the Services des Renseignements et de Securite Militaire, stressing the integrity of the French armed forces and decrying collaborationists, dated 8 November 1943, from the collection of the Service Historique de La Defense, at the Chateau de Vincennes, Vincennes, Paris, France. The collection includes documents of the Vichy government detailing spying activities of the French Secret Services on the German Nazi regime. The Centre Historique des Archives at Vincennes forms part of the SHD, which stores the archives of the Ministry of Defence and its armed forces. It was set up by decree in 2005. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC_HISTORY_MC_0288.jpg
  • File with document marked Top Secret and dated 18th September 1943, outlining the situation of the Service des Renseignements on that date, and note stating that the file was handed in by Paul Rivet in April 1944 to Colonel de Villeneuve, from the collection of the Service Historique de La Defense, at the Chateau de Vincennes, Vincennes, Paris, France. The collection includes documents of the Vichy government detailing spying activities of the French Secret Services on the German Nazi regime. The Centre Historique des Archives at Vincennes forms part of the SHD, which stores the archives of the Ministry of Defence and its armed forces. It was set up by decree in 2005. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC_HISTORY_MC_0284.jpg
  • Page, dated 19th June 1943, from the file of the Service des Renseignements on the conflict between Paul Rivet and Jacques Soustelle and the subordination of the SR (Paul Rivet was the director of the SRSM or Services de Renseignements et de Securite Militaire) to the DGSS (Soustelle was the head of the Special Services of Free France or DGSS), 1943-44, from the collection of the Service Historique de La Defense, at the Chateau de Vincennes, Vincennes, Paris, France. The collection includes documents of the Vichy government detailing spying activities of the French Secret Services on the German Nazi regime. The Centre Historique des Archives at Vincennes forms part of the SHD, which stores the archives of the Ministry of Defence and its armed forces. It was set up by decree in 2005. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC_HISTORY_MC_0281.jpg
  • Report on the use of intelligence agents abroad by the Bureau des Menees Antinationales or BMA or Bureau of Anti-national Activities, which was set up during the Second World War to protect the military armistice, and dealt with military intelligence, dated 4th December 1940 and stamped Top Secret, from the collection of the Service Historique de La Defense, at the Chateau de Vincennes, Vincennes, Paris, France. The collection includes documents of the Vichy government detailing spying activities of the French Secret Services on the German Nazi regime. The Centre Historique des Archives at Vincennes forms part of the SHD, which stores the archives of the Ministry of Defence and its armed forces. It was set up by decree in 2005. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC_HISTORY_MC_0276.jpg
  • Cover of the employment booklet of Colonel Georges Ronin, 1894-1954, head of the Service de Renseignements Air, the Air Force intelligence service, from the collection of the Service Historique de La Defense, at the Chateau de Vincennes, Vincennes, Paris, France. The collection includes documents of the Vichy government detailing spying activities of the French Secret Services on the German Nazi regime. The Centre Historique des Archives at Vincennes forms part of the SHD, which stores the archives of the Ministry of Defence and its armed forces. It was set up by decree in 2005. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC_HISTORY_MC_0273.jpg
  • File on the German armoured divisions from 1940-43, from the collection of the Service Historique de La Defense, at the Chateau de Vincennes, Vincennes, Paris, France. The collection includes documents of the Vichy government detailing spying activities of the French Secret Services on the German Nazi regime. The Centre Historique des Archives at Vincennes forms part of the SHD, which stores the archives of the Ministry of Defence and its armed forces. It was set up by decree in 2005. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC_HISTORY_MC_0274.jpg
  • Page from the personnel file of Colonel Georges Ronin, 1894-1954, head of the Service de Renseignements Air, the Air Force intelligence service, listing his activities from 1934-54, from the collection of the Service Historique de La Defense, at the Chateau de Vincennes, Vincennes, Paris, France. The collection includes documents of the Vichy government detailing spying activities of the French Secret Services on the German Nazi regime. The Centre Historique des Archives at Vincennes forms part of the SHD, which stores the archives of the Ministry of Defence and its armed forces. It was set up by decree in 2005. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC_HISTORY_MC_0272.jpg
  • Top Secret Vichy regime file with instructions for the organisation of the STR or Service Technique de Recherches, from the collection of the Service Historique de La Defense, at the Chateau de Vincennes, Vincennes, Paris, France. The collection includes documents of the Vichy government detailing spying activities of the French Secret Services on the German Nazi regime. The Centre Historique des Archives at Vincennes forms part of the SHD, which stores the archives of the Ministry of Defence and its armed forces. It was set up by decree in 2005. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC_HISTORY_MC_0268.jpg
  • Page from a Top Secret Vichy regime file with diagram of the hierarchical structure of the employees of the STR or Service Technique de Recherches, from the collection of the Service Historique de La Defense, at the Chateau de Vincennes, Vincennes, Paris, France. The collection includes documents of the Vichy government detailing spying activities of the French Secret Services on the German Nazi regime. The Centre Historique des Archives at Vincennes forms part of the SHD, which stores the archives of the Ministry of Defence and its armed forces. It was set up by decree in 2005. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC_HISTORY_MC_0270.jpg
