manuel cohen

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  • Dutch bakery with bread ovens in the Citadel of Dinant, a fortress originally built 1051 and rebuilt 1818-21 on a cliff above the town and river Meuse, at Dinant, Wallonia, Namur, Belgium. The citadel was originally built by Nithard prince-bishop of Liege and rebuilt several times, latterly by the Dutch in the 19th century. It is 1 of 4 Meuse Citadels along the river valley. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC21_FRANCE_MC_2168.jpg
  • Parricide table for cutting off the right hand, 1820, and guillotine, in the Citadel of Dinant, a fortress originally built 1051 and rebuilt 1818-21 on a cliff above the town and river Meuse, at Dinant, Wallonia, Namur, Belgium. The citadel was originally built by Nithard prince-bishop of Liege and rebuilt several times, latterly by the Dutch in the 19th century. It is 1 of 4 Meuse Citadels along the river valley. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC21_FRANCE_MC_2167.jpg
  • Dormitory, with bunk beds and tables with chairs, used by soldiers during WWI, in the Citadel of Dinant, a fortress originally built 1051 and rebuilt 1818-21 on a cliff above the town and river Meuse, at Dinant, Wallonia, Namur, Belgium. The citadel was originally built by Nithard prince-bishop of Liege and rebuilt several times, latterly by the Dutch in the 19th century. It is 1 of 4 Meuse Citadels along the river valley. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC21_FRANCE_MC_2169.jpg
  • World War One trench reconstruction in the Citadel of Dinant, a fortress originally built 1051 and rebuilt 1818-21 on a cliff above the town and river Meuse, at Dinant, Wallonia, Namur, Belgium. The citadel was originally built by Nithard prince-bishop of Liege and rebuilt several times, latterly by the Dutch in the 19th century. It is 1 of 4 Meuse Citadels along the river valley. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC21_FRANCE_MC_2170.jpg
  • Cannon balls in the courtyard of the Citadel of Dinant, a fortress originally built 1051 and rebuilt 1818-21 on a cliff above the town and river Meuse, at Dinant, Wallonia, Namur, Belgium. The citadel was originally built by Nithard prince-bishop of Liege and rebuilt several times, latterly by the Dutch in the 19th century. It is 1 of 4 Meuse Citadels along the river valley. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC21_FRANCE_MC_2172.jpg
  • Reconstruction of a World War One trench tilted in partial collapse, in the Citadel of Dinant, a fortress originally built 1051 and rebuilt 1818-21 on a cliff above the town and river Meuse, at Dinant, Wallonia, Namur, Belgium. The citadel was originally built by Nithard prince-bishop of Liege and rebuilt several times, latterly by the Dutch in the 19th century. It is 1 of 4 Meuse Citadels along the river valley. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC21_FRANCE_MC_2171.jpg
  • Citadel of Saladin, a medieval Islamic fortress originally built by Saladin in the 12th century and extended until the 19th century, in Cairo, Egypt. It served as government and royal palace for 7 centuries and is the largest fortification in the Middle East. It is a UNESCO World Heritage Site. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC21_EGYPT_MC_036.jpg
  • Citadel of Qaitbay, or Fort of Qaitbay, a fortress built 1477 by Sultan Al-Ashraf Sayf al-Din Qa'it Bay to defend the coast against the Turks, on Pharos Island at the eastern harbour of Alexandria, Egypt. The building was built by Qagmas Al-Eshaqy and was renovated in the 19th century under Muhammad Ali Pasha. The citadel was built on the site of the Lighthouse of Alexandria, and now houses the Maritime Museum. In the foreground are colourful boats moored in the harbour. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC22_EGYPT_MC_0642.jpg
  • Citadel of Qaitbay, or Fort of Qaitbay, a fortress built 1477 by Sultan Al-Ashraf Sayf al-Din Qa'it Bay to defend the coast against the Turks, on Pharos Island at the eastern harbour of Alexandria, Egypt. The building was built by Qagmas Al-Eshaqy and was renovated in the 19th century under Muhammad Ali Pasha. The citadel was built on the site of the Lighthouse of Alexandria, and now houses the Maritime Museum. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC22_EGYPT_MC_0639.jpg
  • Corridor with vaulted brick ceiling inside the Citadel of Qaitbay, or Fort of Qaitbay, a fortress built 1477 by Sultan Al-Ashraf Sayf al-Din Qa'it Bay to defend the coast against the Turks, on Pharos Island at the eastern harbour of Alexandria, Egypt. The building was built by Qagmas Al-Eshaqy and was renovated in the 19th century under Muhammad Ali Pasha. The citadel was built on the site of the Lighthouse of Alexandria, and now houses the Maritime Museum. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC22_EGYPT_MC_0596.jpg
  • Citadel of Qaitbay, or Fort of Qaitbay, a fortress built 1477 by Sultan Al-Ashraf Sayf al-Din Qa'it Bay to defend the coast against the Turks, on Pharos Island at the eastern harbour of Alexandria, Egypt. The building was built by Qagmas Al-Eshaqy and was renovated in the 19th century under Muhammad Ali Pasha. The citadel was built on the site of the Lighthouse of Alexandria, and now houses the Maritime Museum. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC22_EGYPT_MC_0593.jpg
  • Citadel of Qaitbay, or Fort of Qaitbay, a fortress built 1477 by Sultan Al-Ashraf Sayf al-Din Qa'it Bay to defend the coast against the Turks, on Pharos Island at the eastern harbour of Alexandria, Egypt. The building was built by Qagmas Al-Eshaqy and was renovated in the 19th century under Muhammad Ali Pasha. The citadel was built on the site of the Lighthouse of Alexandria, and now houses the Maritime Museum. In the foreground are colourful boats moored in the harbour. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC22_EGYPT_MC_0644.jpg
  • Citadel of Qaitbay, or Fort of Qaitbay, a fortress built 1477 by Sultan Al-Ashraf Sayf al-Din Qa'it Bay to defend the coast against the Turks, on Pharos Island at the eastern harbour of Alexandria, Egypt. The building was built by Qagmas Al-Eshaqy and was renovated in the 19th century under Muhammad Ali Pasha. The citadel was built on the site of the Lighthouse of Alexandria, and now houses the Maritime Museum. In the foreground are colourful boats moored in the harbour. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC22_EGYPT_MC_0643.jpg
