manuel cohen

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  • Citadel of Saladin, a medieval Islamic fortress originally built by Saladin in the 12th century and extended until the 19th century, in Cairo, Egypt. It served as government and royal palace for 7 centuries and is the largest fortification in the Middle East. It is a UNESCO World Heritage Site. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC21_EGYPT_MC_036.jpg
  • Citadel of Qaitbay, or Fort of Qaitbay, a fortress built 1477 by Sultan Al-Ashraf Sayf al-Din Qa'it Bay to defend the coast against the Turks, on Pharos Island at the eastern harbour of Alexandria, Egypt. The building was built by Qagmas Al-Eshaqy and was renovated in the 19th century under Muhammad Ali Pasha. The citadel was built on the site of the Lighthouse of Alexandria, and now houses the Maritime Museum. In the foreground are colourful boats moored in the harbour. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC22_EGYPT_MC_0643.jpg
  • Citadel of Qaitbay, or Fort of Qaitbay, a fortress built 1477 by Sultan Al-Ashraf Sayf al-Din Qa'it Bay to defend the coast against the Turks, on Pharos Island at the eastern harbour of Alexandria, Egypt. The building was built by Qagmas Al-Eshaqy and was renovated in the 19th century under Muhammad Ali Pasha. The citadel was built on the site of the Lighthouse of Alexandria, and now houses the Maritime Museum. In the foreground are colourful boats moored in the harbour. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC22_EGYPT_MC_0642.jpg
  • Citadel of Qaitbay, or Fort of Qaitbay, a fortress built 1477 by Sultan Al-Ashraf Sayf al-Din Qa'it Bay to defend the coast against the Turks, on Pharos Island at the eastern harbour of Alexandria, Egypt. The building was built by Qagmas Al-Eshaqy and was renovated in the 19th century under Muhammad Ali Pasha. The citadel was built on the site of the Lighthouse of Alexandria, and now houses the Maritime Museum. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC22_EGYPT_MC_0594.jpg
  • Citadel of Qaitbay, or Fort of Qaitbay, a fortress built 1477 by Sultan Al-Ashraf Sayf al-Din Qa'it Bay to defend the coast against the Turks, on Pharos Island at the eastern harbour of Alexandria, Egypt. The building was built by Qagmas Al-Eshaqy and was renovated in the 19th century under Muhammad Ali Pasha. The citadel was built on the site of the Lighthouse of Alexandria, and now houses the Maritime Museum. In the foreground are colourful boats moored in the harbour. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC22_EGYPT_MC_0644.jpg
  • Citadel of Qaitbay, or Fort of Qaitbay, a fortress built 1477 by Sultan Al-Ashraf Sayf al-Din Qa'it Bay to defend the coast against the Turks, on Pharos Island at the eastern harbour of Alexandria, Egypt. The building was built by Qagmas Al-Eshaqy and was renovated in the 19th century under Muhammad Ali Pasha. The citadel was built on the site of the Lighthouse of Alexandria, and now houses the Maritime Museum. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC22_EGYPT_MC_0639.jpg
  • Corridor with vaulted brick ceiling inside the Citadel of Qaitbay, or Fort of Qaitbay, a fortress built 1477 by Sultan Al-Ashraf Sayf al-Din Qa'it Bay to defend the coast against the Turks, on Pharos Island at the eastern harbour of Alexandria, Egypt. The building was built by Qagmas Al-Eshaqy and was renovated in the 19th century under Muhammad Ali Pasha. The citadel was built on the site of the Lighthouse of Alexandria, and now houses the Maritime Museum. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC22_EGYPT_MC_0596.jpg
  • Inside the Citadel of Qaitbay, or Fort of Qaitbay, a fortress built 1477 by Sultan Al-Ashraf Sayf al-Din Qa'it Bay to defend the coast against the Turks, on Pharos Island at the eastern harbour of Alexandria, Egypt. The building was built by Qagmas Al-Eshaqy and was renovated in the 19th century under Muhammad Ali Pasha. The citadel was built on the site of the Lighthouse of Alexandria, and now houses the Maritime Museum. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC22_EGYPT_MC_0595.jpg