  • Historical summary of telegraphy on p143 of Volume II of a report by the EMA or Ecole Militaire d'Administration and the SR or Service des Renseignements, on the study of the Enigma Machine, a cipher machine using complex coding to protect military communications, dated 1931-42, from the collection of the Service Historique de La Defense, at the Chateau de Vincennes, Vincennes, Paris, France. The collection includes documents of the Vichy government detailing spying activities of the French Secret Services on the German Nazi regime. The Centre Historique des Archives at Vincennes forms part of the SHD, which stores the archives of the Ministry of Defence and its armed forces. It was set up by decree in 2005. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC_HISTORY_MC_0263.jpg
  • Historical summary of telegraphy on p143 of Volume II of a report by the EMA or Ecole Militaire d'Administration and the SR or Service des Renseignements, on the study of the Enigma Machine, a cipher machine using complex coding to protect military communications, dated 1931-42, from the collection of the Service Historique de La Defense, at the Chateau de Vincennes, Vincennes, Paris, France. The collection includes documents of the Vichy government detailing spying activities of the French Secret Services on the German Nazi regime. The Centre Historique des Archives at Vincennes forms part of the SHD, which stores the archives of the Ministry of Defence and its armed forces. It was set up by decree in 2005. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC_HISTORY_MC_0265.jpg
  • Remnants of documents including translated surveillance reports on French citizens, which were burnt by the Germans before they retreated from Paris when defeat was imminent, from the collection of the Service Historique de La Defense, at the Chateau de Vincennes, Vincennes, Paris, France. The collection includes documents of the Vichy government detailing spying activities of the French Secret Services on the German Nazi regime. The Centre Historique des Archives at Vincennes forms part of the SHD, which stores the archives of the Ministry of Defence and its armed forces. It was set up by decree in 2005. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC_HISTORY_MC_0260.jpg
  • Form dated 22nd May 1945, documenting the detention of Mathilde Carre, 1908-2007, known as La Chatte or Pussy, code name Victoire, a French double agent of the 'Reseau Interallie' during the Second World War, who was detained in London in July 1942, from the collection of the Service Historique de La Defense, at the Chateau de Vincennes, Vincennes, Paris, France. The collection includes documents of the Vichy government detailing spying activities of the French Secret Services on the German Nazi regime. The Centre Historique des Archives at Vincennes forms part of the SHD, which stores the archives of the Ministry of Defence and its armed forces. It was set up by decree in 2005. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC_HISTORY_MC_0258.jpg
  • Remnants of papers, including passports, photographs, identity documents and details of French citizens who were under surveillance, which were burnt by the Germans before they retreated from Paris when defeat was imminent,  from the collection of the Service Historique de La Defense, at the Chateau de Vincennes, Vincennes, Paris, France. The collection includes documents of the Vichy government detailing spying activities of the French Secret Services on the German Nazi regime. The Centre Historique des Archives at Vincennes forms part of the SHD, which stores the archives of the Ministry of Defence and its armed forces. It was set up by decree in 2005. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC_HISTORY_MC_0259.jpg
  • Page from the file on Mathilde Carre, 1908-2007, known as La Chatte or Pussy, code name Victoire, a French double agent of the 'Reseau Interallie' during the Second World War, by the Direction des Services de Documentation, dated 1st June 1945, from the collection of the Service Historique de La Defense, at the Chateau de Vincennes, Vincennes, Paris, France. The collection includes documents of the Vichy government detailing spying activities of the French Secret Services on the German Nazi regime. The Centre Historique des Archives at Vincennes forms part of the SHD, which stores the archives of the Ministry of Defence and its armed forces. It was set up by decree in 2005. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC_HISTORY_MC_0256.jpg
  • Order de Bataille T R, document stamped Top Secret and dated 20th April 1942, listing the battle plan and regimental commanders, from the collection of the Service Historique de La Defense, at the Chateau de Vincennes, Vincennes, Paris, France. The collection includes documents of the Vichy government detailing spying activities of the French Secret Services on the German Nazi regime. The Centre Historique des Archives at Vincennes forms part of the SHD, which stores the archives of the Ministry of Defence and its armed forces. It was set up by decree in 2005. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC_HISTORY_MC_0253.jpg
  • Bastion terrace with Moorish bartizan turrets and cannon hole at the Torre de Belem or Belem Tower, built in the 16th century by Francisco de Arruda under King John II as part of a defence system at the mouth of the river Tagus and a ceremonial gateway to the city, Santa Maria de Belem, Lisbon, Portugal. The limestone tower is built in Late Gothic Manueline style, and consists of a bastion and 4 storey tower. It is listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site due to its important role during the Portuguese Age of Discoveries. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC15_LISBON_MC038.jpg
  • The Torre de Belem or Belem Tower, built in the 16th century by Francisco de Arruda under King John II as part of a defence system at the mouth of the river Tagus and a ceremonial gateway to the city, Santa Maria de Belem, Lisbon, Portugal. The limestone tower is built in Late Gothic Manueline style, and consists of a bastion terrace (left), 4 storey tower and small access bridge. It is listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site due to its important role during the Portuguese Age of Discoveries. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC15_LISBON_MC039.jpg