  • Citadel of Qaitbay, or Fort of Qaitbay, a fortress built 1477 by Sultan Al-Ashraf Sayf al-Din Qa'it Bay to defend the coast against the Turks, on Pharos Island at the eastern harbour of Alexandria, Egypt. The building was built by Qagmas Al-Eshaqy and was renovated in the 19th century under Muhammad Ali Pasha. The citadel was built on the site of the Lighthouse of Alexandria, and now houses the Maritime Museum. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC22_EGYPT_MC_0640.jpg
  • Citadel of Qaitbay, or Fort of Qaitbay, a fortress built 1477 by Sultan Al-Ashraf Sayf al-Din Qa'it Bay to defend the coast against the Turks, on Pharos Island at the eastern harbour of Alexandria, Egypt. The building was built by Qagmas Al-Eshaqy and was renovated in the 19th century under Muhammad Ali Pasha. The citadel was built on the site of the Lighthouse of Alexandria, and now houses the Maritime Museum. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC22_EGYPT_MC_0638.jpg
  • Inside the Citadel of Qaitbay, or Fort of Qaitbay, a fortress built 1477 by Sultan Al-Ashraf Sayf al-Din Qa'it Bay to defend the coast against the Turks, on Pharos Island at the eastern harbour of Alexandria, Egypt. The building was built by Qagmas Al-Eshaqy and was renovated in the 19th century under Muhammad Ali Pasha. The citadel was built on the site of the Lighthouse of Alexandria, and now houses the Maritime Museum. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC22_EGYPT_MC_0595.jpg
  • Citadel of Qaitbay, or Fort of Qaitbay, a fortress built 1477 by Sultan Al-Ashraf Sayf al-Din Qa'it Bay to defend the coast against the Turks, on Pharos Island at the eastern harbour of Alexandria, Egypt. The building was built by Qagmas Al-Eshaqy and was renovated in the 19th century under Muhammad Ali Pasha. The citadel was built on the site of the Lighthouse of Alexandria, and now houses the Maritime Museum. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC22_EGYPT_MC_0594.jpg
  • Colourful boats moored in the harbour, and in the distance, the Citadel of Qaitbay, or Fort of Qaitbay, a fortress built 1477 by Sultan Al-Ashraf Sayf al-Din Qa'it Bay to defend the coast against the Turks, on Pharos Island at the eastern harbour of Alexandria, Egypt. The building was built by Qagmas Al-Eshaqy and was renovated in the 19th century under Muhammad Ali Pasha. The citadel was built on the site of the Lighthouse of Alexandria, and now houses the Maritime Museum. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC22_EGYPT_MC_0592.jpg
  • Citadel of Carcassonne at twilight, 13th century, Carcassonne, Aude, France. The two outer walls of the concentric fortified city are defended by towers and barbicans, and a draw bridge across a moat leads to the keep of the castle. Carcassonne was a stronghold of Occitan Cathars during the Albigensian Crusades but was captured by Simon de Montfort in 1209. He added extra fortifications and Carcassonne became a citadel on the French border with Aragon. The fortress was restored in 1853 by Eugene Viollet-le-Duc. Today it is a UNESCO World Heritage site. Picture by Manuel Cohen.
    LC13_FRANCE_MC420.jpg
  • Aude Gate, Citadel of Carcassonne, Aude, France. Carcassonne was a stronghold of Occitan Cathars during the Albigensian Crusades but was captured by Simon de Montfort in 1209. He added extra fortifications and Carcassonne became a citadel on the French border with Aragon. The fortress restored in 1853 by Eugene Viollet-le-Duc. Today it is a UNESCO World Heritage site. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC13_FRANCE_MC414.jpg
  • Citadel of Carcassonne at sunset, 13th century, Carcassonne, Aude, France. The two outer walls of the concentric fortified city are defended by towers and barbicans, and a draw bridge across a moat leads to the keep of the castle. Carcassonne was a stronghold of Occitan Cathars during the Albigensian Crusades but was captured by Simon de Montfort in 1209. He added extra fortifications and Carcassonne became a citadel on the French border with Aragon. The fortress was restored in 1853 by Eugene Viollet-le-Duc. Today it is a UNESCO World Heritage site. Picture by Manuel Cohen.
    LC13_FRANCE_MC418.jpg
  • Square Pinte Tower at twilight, Citadel of Carcassonne, Aude, France. Carcassonne was a stronghold of Occitan Cathars during the Albigensian Crusades but was captured by Simon de Montfort in 1209. He added extra fortifications and Carcassonne became a citadel on the French border with Aragon. The fortress restored in 1853 by Eugene Viollet-le-Duc. Today it is a UNESCO World Heritage site. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC13_FRANCE_MC415.jpg
  • Square Pinte Tower on the left, Justice Tower on the right, Citadel of Carcassonne, Aude, France. Carcassonne was a stronghold of Occitan Cathars during the Albigensian Crusades but was captured by Simon de Montfort in 1209. He added extra fortifications and Carcassonne became a citadel on the French border with Aragon. The fortress restored in 1853 by Eugene Viollet-le-Duc. Today it is a UNESCO World Heritage site. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC13_FRANCE_MC407.jpg
  • Square Pinte Tower at twilight, Citadel of Carcassonne, Aude, France. Carcassonne was a stronghold of Occitan Cathars during the Albigensian Crusades but was captured by Simon de Montfort in 1209. He added extra fortifications and Carcassonne became a citadel on the French border with Aragon. The fortress restored in 1853 by Eugene Viollet-le-Duc. Today it is a UNESCO World Heritage site. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC13_FRANCE_MC408.jpg
  • Citadel of Carcassonne at twilight, 13th century, Carcassonne, Aude, France. The two outer walls of the concentric fortified city are defended by towers and barbicans, and a draw bridge across a moat leads to the keep of the castle. Carcassonne was a stronghold of Occitan Cathars during the Albigensian Crusades but was captured by Simon de Montfort in 1209. He added extra fortifications and Carcassonne became a citadel on the French border with Aragon. The fortress was restored in 1853 by Eugene Viollet-le-Duc. Today it is a UNESCO World Heritage site. Picture by Manuel Cohen.
    LC13_FRANCE_MC409.jpg
  • Citadel of Carcassonne at sunset, 13th century, Carcassonne, Aude, France. The two outer walls of the concentric fortified city are defended by towers and barbicans, and a draw bridge across a moat leads to the keep of the castle. Carcassonne was a stronghold of Occitan Cathars during the Albigensian Crusades but was captured by Simon de Montfort in 1209. He added extra fortifications and Carcassonne became a citadel on the French border with Aragon. The fortress was restored in 1853 by Eugene Viollet-le-Duc. Today it is a UNESCO World Heritage site. Picture by Manuel Cohen.
    LC13_FRANCE_MC400.jpg
  • Citadel of Carcassonne at twilight, 13th century, Carcassonne, Aude, France. The two outer walls of the concentric fortified city are defended by towers and barbicans, and a draw bridge across a moat leads to the keep of the castle. Carcassonne was a stronghold of Occitan Cathars during the Albigensian Crusades but was captured by Simon de Montfort in 1209. He added extra fortifications and Carcassonne became a citadel on the French border with Aragon. The fortress was restored in 1853 by Eugene Viollet-le-Duc. Today it is a UNESCO World Heritage site. Picture by Manuel Cohen.
    LC13_FRANCE_MC403.jpg
  • Aude Gate, Citadel of Carcassonne, Aude, France. Carcassonne was a stronghold of Occitan Cathars during the Albigensian Crusades but was captured by Simon de Montfort in 1209. He added extra fortifications and Carcassonne became a citadel on the French border with Aragon. The fortress restored in 1853 by Eugene Viollet-le-Duc. Today it is a UNESCO World Heritage site. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC13_FRANCE_MC406.jpg
  • Citadel of Carcassonne at twilight, 13th century, Carcassonne, Aude, France. The two outer walls of the concentric fortified city are defended by towers and barbicans, and a draw bridge across a moat leads to the keep of the castle. Carcassonne was a stronghold of Occitan Cathars during the Albigensian Crusades but was captured by Simon de Montfort in 1209. He added extra fortifications and Carcassonne became a citadel on the French border with Aragon. The fortress was restored in 1853 by Eugene Viollet-le-Duc. Today it is a UNESCO World Heritage site. Picture by Manuel Cohen.
    LC13_FRANCE_MC404.jpg
  • General view of Citadel of Carcassonne, 13th century, and adjacent vineyard, Carcassonne, Aude, France, pictured on February 24, 2007, at midday on a cloudy winter's day. The two outer walls of the concentric fortified city are defended by towers and barbicans, and a draw bridge across a moat leads to the keep of the castle. Carcassonne was a stronghold of Occitan Cathars during the Albigensian Crusades but was captured by Simon de Montfort in 1209. He added extra fortifications and Carcassonne became a citadel on the French border with Aragon. The fortress was restored in 1853 by Eugene Viollet-le-Duc. Today it is a UNESCO World Heritage site. Picture by Manuel Cohen.
    ACARCASSONNE070038.jpg
  • Aude Gate and Comtal Castle, with square Pinte Tower on the left, Justice Tower on the right, Citadel of Carcassonne, Aude, France. Carcassonne was a stronghold of Occitan Cathars during the Albigensian Crusades but was captured by Simon de Montfort in 1209. He added extra fortifications and Carcassonne became a citadel on the French border with Aragon. The fortress restored in 1853 by Eugene Viollet-le-Duc. Today it is a UNESCO World Heritage site. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC13_FRANCE_MC419.jpg
  • Citadel of Carcassonne at sunset, 13th century, Carcassonne, Aude, France. The two outer walls of the concentric fortified city are defended by towers and barbicans, and a draw bridge across a moat leads to the keep of the castle. Carcassonne was a stronghold of Occitan Cathars during the Albigensian Crusades but was captured by Simon de Montfort in 1209. He added extra fortifications and Carcassonne became a citadel on the French border with Aragon. The fortress was restored in 1853 by Eugene Viollet-le-Duc. Today it is a UNESCO World Heritage site. Picture by Manuel Cohen.
    LC13_FRANCE_MC417.jpg
  • Aude Gate and Comtal Castle, with square Pinte Tower on the left, Justice Tower on the right, Citadel of Carcassonne, Aude, France. Carcassonne was a stronghold of Occitan Cathars during the Albigensian Crusades but was captured by Simon de Montfort in 1209. He added extra fortifications and Carcassonne became a citadel on the French border with Aragon. The fortress restored in 1853 by Eugene Viollet-le-Duc. Today it is a UNESCO World Heritage site. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC13_FRANCE_MC416.jpg
  • Comtal Castle, seen from the Lower Lists (sloping terrain between the two lines of defences), Citadel of Carcassonne, Aude, France. Carcassonne was a stronghold of Occitan Cathars during the Albigensian Crusades but was captured by Simon de Montfort in 1209. He added extra fortifications and Carcassonne became a citadel on the French border with Aragon. The fortress restored in 1853 by Eugene Viollet-le-Duc. Today it is a UNESCO World Heritage site. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC13_FRANCE_MC410.jpg
  • Aude Gate and Comtal Castle, with square Pinte Tower on the left, Justice Tower on the right, Citadel of Carcassonne, Aude, France. Carcassonne was a stronghold of Occitan Cathars during the Albigensian Crusades but was captured by Simon de Montfort in 1209. He added extra fortifications and Carcassonne became a citadel on the French border with Aragon. The fortress restored in 1853 by Eugene Viollet-le-Duc. Today it is a UNESCO World Heritage site. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC13_FRANCE_MC412.jpg
  • Aude Gate and Comtal Castle, with square Pinte Tower on the left, Justice Tower on the right, Citadel of Carcassonne, Aude, France. Carcassonne was a stronghold of Occitan Cathars during the Albigensian Crusades but was captured by Simon de Montfort in 1209. He added extra fortifications and Carcassonne became a citadel on the French border with Aragon. The fortress restored in 1853 by Eugene Viollet-le-Duc. Today it is a UNESCO World Heritage site. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC13_FRANCE_MC413.JPG
  • Aude Gate and Comtal Castle, with square Pinte Tower on the left, Justice Tower on the right, Citadel of Carcassonne, Aude, France. Carcassonne was a stronghold of Occitan Cathars during the Albigensian Crusades but was captured by Simon de Montfort in 1209. He added extra fortifications and Carcassonne became a citadel on the French border with Aragon. The fortress restored in 1853 by Eugene Viollet-le-Duc. Today it is a UNESCO World Heritage site. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC13_FRANCE_MC411.jpg
  • Citadel of Carcassonne at twilight, 13th century, Carcassonne, Aude, France. The two outer walls of the concentric fortified city are defended by towers and barbicans, and a draw bridge across a moat leads to the keep of the castle. Carcassonne was a stronghold of Occitan Cathars during the Albigensian Crusades but was captured by Simon de Montfort in 1209. He added extra fortifications and Carcassonne became a citadel on the French border with Aragon. The fortress was restored in 1853 by Eugene Viollet-le-Duc. Today it is a UNESCO World Heritage site. Picture by Manuel Cohen.