  • Chateau de Puivert, a Cathar castle rebuilt in the 13th and 14th centuries in Puivert, Quercob, Aude, France. This was a military castle, built for lookout and defence, and has a square keep tower 35m high, and 5 remaining towers of the original 8. The castle is privately owned and is listed as a historic monument. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC15_FRANCE_MC0152.jpg
  • Keep of the Chateau de Puivert, a Cathar castle rebuilt in the 13th and 14th centuries in Puivert, Quercob, Aude, France. This was a military castle, built for lookout and defence, and has a square keep tower 35m high, and 5 remaining towers of the original 8. The castle is privately owned and is listed as a historic monument. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC15_FRANCE_MC0156.jpg
  • Chateau de Puivert, a Cathar castle rebuilt in the 13th and 14th centuries in Puivert, Quercob, Aude, France. This was a military castle, built for lookout and defence, and has a square keep tower 35m high, and 5 remaining towers of the original 8. The castle is privately owned and is listed as a historic monument. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC15_FRANCE_MC0155.jpg
  • Chateau de Puivert, a Cathar castle rebuilt in the 13th and 14th centuries in Puivert, Quercob, Aude, France. This was a military castle, built for lookout and defence, and has a square keep tower 35m high, and 5 remaining towers of the original 8. The castle is privately owned and is listed as a historic monument. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC15_FRANCE_MC0165.jpg
  • Chateau de Puivert, a Cathar castle rebuilt in the 13th and 14th centuries in Puivert, Quercob, Aude, France. This was a military castle, built for lookout and defence, and has a square keep tower 35m high, and 5 remaining towers of the original 8. The castle is privately owned and is listed as a historic monument. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC15_FRANCE_MC0166.jpg
  • Chateau de Puivert, a Cathar castle rebuilt in the 13th and 14th centuries in Puivert, Quercob, Aude, France. This was a military castle, built for lookout and defence, and has a square keep tower 35m high, and 5 remaining towers of the original 8. The castle is privately owned and is listed as a historic monument. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC15_FRANCE_MC0168.jpg
  • Chateau de Puivert, a Cathar castle rebuilt in the 13th and 14th centuries in Puivert, Quercob, Aude, France. This was a military castle, built for lookout and defence, and has a square keep tower 35m high, and 5 remaining towers of the original 8. The castle is privately owned and is listed as a historic monument. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC15_FRANCE_MC0169.jpg
  • Chateau de Puivert, a Cathar castle rebuilt in the 13th and 14th centuries in Puivert, Quercob, Aude, France. This was a military castle, built for lookout and defence, and has a square keep tower 35m high, and 5 remaining towers of the original 8. The castle is privately owned and is listed as a historic monument. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC15_FRANCE_MC0173.jpg
  • Chateau de Puivert, a Cathar castle rebuilt in the 13th and 14th centuries in Puivert, Quercob, Aude, France. This was a military castle, built for lookout and defence, and has a square keep tower 35m high, and 5 remaining towers of the original 8. The castle is privately owned and is listed as a historic monument. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC15_FRANCE_MC0189.jpg
  • Chateau de Puivert, a Cathar castle rebuilt in the 13th and 14th centuries in Puivert, Quercob, Aude, France. This was a military castle, built for lookout and defence, and has a square keep tower 35m high, and 5 remaining towers of the original 8. The castle is privately owned and is listed as a historic monument. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC15_FRANCE_MC0190.jpg
  • Tour de La Madeloc, aerial view, a 13th century watchtower in the Alberes massif of the Pyrenees-Orientales, Catalogne du Nord, France. The tower was built under Jaume II King of Majorca as a defence against the Moors and the French, and is one of a network of watchtowers along the coast. In the distance is the seaside town of Banyuls-sur-Mer. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    DRN_LC20_FRANCE_MC_1011.JPG
  • Tour de La Madeloc, aerial view, a 13th century watchtower in the Alberes massif of the Pyrenees-Orientales, Catalogne du Nord, France. The tower was built under Jaume II King of Majorca as a defence against the Moors and the French, and is one of a network of watchtowers along the coast. In the distance are the seaside towns of Port-Vendres and Banyuls-sur-Mer. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    DRN_LC20_FRANCE_MC_1010.jpg
  • Tour de La Madeloc, aerial view, a 13th century watchtower in the Alberes massif of the Pyrenees-Orientales, Catalogne du Nord, France. The tower was built under Jaume II King of Majorca as a defence against the Moors and the French, and is one of a network of watchtowers along the coast. In the distance is the seaside town of Banyuls-sur-Mer. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    DRN_LC20_FRANCE_MC_1005.jpg
  • Aragonese gate, Castello a Mare or Castellammare, a fortress defending the entrance to the port at Palermo, Sicily, Italy. This gate was the main entrance to the fort and the remaining building dates to the 15th century, with 2 towers in Catalan-Aragonese style. Originally built in the 12th century, the fort was expanded in the 15th and 1th centuries. The site contains a Norman keep, a fortified gate or entrance, and remains of a sophisticated Renaissance star-shaped defence. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC20_ITALY_MC_110.jpg
  • Keep, Arab-Norman period, also incorporating a Spanish era building, Castello a Mare or Castellammare, a fortress defending the entrance to the port at Palermo, Sicily, Italy. The keep was originally on the corner of the fort and twice its current height. It has a square tower and turrets with arrow slits. Originally built in the 12th century, the fort was expanded in the 15th and 1th centuries. The site contains a Norman keep, a fortified gate or entrance, and remains of a sophisticated Renaissance star-shaped defence. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC20_ITALY_MC_108.JPG
  • Aragonese gate, Castello a Mare or Castellammare, a fortress defending the entrance to the port at Palermo, Sicily, Italy. This gate was the main entrance to the fort and the remaining building dates to the 15th century, with 2 towers in Catalan-Aragonese style. Originally built in the 12th century, the fort was expanded in the 15th and 1th centuries. The site contains a Norman keep, a fortified gate or entrance, and remains of a sophisticated Renaissance star-shaped defence. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC20_ITALY_MC_101.jpg
  • Keep, Arab-Norman period, also incorporating a Spanish era building, Castello a Mare or Castellammare, a fortress defending the entrance to the port at Palermo, Sicily, Italy. The keep was originally on the corner of the fort and twice its current height. It has a square tower and turrets with arrow slits. Originally built in the 12th century, the fort was expanded in the 15th and 1th centuries. The site contains a Norman keep, a fortified gate or entrance, and remains of a sophisticated Renaissance star-shaped defence. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC20_ITALY_MC_100.jpg
  • Keep, Arab-Norman period, also incorporating a Spanish era building, Castello a Mare or Castellammare, a fortress defending the entrance to the port at Palermo, Sicily, Italy. The keep was originally on the corner of the fort and twice its current height. It has a square tower and turrets with arrow slits. Originally built in the 12th century, the fort was expanded in the 15th and 1th centuries. The site contains a Norman keep, a fortified gate or entrance, and remains of a sophisticated Renaissance star-shaped defence. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC20_ITALY_MC_064.jpg
  • Keep, Arab-Norman period, also incorporating a Spanish era building, Castello a Mare or Castellammare, a fortress defending the entrance to the port at Palermo, Sicily, Italy. The keep was originally on the corner of the fort and twice its current height. It has a square tower and turrets with arrow slits. Originally built in the 12th century, the fort was expanded in the 15th and 1th centuries. The site contains a Norman keep, a fortified gate or entrance, and remains of a sophisticated Renaissance star-shaped defence. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC20_ITALY_MC_063.jpg
  • Aragonese gate, Castello a Mare or Castellammare, a fortress defending the entrance to the port at Palermo, Sicily, Italy. This gate was the main entrance to the fort and the remaining building dates to the 15th century, with 2 towers in Catalan-Aragonese style. Originally built in the 12th century, the fort was expanded in the 15th and 1th centuries. The site contains a Norman keep, a fortified gate or entrance, and remains of a sophisticated Renaissance star-shaped defence. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC20_ITALY_MC_059.jpg
  • Aragonese gate, Castello a Mare or Castellammare, a fortress defending the entrance to the port at Palermo, Sicily, Italy. This gate was the main entrance to the fort and the remaining building dates to the 15th century, with 2 towers in Catalan-Aragonese style. Originally built in the 12th century, the fort was expanded in the 15th and 1th centuries. The site contains a Norman keep, a fortified gate or entrance, and remains of a sophisticated Renaissance star-shaped defence. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC20_ITALY_MC_058.jpg
  • Moat with arched bridge and diamond shaped fortifications, and behind, the Aragonese gate, at Castello a Mare or Castellammare, a fortress defending the entrance to the port at Palermo, Sicily, Italy. This gate was the main entrance to the fort and the remaining building dates to the 15th century, with 2 towers in Catalan-Aragonese style. Originally built in the 12th century, the fort was expanded in the 15th and 1th centuries. The site contains a Norman keep, a fortified gate or entrance, and remains of a sophisticated Renaissance star-shaped defence. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC20_ITALY_MC_121.jpg
  • Defence desks in a criminal courtroom, in the new law courts or Tribunal de Paris, designed by Renzo Piano and built 2014-17 on the Avenue de la Porte de Clichy in the 17th arrondissement of Paris, France. The courtroom is lined with beech panelling, with a parquet floor and sleek white furniture. The new building contains the high court of Paris, the police court, the public prosecution service and all Parisian district courts. It is 38 storeys high and resembles 3 stacked blocks reducing in size with height on top of the main building. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC19_PARIS_MC_0704.jpg
  • Document stamped Confidential and dated 6th December 1943, regarding the organisation of the Direction des Services de Renseignements et de Securite Militaire, from Henri Giraud, Commander in Chief of French Armed Forces, to General de Gaulle, President of the Comite d'Action en France, who jointly set up the Comite Francais de la Liberation Nationale, or French Committee of National Liberation or CFLN, with General Charles de Gaulle, a provisional government of Free France, from the collection of the Service Historique de La Defense, at the Chateau de Vincennes, Vincennes, Paris, France. The document states that Rivet and Paillole remain in charge. The collection includes documents of the Vichy government detailing spying activities of the French Secret Services on the German Nazi regime. The Centre Historique des Archives at Vincennes forms part of the SHD, which stores the archives of the Ministry of Defence and its armed forces. It was set up by decree in 2005. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC_HISTORY_MC_0292.jpg