    LC13_FRANCE_MC402.jpg
  • Citadel of Carcassonne at sunset, 13th century, Carcassonne, Aude, France. The two outer walls of the concentric fortified city are defended by towers and barbicans, and a draw bridge across a moat leads to the keep of the castle. Carcassonne was a stronghold of Occitan Cathars during the Albigensian Crusades but was captured by Simon de Montfort in 1209. He added extra fortifications and Carcassonne became a citadel on the French border with Aragon. The fortress was restored in 1853 by Eugene Viollet-le-Duc. Today it is a UNESCO World Heritage site. Picture by Manuel Cohen.
    LC13_FRANCE_MC401.jpg
  • Corinthian columns with capitals carved with acanthus leaves, Byzantine Basilica, Amman Citadel, Jabal al Qal'a, Amman, Jordan. These capitals were taken from the Roman Temple of Hercules for use in the Byzantine Church, built c. 550 AD. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC12_Jordan_MC030.jpg
  • Temple of Hercules, Amman Citadel, Jabal al Qal'a, Amman, Jordan. This Roman temple was built in 162-66 AD and is dedicated to co-emperors Marcus Aurelius & Lucius Verus. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC12_Jordan_MC036.jpg
  • Corinthian capitals carved with acanthus leaves, from Roman Temple of Hercules, 162-66 AD, Amman Citadel, Jabal al Qal'a, Amman, Jordan. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC12_Jordan_MC037.jpg
  • Temple of Hercules, Amman Citadel, Jabal al Qal'a, Amman, Jordan. This Roman temple was built in 162-66 AD and is dedicated to co-emperors Marcus Aurelius & Lucius Verus. Showing 2 columns with corinthian capitals, and in foreground, hand of colossal Roman statue, probably of god Hercules. This fragment belonged to a colossal statue from the Roman period and was found near the Temple. The statue is estimated to have stood over 13 metres high making it one of the largest statues from Greco-Roman times. Due to the massiveness of the statue, the temple was attributed to Hercules who was renowned for his physical strength. Cityscape of downtown Amman visible in the background. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC12_Jordan_MC047.jpg
  • Temple of Hercules, Amman Citadel, Jabal al Qal'a, Amman, Jordan. This Roman temple was built in 162-66 AD and is dedicated to co-emperors Marcus Aurelius & Lucius Verus; view showing base rock, with cityscape of downtown Amman in the background. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC12_Jordan_MC027.jpg
  • Byzantine Church, Amman Citadel, Jabal al Qal'a, Amman, Jordan. This church, built c. 550 AD, has a Basilical plan that consists of a central nave and two side aisles. The semi-circular apse in the eastern end of the building is separated from the church by a chancel screen. Corinthian capitals decorated with acanthus leaves were taken from the Roman Temple of Hercules for use in the Basilica. A cityscape of downtown Amman is visible in the background. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC12_Jordan_MC028.jpg
  • Colonnaded street and audience hall, Umayyad Palace, Amman Citadel, Jabal al Qal'a, Amman, Jordan. This street, built 730 AD, and the Umayyad Palace, also called Dar al-Imara, built c. 720 AD, are believed to be the work of Umayyad Arabs. The palace was an extensive complex of royal and residential buildings and was once home to the governor of Amman. The dome of the audience hall is a later reconstruction by Spanish archaeologists. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC12_Jordan_MC031.jpg
  • Temple of Hercules, Amman Citadel, Jabal al Qal'a, Amman, Jordan. This Roman temple was built in 162-66 AD and is dedicated to co-emperors Marcus Aurelius & Lucius Verus. Two visitors arriving at the site on the left of the picture give the scale of the imposing temple, cityscape of downtown Amman visible in the background. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC12_Jordan_MC033.jpg
  • Temple of Hercules, Amman Citadel, Jabal al Qal'a, Amman, Jordan. This Roman temple was built in 162-66 AD and is dedicated to co-emperors Marcus Aurelius & Lucius Verus. In foreground, hand and elbow of colossal Roman statue, probably of god Hercules. These fragments belonged to a colossal statue from the Roman period and were found near the Temple. It is estimated to have stood over 13 metres high making it one of the largest statues from Greco-Roman times. Due to the massiveness of the statue, the temple was attributed to Hercules who was renowned for his physical strength. Cityscape of downtown Amman visible in the background. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC12_Jordan_MC035.jpg
  • Audience hall, Umayyad Governor's Palace, Amman Citadel, Jabal al Qal'a, Amman, Jordan. The palace, also known as Dar al-Imara, was built c. 720 AD and is believed to be the work of Umayyad Arabs. The palace was an extensive complex of royal and residential buildings and was once home to the governor of Amman. The dome of the audience hall is a later reconstruction by Spanish archaeologists. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC12_Jordan_MC043.jpg
  • Mosque's northern wall, remains of the Palace Mosque, built 720 AD and destroyed in earthquake of 749 AD, Amman Citadel, Jabal al-Qal'a, Amman, Jordan. The Palace Mosque served the Umayyad governor's palace. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC12_Jordan_MC045.jpg
  • Carved door in black basalt, possibly Nabatean, Amman Citadel, Jabal al-Qal'a, Amman, Jordan. Amman cityscape visible in the background. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC12_Jordan_MC046.jpg
  • Byzantine Church, Amman Citadel, Jabal al Qal'a, Amman, Jordan. This church, built c. 550 AD, has a Basilical plan that consists of a central nave and two side aisles. The semi-circular apse in the eastern end of the building is separated from the church by a chancel screen. Corinthian capitals decorated with acanthus leaves were taken from the Roman Temple of Hercules for use in the Basilica. A cityscape of downtown Amman is visible in the background. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC12_Jordan_MC029.jpg