  • Letter stamped Confidential and dated 6th December 1943, regarding the organisation of Special Services, from Henri Giraud, Commander in Chief of French Armed Forces, to General de Gaulle, President of the Comite d'Action en France, who jointly set up the Comite Francais de la Liberation Nationale, or French Committee of National Liberation or CFLN, a provisional government of Free France, from the collection of the Service Historique de La Defense, at the Chateau de Vincennes, Vincennes, Paris, France. The collection includes documents of the Vichy government detailing spying activities of the French Secret Services on the German Nazi regime. The Centre Historique des Archives at Vincennes forms part of the SHD, which stores the archives of the Ministry of Defence and its armed forces. It was set up by decree in 2005. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC_HISTORY_MC_0291.jpg
  • Fourth and final page of a letter marked Secret signed by Paul Rivet, head of the Services des Renseignements et de Securite Militaire, stressing the integrity of the French armed forces and decrying collaborationists, dated 8 November 1943, from the collection of the Service Historique de La Defense, at the Chateau de Vincennes, Vincennes, Paris, France. The collection includes documents of the Vichy government detailing spying activities of the French Secret Services on the German Nazi regime. The Centre Historique des Archives at Vincennes forms part of the SHD, which stores the archives of the Ministry of Defence and its armed forces. It was set up by decree in 2005. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC_HISTORY_MC_0290.jpg
  • Third page of a letter marked Secret written by Paul Rivet, head of the Services des Renseignements et de Securite Militaire, stressing the integrity of the French armed forces and decrying collaborationists, dated 8 November 1943, from the collection of the Service Historique de La Defense, at the Chateau de Vincennes, Vincennes, Paris, France. The collection includes documents of the Vichy government detailing spying activities of the French Secret Services on the German Nazi regime. The Centre Historique des Archives at Vincennes forms part of the SHD, which stores the archives of the Ministry of Defence and its armed forces. It was set up by decree in 2005. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC_HISTORY_MC_0289.jpg
  • Document stamped Secret produced by the Services de Renseignements et d'Action regarding the Comite Francais de la Liberation Nationale, or French Committee of National Liberation or CFLN, a provisional government of Free France, from the collection of the Service Historique de La Defense, at the Chateau de Vincennes, Vincennes, Paris, France. The collection includes documents of the Vichy government detailing spying activities of the French Secret Services on the German Nazi regime. The Centre Historique des Archives at Vincennes forms part of the SHD, which stores the archives of the Ministry of Defence and its armed forces. It was set up by decree in 2005. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC_HISTORY_MC_0286.jpg
  • First page of a letter marked Secret written by Paul Rivet, head of the Services des Renseignements et de Securite Militaire, stressing the integrity of the French armed forces and decrying collaborationists, dated 8 November 1943, from the collection of the Service Historique de La Defense, at the Chateau de Vincennes, Vincennes, Paris, France. The collection includes documents of the Vichy government detailing spying activities of the French Secret Services on the German Nazi regime. The Centre Historique des Archives at Vincennes forms part of the SHD, which stores the archives of the Ministry of Defence and its armed forces. It was set up by decree in 2005. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC_HISTORY_MC_0287.jpg
  • Document marked Top Secret and dated 18th September 1943, outlining the situation of the Service des Renseignements on that date, handed in by Paul Rivet in April 1944 to Colonel de Villeneuve, from the collection of the Service Historique de La Defense, at the Chateau de Vincennes, Vincennes, Paris, France. The collection includes documents of the Vichy government detailing spying activities of the French Secret Services on the German Nazi regime. The Centre Historique des Archives at Vincennes forms part of the SHD, which stores the archives of the Ministry of Defence and its armed forces. It was set up by decree in 2005. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC_HISTORY_MC_0285.jpg
  • Page, dated 22nd October 1943, with a note to forward information to Rivet (and signed by Rivet), from the file of the Service des Renseignements on the conflict between Paul Rivet and Jacques Soustelle and the subordination of the SR (Paul Rivet was the director of the SRSM or Services de Renseignements et de Securite Militaire) to the DGSS (Soustelle was the head of the Special Services of Free France or DGSS), 1943-44, from the collection of the Service Historique de La Defense, at the Chateau de Vincennes, Vincennes, Paris, France. The collection includes documents of the Vichy government detailing spying activities of the French Secret Services on the German Nazi regime. The Centre Historique des Archives at Vincennes forms part of the SHD, which stores the archives of the Ministry of Defence and its armed forces. It was set up by decree in 2005. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC_HISTORY_MC_0283.jpg
  • File of the Service des Renseignements on the conflict between Paul Rivet and Jacques Soustelle and the subordination of the SR (Paul Rivet was the director of the SRSM or Services de Renseignements et de Securite Militaire) to the DGSS (Soustelle was the head of the Special Services of Free France or DGSS), 1943-44, from the collection of the Service Historique de La Defense, at the Chateau de Vincennes, Vincennes, Paris, France. The collection includes documents of the Vichy government detailing spying activities of the French Secret Services on the German Nazi regime. The Centre Historique des Archives at Vincennes forms part of the SHD, which stores the archives of the Ministry of Defence and its armed forces. It was set up by decree in 2005. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC_HISTORY_MC_0280.jpg
  • Page, dated 14th July 1943, with a note for Rivet from Lieutenant Colonel Berroeta, from the file of the Service des Renseignements on the conflict between Paul Rivet and Jacques Soustelle and the subordination of the SR (Paul Rivet was the director of the SRSM or Services de Renseignements et de Securite Militaire) to the DGSS (Soustelle was the head of the Special Services of Free France or DGSS), 1943-44, from the collection of the Service Historique de La Defense, at the Chateau de Vincennes, Vincennes, Paris, France. The collection includes documents of the Vichy government detailing spying activities of the French Secret Services on the German Nazi regime. The Centre Historique des Archives at Vincennes forms part of the SHD, which stores the archives of the Ministry of Defence and its armed forces. It was set up by decree in 2005. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC_HISTORY_MC_0282.jpg
  • File detailing 'Activites de crise et de guerre' from 1936-39, and a handwritten letter dated 15th October 1952 by Paul Rivet (director of the SRSM or Services de Renseignements et de Securite Militaire), from the collection of the Service Historique de La Defense, at the Chateau de Vincennes, Vincennes, Paris, France. The collection includes documents of the Vichy government detailing spying activities of the French Secret Services on the German Nazi regime. The Centre Historique des Archives at Vincennes forms part of the SHD, which stores the archives of the Ministry of Defence and its armed forces. It was set up by decree in 2005. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC_HISTORY_MC_0279.jpg
  • Map of France detailing the various Services de Renseignements or Information Services during the Second World War, marked Top Secret, from the collection of the Service Historique de La Defense, at the Chateau de Vincennes, Vincennes, Paris, France. The collection includes documents of the Vichy government detailing spying activities of the French Secret Services on the German Nazi regime. The Centre Historique des Archives at Vincennes forms part of the SHD, which stores the archives of the Ministry of Defence and its armed forces. It was set up by decree in 2005. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC_HISTORY_MC_0277.jpg
  • Page from the file on the German armoured divisions from 1940-43, listing their movements and equipment, dated 1st February 1940 and stamped Secret, from the collection of the Service Historique de La Defense, at the Chateau de Vincennes, Vincennes, Paris, France. The collection includes documents of the Vichy government detailing spying activities of the French Secret Services on the German Nazi regime. The Centre Historique des Archives at Vincennes forms part of the SHD, which stores the archives of the Ministry of Defence and its armed forces. It was set up by decree in 2005. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC_HISTORY_MC_0275.jpg
  • Handwriting indicating Top Secret classification on the back of a map of France detailing the various Services de Renseignements or Information Services during the Second World War, marked Top Secret, from the collection of the Service Historique de La Defense, at the Chateau de Vincennes, Vincennes, Paris, France. The collection includes documents of the Vichy government detailing spying activities of the French Secret Services on the German Nazi regime. The Centre Historique des Archives at Vincennes forms part of the SHD, which stores the archives of the Ministry of Defence and its armed forces. It was set up by decree in 2005. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC_HISTORY_MC_0278.jpg
  • Personnel file with identity photographs of Colonel Georges Ronin, 1894-1954, head of the Service de Renseignements Air, the Air Force intelligence service, from the collection of the Service Historique de La Defense, at the Chateau de Vincennes, Vincennes, Paris, France. The collection includes documents of the Vichy government detailing spying activities of the French Secret Services on the German Nazi regime. The Centre Historique des Archives at Vincennes forms part of the SHD, which stores the archives of the Ministry of Defence and its armed forces. It was set up by decree in 2005. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC_HISTORY_MC_0271.jpg
  • Page from a Top Secret Vichy regime file detailing the role of the STR or Service Technique de Recherches, from the collection of the Service Historique de La Defense, at the Chateau de Vincennes, Vincennes, Paris, France. The collection includes documents of the Vichy government detailing spying activities of the French Secret Services on the German Nazi regime. The Centre Historique des Archives at Vincennes forms part of the SHD, which stores the archives of the Ministry of Defence and its armed forces. It was set up by decree in 2005. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC_HISTORY_MC_0269.jpg
  • Top Secret document listing 5 volumes of a report dated 1930-42, into information technology during the Second World War by the EMA or Ecole Militaire d'Administration and the SR or Service des Renseignements, including the study of the Enigma Machine, a cipher machine using complex coding to protect military communications, from the collection of the Service Historique de La Defense, at the Chateau de Vincennes, Vincennes, Paris, France. The collection includes documents of the Vichy government detailing spying activities of the French Secret Services on the German Nazi regime. The Centre Historique des Archives at Vincennes forms part of the SHD, which stores the archives of the Ministry of Defence and its armed forces. It was set up by decree in 2005. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC_HISTORY_MC_0267.jpg