  • Colonnaded street and audience hall, Umayyad Palace, Amman Citadel, Jabal al Qal'a, Amman, Jordan. This street, built 730 AD, and the Umayyad Palace, also called Dar al-Imara, built c. 720 AD, are believed to be the work of Umayyad Arabs. The palace was an extensive complex of royal and residential buildings and was once home to the governor of Amman. The dome of the audience hall is a later reconstruction by Spanish archaeologists. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC12_Jordan_MC032.jpg
  • Mosque's northern wall, remains of the Palace Mosque, built 720 AD and destroyed in earthquake of 749 AD, Amman Citadel, Jabal al-Qal'a, Amman, Jordan. The Palace Mosque served the Umayyad governor's palace. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC12_Jordan_MC042.jpg
  • Temple of Hercules, Amman Citadel, Jabal al Qal'a, Amman, Jordan. This Roman temple was built in 162-66 AD and is dedicated to co-emperors Marcus Aurelius & Lucius Verus; cityscape of downtown Amman visible in the background. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC12_Jordan_MC048.jpg
  • Temple of Hercules, built AD 162-66, dedicated to co-emperors Marcus Aurelius and Lucius Verus, Amman Citadel, Jabal al-Qal'a, Amman, Jordan. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC12_Jordan_MC049.jpg
  • Fragment of colossal Roman Statue, Amman Citadel, Jabal al-Qal'a, Amman, Jordan. This hand fragment belonged to a colossal statue from the Roman period and was found near the Temple of Hercules. The statue is estimated to have stood over 13 metres high making it one of the largest statues from Greco-Roman times. Due to the massiveness of the statue, the temple was attributed to Hercules who was renowned for his physical strength. Downtown Amman cityscape visible in the background. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC12_Jordan_MC034.JPG
  • The Underground Citadel of Verdun, now a memorial museum housed in tunnels dug 1886-93, in Verdun, Meuse, Lorraine, France. This is where the Unknown Soldier was chosen in 1920, whose remains now lay at the Arc de Triomphe in Paris. By 1914 there were 7km of tunnels, providing shelter and living space for 2000 men, 6 powder magazines, 7 weapons stores, a bakery, a mill, a telephone and telegraph exchange and water-lifting equipment for the town. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC15_VERDUN_MC048.jpg
  • Western fortified wall of the Citadel, Aleppo, Syria. Standing on a mound covered in limestone blocks the Citadel is at the heart of Aleppo. Beneath it archaeological remains dating back as far as the 9th century BC have been discovered. Sayf al-Dawla (944-967), the first Hamdanid ruler of Aleppo, built the fortress and used the citadel as a military center. Zangid ruler Nur al-Din (1147-1174) fortified the citadel and added some structures. But during the Ayyubid period and the reign of the Sultan al-Zahir al-Ghazi of Aleppo (1186-1216), the Citadel went through major reconstruction, fortification and addition of new structures that create the complex of the Citadel in its current form.
    LCSYRIA05090.jpg
  • The Entrance Tower to the outer gateway of the Citadel, Aleppo, Syria. Standing on a mound covered in limestone blocks the Citadel is at the heart of Aleppo. Beneath it archaeological remains dating back as far as the 9th century BC have been discovered. Sayf al-Dawla (944-967), the first Hamdanid ruler of Aleppo, built the fortress and used the citadel as a military center. Zangid ruler Nur al-Din (1147-1174) fortified the citadel and added some structures. But during the Ayyubid period and the reign of the Sultan al-Zahir al-Ghazi of Aleppo (1186-1216), the Citadel went through major reconstruction, fortification and addition of new structures that create the complex of the Citadel in its current form.
    LCSYRIA05089.jpg
  • The Entrance Tower to the outer gateway of the Citadel, Aleppo, Syria. Standing on a mound covered in limestone blocks the Citadel is at the heart of Aleppo. Beneath it archaeological remains dating back as far as the 9th century BC have been discovered. Sayf al-Dawla (944-967), the first Hamdanid ruler of Aleppo, built the fortress and used the citadel as a military center. Zangid ruler Nur al-Din (1147-1174) fortified the citadel and added some structures. But during the Ayyubid period and the reign of the Sultan al-Zahir al-Ghazi of Aleppo (1186-1216), the Citadel went through major reconstruction, fortification and addition of new structures that create the complex of the Citadel in its current form.
    LCSYRIA05088.JPG
  • The Entrance Tower to the outer gateway of the Citadel, Aleppo, Syria. Standing on a mound covered in limestone blocks the Citadel is at the heart of Aleppo. Beneath it archaeological remains dating back as far as the 9th century BC have been discovered. Sayf al-Dawla (944-967), the first Hamdanid ruler of Aleppo, built the fortress and used the citadel as a military center. Zangid ruler Nur al-Din (1147-1174) fortified the citadel and added some structures. But during the Ayyubid period and the reign of the Sultan al-Zahir al-Ghazi of Aleppo (1186-1216), the Citadel went through major reconstruction, fortification and addition of new structures that create the complex of the Citadel in its current form.
    LCSYRIA05087.JPG
  • The Entrance Tower to the outer gateway of the Citadel, Aleppo, Syria. Standing on a mound covered in limestone blocks the Citadel is at the heart of Aleppo. Beneath it archaeological remains dating back as far as the 9th century BC have been discovered. Sayf al-Dawla (944-967), the first Hamdanid ruler of Aleppo, built the fortress and used the citadel as a military center. Zangid ruler Nur al-Din (1147-1174) fortified the citadel and added some structures. But during the Ayyubid period and the reign of the Sultan al-Zahir al-Ghazi of Aleppo (1186-1216), the Citadel went through major reconstruction, fortification and addition of new structures that create the complex of the Citadel in its current form.
    LCSYRIA05086.jpg
  • Town, river Meuse, Collegiate Church of Notre Dame de Dinant and citadel above on the cliff, in Dinant, Wallonia, Namur, Belgium. The Citadel of Dinant is a fortress built 1815 on the site of an older medieval fort, protecting the city, one of a string of Meuse Citadels along the valley. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC21_FRANCE_MC_2075.jpg
  • Citadelle de Belfort, with the 17th century castle and the Lion of Belfort sculpture, 1880, by Auguste Bartholdi, dedicated to the defenders of the siege of 1870-71, at Belfort, Bourgogne-Franche-Comte, France. A castle was built in the 17th century by the Comte de la Suze to protect the Trouee de Belfort or Belfort Gap, and Vauban and Haxo added to the fortifications. In the 19th century the citadel formed part of the Sere de Rivieres system of French border defences. The citadel is listed as a historic monument. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    DRN_LC22_FRANCE_MC_0130.jpg
  • Fortifications around the Citadelle de Belfort, aerial view, at Belfort, Bourgogne-Franche-Comte, France. A castle was built in the 17th century by the Comte de la Suze to protect the Trouee de Belfort or Belfort Gap, and Vauban added to the fortifications. In the 19th century the citadel formed part of the Sere de Rivieres system of French border defences. The citadel is listed as a historic monument. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    DRN_LC22_FRANCE_MC_0131.jpg
  • Tunnel leading to the drawbridge, which was destroyed and rebuilt several times during the Siege of Belfort of 1870-71, at the Citadelle de Belfort, at Belfort, Bourgogne-Franche-Comte, France. A castle was built in the 17th century by the Comte de la Suze to protect the Trouee de Belfort or Belfort Gap, and Vauban and Haxo added to the fortifications. In the 19th century the citadel formed part of the Sere de Rivieres system of French border defences. The citadel is listed as a historic monument. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC22_FRANCE_MC_0135.jpg
  • Courtyard of Honour, cannon, and the barracks built by Haxo, now the Musee d'Histoire or History Museum, at the Citadelle de Belfort, at Belfort, Bourgogne-Franche-Comte, France. A castle was built in the 17th century by the Comte de la Suze to protect the Trouee de Belfort or Belfort Gap, and Vauban and Haxo added to the fortifications. In the 19th century the citadel formed part of the Sere de Rivieres system of French border defences. The citadel is listed as a historic monument. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC22_FRANCE_MC_0136.jpg
  • Fortifications around the Citadelle de Belfort, with the Grand Couronne built by the Comte de la Suze in 1637-48, at Belfort, Bourgogne-Franche-Comte, France. A castle was built in the 17th century by the Comte de la Suze to protect the Trouee de Belfort or Belfort Gap, and Vauban added to the fortifications. In the 19th century the citadel formed part of the Sere de Rivieres system of French border defences. The citadel is listed as a historic monument. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC22_FRANCE_MC_0137.jpg
  • Courtyard of Honour and the barracks built by Haxo, now the Musee d'Histoire or History Museum, at the Citadelle de Belfort, at Belfort, Bourgogne-Franche-Comte, France. A castle was built in the 17th century by the Comte de la Suze to protect the Trouee de Belfort or Belfort Gap, and Vauban and Haxo added to the fortifications. In the 19th century the citadel formed part of the Sere de Rivieres system of French border defences. The citadel is listed as a historic monument. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC22_FRANCE_MC_0139.jpg
  • Citadelle de Belfort, with the 17th century castle and the Lion of Belfort sculpture, 1880, by Auguste Bartholdi, dedicated to the defenders of the siege of 1870-71, at Belfort, Bourgogne-Franche-Comte, France. A castle was built in the 17th century by the Comte de la Suze to protect the Trouee de Belfort or Belfort Gap, and Vauban  and Haxo added to the fortifications. In the 19th century the citadel formed part of the Sere de Rivieres system of French border defences. In the foreground is the Hotel de Prefecture du Territories de Belfort, built 1901-3. The citadel is listed as a historic monument. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC22_FRANCE_MC_0147.jpg
  • Citadelle de Belfort, with the 17th century castle and the Lion of Belfort sculpture, 1880, by Auguste Bartholdi, dedicated to the defenders of the siege of 1870-71, above the town of Belfort, Bourgogne-Franche-Comte, France. A castle was built in the 17th century by the Comte de la Suze to protect the Trouee de Belfort or Belfort Gap, and Vauban and Haxo added to the fortifications. In the 19th century the citadel formed part of the Sere de Rivieres system of French border defences. The citadel is listed as a historic monument. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC22_FRANCE_MC_0148.jpg
  • Citadelle de Belfort, with the 17th century castle and the Lion of Belfort sculpture, 1880, by Auguste Bartholdi, dedicated to the defenders of the siege of 1870-71, above the town of Belfort, Bourgogne-Franche-Comte, France. A castle was built in the 17th century by the Comte de la Suze to protect the Trouee de Belfort or Belfort Gap, and Vauban and Haxo added to the fortifications. In the 19th century the citadel formed part of the Sere de Rivieres system of French border defences. The citadel is listed as a historic monument. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC22_FRANCE_MC_0149.jpg
  • Courtyard of Honour and the barracks built by Haxo, now the Musee d'Histoire or History Museum, at the Citadelle de Belfort, at Belfort, Bourgogne-Franche-Comte, France. A castle was built in the 17th century by the Comte de la Suze to protect the Trouee de Belfort or Belfort Gap, and Vauban and Haxo added to the fortifications. In the 19th century the citadel formed part of the Sere de Rivieres system of French border defences. The citadel is listed as a historic monument. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC22_FRANCE_MC_0152.jpg
  • Denfert-Rochereau casemate, a fortified armoured structure and gun emplacement at the Citadelle de Belfort, at Belfort, Bourgogne-Franche-Comte, France. A castle was built in the 17th century by the Comte de la Suze to protect the Trouee de Belfort or Belfort Gap, and Vauban and Haxo added to the fortifications. In the 19th century the citadel formed part of the Sere de Rivieres system of French border defences. The citadel is listed as a historic monument. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC22_FRANCE_MC_0161.jpg