  • Top Secret document listing 5 volumes of a report dated 1930-42, into information technology during the Second World War, by General Bertrand, by the EMA or Ecole Militaire d'Administration and the SR or Service des Renseignements, including the study of the Enigma Machine, a cipher machine using complex coding to protect military communications, from the collection of the Service Historique de La Defense, at the Chateau de Vincennes, Vincennes, Paris, France. The collection includes documents of the Vichy government detailing spying activities of the French Secret Services on the German Nazi regime. The Centre Historique des Archives at Vincennes forms part of the SHD, which stores the archives of the Ministry of Defence and its armed forces. It was set up by decree in 2005. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC_HISTORY_MC_0266.jpg
  • Contents page on p142 of Volume II of a report by the EMA or Ecole Militaire d'Administration and the SR or Service des Renseignements, on the study of the Enigma Machine, a cipher machine using complex coding to protect military communications, dated 1931-42, from the collection of the Service Historique de La Defense, at the Chateau de Vincennes, Vincennes, Paris, France. The collection includes documents of the Vichy government detailing spying activities of the French Secret Services on the German Nazi regime. The Centre Historique des Archives at Vincennes forms part of the SHD, which stores the archives of the Ministry of Defence and its armed forces. It was set up by decree in 2005. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC_HISTORY_MC_0264.jpg
  • Contents page on p142 of Volume II of a report by the EMA or Ecole Militaire d'Administration and the SR or Service des Renseignements, on the study of the Enigma Machine, a cipher machine using complex coding to protect military communications, dated 1931-42, from the collection of the Service Historique de La Defense, at the Chateau de Vincennes, Vincennes, Paris, France. The collection includes documents of the Vichy government detailing spying activities of the French Secret Services on the German Nazi regime. The Centre Historique des Archives at Vincennes forms part of the SHD, which stores the archives of the Ministry of Defence and its armed forces. It was set up by decree in 2005. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC_HISTORY_MC_0262.jpg
  • File stamped Top Secret of Volume II of a report by the EMA or Ecole Militaire d'Administration and the SR or Services des Renseignements, on the study of the Enigma Machine, a cipher machine using complex coding to protect military communications, dated 1931-42, from the collection of the Service Historique de La Defense, at the Chateau de Vincennes, Vincennes, Paris, France. The collection includes documents of the Vichy government detailing spying activities of the French Secret Services on the German Nazi regime. The Centre Historique des Archives at Vincennes forms part of the SHD, which stores the archives of the Ministry of Defence and its armed forces. It was set up by decree in 2005. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC_HISTORY_MC_0261.jpg
  • File made by the German Secret Service on the 'Reseau Interallie', the Second World War spy network infiltrated by the French double agent Mathilde Carre, 1908-2007, known as La Chatte or Pussy, code name Victoire, dated 18th November 1941, from the collection of the Service Historique de La Defense, at the Chateau de Vincennes, Vincennes, Paris, France. The collection includes documents of the Vichy government detailing spying activities of the French Secret Services on the German Nazi regime. The Centre Historique des Archives at Vincennes forms part of the SHD, which stores the archives of the Ministry of Defence and its armed forces. It was set up by decree in 2005. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC_HISTORY_MC_0257.jpg
  • Page of a report written by British Secret Services, after the interrogation of Mathilde Carre, 1908-2007, known as La Chatte or Pussy, code name Victoire, a French double agent of the 'Reseau Interallie' during the Second World War, transmitted to the French Secret Services, from the collection of the Service Historique de La Defense, at the Chateau de Vincennes, Vincennes, Paris, France. The document is stamped Top Secret and dated 8th November 1944. The collection includes documents of the Vichy government detailing spying activities of the French Secret Services on the German Nazi regime. The Centre Historique des Archives at Vincennes forms part of the SHD, which stores the archives of the Ministry of Defence and its armed forces. It was set up by decree in 2005. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC_HISTORY_MC_0255.jpg
  • Note de Service (pour les Chefs de Section), stamped Top Secret and dated 22nd July 1940, regarding setting up the Services de Renseignements, from the collection of the Service Historique de La Defense, at the Chateau de Vincennes, Vincennes, Paris, France. This document was written by the BMA, or Bureau des Menees Antinationales or Bureau of Anti-national Activities, which was set up during the Second World War to protect the military armistice, and dealt with military intelligence. The collection includes documents of the Vichy government detailing spying activities of the French Secret Services on the German Nazi regime. The Centre Historique des Archives at Vincennes forms part of the SHD, which stores the archives of the Ministry of Defence and its armed forces. It was set up by decree in 2005. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC_HISTORY_MC_0254.jpg
  • The Torre de Belem or Belem Tower, built in the 16th century by Francisco de Arruda under King John II as part of a defence system at the mouth of the river Tagus and a ceremonial gateway to the city, Santa Maria de Belem, Lisbon, Portugal. The limestone tower is built in Late Gothic Manueline style, and consists of a bastion terrace (left), 4 storey tower and small access bridge. It is listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site due to its important role during the Portuguese Age of Discoveries. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC15_LISBON_MC169.jpg
  • Bastion terrace with Moorish bartizan turrets and cannon hole at the Torre de Belem or Belem Tower, built in the 16th century by Francisco de Arruda under King John II as part of a defence system at the mouth of the river Tagus and a ceremonial gateway to the city, Santa Maria de Belem, Lisbon, Portugal. The limestone tower is built in Late Gothic Manueline style, and consists of a bastion and 4 storey tower. It is listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site due to its important role during the Portuguese Age of Discoveries. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC15_LISBON_MC037.jpg