  • Citadelle de Belfort, with the 17th century castle and the Lion of Belfort sculpture, 1880, by Auguste Bartholdi, dedicated to the defenders of the siege of 1870-71, above the town of Belfort, Bourgogne-Franche-Comte, France. A castle was built in the 17th century by the Comte de la Suze to protect the Trouee de Belfort or Belfort Gap, and Vauban and Haxo added to the fortifications. In the 19th century the citadel formed part of the Sere de Rivieres system of French border defences. The citadel is listed as a historic monument. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC22_FRANCE_MC_0162.jpg
  • Porte de Brisach, built 1687-1703 by Vauban, giving access to the old town of Belfort, at the Citadelle de Belfort, at Belfort, Bourgogne-Franche-Comte, France. The reliefs depict fleur de lys, the date 1687 and a sun as emblem of Louis XIV with his motto. A castle was built in the 17th century by the Comte de la Suze to protect the Trouee de Belfort or Belfort Gap, and Vauban and Haxo added to the fortifications. In the 19th century the citadel formed part of the Sere de Rivieres system of French border defences. The citadel is listed as a historic monument. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC22_FRANCE_MC_0182.jpg
  • Porte de Brisach, built 1687-1703 by Vauban, giving access to the old town of Belfort, at the Citadelle de Belfort, at Belfort, Bourgogne-Franche-Comte, France. The reliefs depict fleur de lys, the date 1687 and a sun as emblem of Louis XIV with his motto. A castle was built in the 17th century by the Comte de la Suze to protect the Trouee de Belfort or Belfort Gap, and Vauban and Haxo added to the fortifications. In the 19th century the citadel formed part of the Sere de Rivieres system of French border defences. The citadel is listed as a historic monument. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC22_FRANCE_MC_0183.jpg
  • Corner of the Citadelle de Belfort with watch tower next to the drawbridge, with the Porte de Brisach, built 1687-1703, (centre) and the bastion tower no. 27 (right), at Belfort, Bourgogne-Franche-Comte, France. A castle was built in the 17th century by the Comte de la Suze to protect the Trouee de Belfort or Belfort Gap, and Vauban and Haxo added to the fortifications. In the 19th century the citadel formed part of the Sere de Rivieres system of French border defences. The citadel is listed as a historic monument. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC22_FRANCE_MC_0184.jpg
  • Fortifications around the Citadelle de Belfort, at Belfort, Bourgogne-Franche-Comte, France. A castle was built in the 17th century by the Comte de la Suze to protect the Trouee de Belfort or Belfort Gap, and Vauban added to the fortifications. In the 19th century the citadel formed part of the Sere de Rivieres system of French border defences. The citadel is listed as a historic monument. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC22_FRANCE_MC_0185.jpg
  • Porte de Brisach, built 1687-1703 by Vauban, giving access via ditches to the town below, and behind, the Denfert-Rochereau casemate, a fortified armoured structure and gun emplacement, at the Citadelle de Belfort, at Belfort, Bourgogne-Franche-Comte, France. A castle was built in the 17th century by the Comte de la Suze to protect the Trouee de Belfort or Belfort Gap, and Vauban and Haxo added to the fortifications. In the 19th century the citadel formed part of the Sere de Rivieres system of French border defences. The citadel is listed as a historic monument. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC22_FRANCE_MC_0187.jpg
  • Drawbridge of the Citadelle de Belfort, which was destroyed and rebuilt several times during the Siege of Belfort in 1870-71, at Belfort, Bourgogne-Franche-Comte, France. A castle was built in the 17th century by the Comte de la Suze to protect the Trouee de Belfort or Belfort Gap, and Vauban and Haxo added to the fortifications. In the 19th century the citadel formed part of the Sere de Rivieres system of French border defences. The citadel is listed as a historic monument. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC22_FRANCE_MC_0212.jpg
  • Watch tower on the corner of the Citadelle de Belfort next to the drawbridge, at Belfort, Bourgogne-Franche-Comte, France. A castle was built in the 17th century by the Comte de la Suze to protect the Trouee de Belfort or Belfort Gap, and Vauban and Haxo added to the fortifications. In the 19th century the citadel formed part of the Sere de Rivieres system of French border defences. The citadel is listed as a historic monument. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC22_FRANCE_MC_0213.jpg
  • Courtyard of Honour and the barracks built by Haxo, now the Musee d'Histoire or History Museum, at the Citadelle de Belfort, at Belfort, Bourgogne-Franche-Comte, France. A castle was built in the 17th century by the Comte de la Suze to protect the Trouee de Belfort or Belfort Gap, and Vauban and Haxo added to the fortifications. In the 19th century the citadel formed part of the Sere de Rivieres system of French border defences. The citadel is listed as a historic monument. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC22_FRANCE_MC_0214.jpg
  • Watch tower on the corner of the Citadelle de Belfort next to the drawbridge, at Belfort, Bourgogne-Franche-Comte, France. A castle was built in the 17th century by the Comte de la Suze to protect the Trouee de Belfort or Belfort Gap, and Vauban and Haxo added to the fortifications. In the 19th century the citadel formed part of the Sere de Rivieres system of French border defences. The citadel is listed as a historic monument. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC22_FRANCE_MC_0215.jpg
  • American M4A2 Sherman tank called Cornouailles, commemorating the site of the death of Lieutenant Martin while liberating the city of Belfort on 21st November 1944 during the Second World War, at the entrance to the Citadelle de Belfort, at Belfort, Bourgogne-Franche-Comte, France. A castle was built in the 17th century by the Comte de la Suze to protect the Trouee de Belfort or Belfort Gap, and Vauban and Haxo added to the fortifications. In the 19th century the citadel formed part of the Sere de Rivieres system of French border defences. The citadel is listed as a historic monument. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC22_FRANCE_MC_0216.jpg
  • Porte de Brisach, built 1687-1703 by Vauban, giving access to the old town of Belfort, at the Citadelle de Belfort, at Belfort, Bourgogne-Franche-Comte, France. A castle was built in the 17th century by the Comte de la Suze to protect the Trouee de Belfort or Belfort Gap, and Vauban and Haxo added to the fortifications. In the 19th century the citadel formed part of the Sere de Rivieres system of French border defences. The citadel is listed as a historic monument. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC22_FRANCE_MC_0218.jpg