  • Bastion terrace with Moorish bartizan turrets and cannon holes at the Torre de Belem or Belem Tower, built in the 16th century by Francisco de Arruda under King John II as part of a defence system at the mouth of the river Tagus and a ceremonial gateway to the city, Santa Maria de Belem, Lisbon, Portugal. The limestone tower is built in Late Gothic Manueline style, and consists of a bastion and 4 storey tower. It is listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site due to its important role during the Portuguese Age of Discoveries. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC15_LISBON_MC036.jpg
  • The Torre de Belem or Belem Tower, built in the 16th century by Francisco de Arruda under King John II as part of a defence system at the mouth of the river Tagus and a ceremonial gateway to the city, Santa Maria de Belem, Lisbon, Portugal. The limestone tower is built in Late Gothic Manueline style, and consists of a bastion terrace (left), 4 storey tower and small access bridge. It is listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site due to its important role during the Portuguese Age of Discoveries. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC15_LISBON_MC015.jpg
  • The Torre de Belem or Belem Tower, built in the 16th century by Francisco de Arruda under King John II as part of a defence system at the mouth of the river Tagus and a ceremonial gateway to the city, Santa Maria de Belem, Lisbon, Portugal. The limestone tower is built in Late Gothic Manueline style, and consists of a bastion terrace (right) a 4 storey tower and small access bridge (left). It is listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site due to its important role during the Portuguese Age of Discoveries. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC15_LISBON_MC014.jpg
  • The Torre de Belem or Belem Tower, built in the 16th century by Francisco de Arruda under King John II as part of a defence system at the mouth of the river Tagus and a ceremonial gateway to the city, Santa Maria de Belem, Lisbon, Portugal. The limestone tower is built in Late Gothic Manueline style, and consists of a bastion terrace (right), 4 storey tower and small access bridge. It is listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site due to its important role during the Portuguese Age of Discoveries. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC15_LISBON_MC013.jpg
  • Chateau de Puivert, a Cathar castle rebuilt in the 13th and 14th centuries in Puivert, Quercob, Aude, France. This was a military castle, built for lookout and defence, and has a square keep tower 35m high, and 5 remaining towers of the original 8. The castle is privately owned and is listed as a historic monument. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC15_FRANCE_MC0153.jpg
  • Chateau de Puivert, a Cathar castle rebuilt in the 13th and 14th centuries in Puivert, Quercob, Aude, France. This was a military castle, built for lookout and defence, and has a square keep tower 35m high, and 5 remaining towers of the original 8. The castle is privately owned and is listed as a historic monument. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC15_FRANCE_MC0154.jpg
  • Chateau de Puivert, a Cathar castle rebuilt in the 13th and 14th centuries in Puivert, Quercob, Aude, France. This was a military castle, built for lookout and defence, and has a square keep tower 35m high, and 5 remaining towers of the original 8. The castle is privately owned and is listed as a historic monument. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC15_FRANCE_MC0157.jpg
  • Chateau de Puivert, a Cathar castle rebuilt in the 13th and 14th centuries in Puivert, Quercob, Aude, France. This was a military castle, built for lookout and defence, and has a square keep tower 35m high, and 5 remaining towers of the original 8. The castle is privately owned and is listed as a historic monument. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC15_FRANCE_MC0167.jpg
  • Chateau de Puivert, a Cathar castle rebuilt in the 13th and 14th centuries in Puivert, Quercob, Aude, France. This was a military castle, built for lookout and defence, and has a square keep tower 35m high, and 5 remaining towers of the original 8. The castle is privately owned and is listed as a historic monument. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC15_FRANCE_MC0191.jpg
  • Map showing bombings in Barcelona and its system of air defences, in the Barcelona Al Limit exhibition, about Barcelona's military and social history, in the bunker at MUHBA Turo de la Rovira, a regenerated heritage site on top of a 262m high hill in the suburbs of Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain. The hill houses an anti-aircraft battery from the Spanish Civil War, the Canons shantytown, municipal waterworks, quarry and abandoned military structures. The site is part of MUHBA, the Museu d'Historia de Barcelona. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC20_SPAIN_MC_479.jpg
  • General view of The Upper Lists (sloping terrain between the two lines of defences), with, on the left, the Balthazar Tower, Saint Laurent Tower, Trauquet Tower, Saint Sernin Tower and the twin Narbonne Towers; on the right, Tower of la Peyre, the barbican and the Tower of Berard (roof only) in the distance, 13th century, Citadel of Carcassonne, Aude, France, pictured on February 24, 2007, under a stormy winter evening sky. The two outer walls of the concentric fortified city are defended by towers and barbicans, and a draw bridge across a moat leads to the keep of the castle. Carcassonne was a stronghold of Occitan Cathars during the Albigensian Crusades but was captured by Simon de Montfort in 1209. He added extra fortifications and Carcassonne became a citadel on the French border with Aragon. The fortress was restored in 1853 by Eugene Viollet-le-Duc. Today it is a UNESCO World Heritage site. Picture by Manuel Cohen.
    ACARCASSONNE070035.jpg
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