  • Lion of Belfort sculpture, 1880, by Auguste Bartholdi, dedicated to the defenders of the siege of 1870-71, beneath the Citadelle de Belfort, at Belfort, Bourgogne-Franche-Comte, France. A castle was built in the 17th century by the Comte de la Suze to protect the Trouee de Belfort or Belfort Gap, and Vauban and Haxo added to the fortifications. In the 19th century the citadel formed part of the Sere de Rivieres system of French border defences. The citadel is listed as a historic monument. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC22_FRANCE_MC_0235.jpg
  • Citadelle de Belfort, with the 17th century castle and the Lion of Belfort sculpture, 1880, by Auguste Bartholdi, dedicated to the defenders of the siege of 1870-71, above the town of Belfort, Bourgogne-Franche-Comte, France. A castle was built in the 17th century by the Comte de la Suze to protect the Trouee de Belfort or Belfort Gap, and Vauban and Haxo added to the fortifications. In the 19th century the citadel formed part of the Sere de Rivieres system of French border defences. The citadel is listed as a historic monument. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC22_FRANCE_MC_0236.jpg
  • Citadelle de Belfort, at Belfort, Bourgogne-Franche-Comte, France. A castle was built in the 17th century by the Comte de la Suze to protect the Trouee de Belfort or Belfort Gap, and Vauban added to the fortifications. In the 19th century the citadel formed part of the Sere de Rivieres system of French border defences. The citadel is listed as a historic monument. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC22_FRANCE_MC_0252.jpg
  • Gatehouse of the Citadelle de Blaye or Blaye Citadel, with a stone fleur de lys, symbol of the French monarchy, atop the turret, Blaye, Aquitaine, France. The citadel was built as a military fortress in 1685-89 by the military architect Francois Ferry and is one of 12 sites on the Vauban network. It overlooks the Gironde Estuary. It is listed as a historic monument and is part of the Fortifications of Vauban UNESCO World Heritage Site. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC15_FRANCE_MC0195.jpg
  • Citadelle de Blaye or Blaye Citadel, built as a military fortress in 1685-89 by the military architect Francois Ferry, Blaye, Aquitaine, France. The citadel is one of 12 sites on the Vauban network and overlooks the Gironde Estuary. It is listed as a historic monument and is part of the Fortifications of Vauban UNESCO World Heritage Site. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC15_FRANCE_MC0197.jpg
  • Citadelle de Blaye or Blaye Citadel, built as a military fortress in 1685-89 by the military architect Francois Ferry, Blaye, Aquitaine, France. The citadel is one of 12 sites on the Vauban network and overlooks the Gironde Estuary. It is listed as a historic monument and is part of the Fortifications of Vauban UNESCO World Heritage Site. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC15_FRANCE_MC0198.jpg
  • Citadelle de Blaye or Blaye Citadel, built as a military fortress in 1685-89 by the military architect Francois Ferry, Blaye, Aquitaine, France. The citadel is one of 12 sites on the Vauban network and overlooks the Gironde Estuary. It is listed as a historic monument and is part of the Fortifications of Vauban UNESCO World Heritage Site. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC15_FRANCE_MC0199.jpg
  • Citadelle de Blaye or Blaye Citadel, built as a military fortress in 1685-89 by the military architect Francois Ferry, Blaye, Aquitaine, France. The citadel is one of 12 sites on the Vauban network and overlooks the Gironde Estuary. It is listed as a historic monument and is part of the Fortifications of Vauban UNESCO World Heritage Site. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC15_FRANCE_MC0200.jpg
  • Building over the royal entrance to the Citadelle de Blaye or Blaye Citadel, built as a military fortress in 1685-89 by the military architect Francois Ferry, Blaye, Aquitaine, France. The citadel is one of 12 sites on the Vauban network and overlooks the Gironde Estuary. It is listed as a historic monument and is part of the Fortifications of Vauban UNESCO World Heritage Site. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC15_FRANCE_MC0202.jpg
  • Gatehouse of the Citadelle de Blaye or Blaye Citadel at sunset, with a stone fleur de lys, symbol of the French monarchy, atop the turret, Blaye, Aquitaine, France. The citadel was built as a military fortress in 1685-89 by the military architect Francois Ferry and is one of 12 sites on the Vauban network. It overlooks the Gironde Estuary. It is listed as a historic monument and is part of the Fortifications of Vauban UNESCO World Heritage Site. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC15_FRANCE_MC0204.jpg
  • General view of Citadel of Carcassonne, 13th century, and adjacent vineyard, Carcassonne, Aude, France, pictured on February 24, 2007, on a cloudy winter afternoon. The two outer walls of the concentric fortified city are defended by towers and barbicans, and a draw bridge across a moat leads to the keep of the castle. Carcassonne was a stronghold of Occitan Cathars during the Albigensian Crusades but was captured by Simon de Montfort in 1209. He added extra fortifications and Carcassonne became a citadel on the French border with Aragon. The fortress was restored in 1853 by Eugene Viollet-le-Duc. Today it is a UNESCO World Heritage site. Picture by Manuel Cohen.
    ACARCASSONNE070040.jpg
  • Low angle view of Citadel of Carcassonne, 13th century, and adjacent vineyard, Carcassonne, Aude, France, pictured on February 24, 2007, at midday on a cloudy winter's day. The two outer walls of the concentric fortified city are defended by towers and barbicans, and a draw bridge across a moat leads to the keep of the castle. Carcassonne was a stronghold of Occitan Cathars during the Albigensian Crusades but was captured by Simon de Montfort in 1209. He added extra fortifications and Carcassonne became a citadel on the French border with Aragon. The fortress was restored in 1853 by Eugene Viollet-le-Duc. Today it is a UNESCO World Heritage site. Picture by Manuel Cohen.
    ACARCASSONNE070039.jpg
  • Panoramic view of the Citadel of Carcassonne, 13th century, and surrounding landscape, Carcassonne, Aude, France, pictured on February 24, 2007, on a cloudy winter morning. The two outer walls of the concentric fortified city are defended by towers and barbicans, and a draw bridge across a moat leads to the keep of the castle. Carcassonne was a stronghold of Occitan Cathars during the Albigensian Crusades but was captured by Simon de Montfort in 1209. He added extra fortifications and Carcassonne became a citadel on the French border with Aragon. The fortress was restored in 1853 by Eugene Viollet-le-Duc. Today it is a UNESCO World Heritage site. Picture by Manuel Cohen.
    ACARCASSONNE070037.jpg
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