  • Citadel of Qaitbay, or Fort of Qaitbay, a fortress built 1477 by Sultan Al-Ashraf Sayf al-Din Qa'it Bay to defend the coast against the Turks, on Pharos Island at the eastern harbour of Alexandria, Egypt. The building was built by Qagmas Al-Eshaqy and was renovated in the 19th century under Muhammad Ali Pasha. The citadel was built on the site of the Lighthouse of Alexandria, and now houses the Maritime Museum. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC22_EGYPT_MC_0593.jpg
  • Citadel of Qaitbay, or Fort of Qaitbay, a fortress built 1477 by Sultan Al-Ashraf Sayf al-Din Qa'it Bay to defend the coast against the Turks, on Pharos Island at the eastern harbour of Alexandria, Egypt. The building was built by Qagmas Al-Eshaqy and was renovated in the 19th century under Muhammad Ali Pasha. The citadel was built on the site of the Lighthouse of Alexandria, and now houses the Maritime Museum. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC22_EGYPT_MC_0640.jpg
  • Citadel of Qaitbay, or Fort of Qaitbay, a fortress built 1477 by Sultan Al-Ashraf Sayf al-Din Qa'it Bay to defend the coast against the Turks, on Pharos Island at the eastern harbour of Alexandria, Egypt. The building was built by Qagmas Al-Eshaqy and was renovated in the 19th century under Muhammad Ali Pasha. The citadel was built on the site of the Lighthouse of Alexandria, and now houses the Maritime Museum. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC22_EGYPT_MC_0638.jpg
  • Colourful boats moored in the harbour, and in the distance, the Citadel of Qaitbay, or Fort of Qaitbay, a fortress built 1477 by Sultan Al-Ashraf Sayf al-Din Qa'it Bay to defend the coast against the Turks, on Pharos Island at the eastern harbour of Alexandria, Egypt. The building was built by Qagmas Al-Eshaqy and was renovated in the 19th century under Muhammad Ali Pasha. The citadel was built on the site of the Lighthouse of Alexandria, and now houses the Maritime Museum. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC22_EGYPT_MC_0592.jpg
  • Citadel of Carcassonne at twilight, 13th century, Carcassonne, Aude, France. The two outer walls of the concentric fortified city are defended by towers and barbicans, and a draw bridge across a moat leads to the keep of the castle. Carcassonne was a stronghold of Occitan Cathars during the Albigensian Crusades but was captured by Simon de Montfort in 1209. He added extra fortifications and Carcassonne became a citadel on the French border with Aragon. The fortress was restored in 1853 by Eugene Viollet-le-Duc. Today it is a UNESCO World Heritage site. Picture by Manuel Cohen.
    LC13_FRANCE_MC420.jpg
  • Aude Gate and Comtal Castle, with square Pinte Tower on the left, Justice Tower on the right, Citadel of Carcassonne, Aude, France. Carcassonne was a stronghold of Occitan Cathars during the Albigensian Crusades but was captured by Simon de Montfort in 1209. He added extra fortifications and Carcassonne became a citadel on the French border with Aragon. The fortress restored in 1853 by Eugene Viollet-le-Duc. Today it is a UNESCO World Heritage site. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC13_FRANCE_MC416.jpg
  • Square Pinte Tower at twilight, Citadel of Carcassonne, Aude, France. Carcassonne was a stronghold of Occitan Cathars during the Albigensian Crusades but was captured by Simon de Montfort in 1209. He added extra fortifications and Carcassonne became a citadel on the French border with Aragon. The fortress restored in 1853 by Eugene Viollet-le-Duc. Today it is a UNESCO World Heritage site. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC13_FRANCE_MC415.jpg
  • Citadel of Carcassonne at twilight, 13th century, Carcassonne, Aude, France. The two outer walls of the concentric fortified city are defended by towers and barbicans, and a draw bridge across a moat leads to the keep of the castle. Carcassonne was a stronghold of Occitan Cathars during the Albigensian Crusades but was captured by Simon de Montfort in 1209. He added extra fortifications and Carcassonne became a citadel on the French border with Aragon. The fortress was restored in 1853 by Eugene Viollet-le-Duc. Today it is a UNESCO World Heritage site. Picture by Manuel Cohen.
    LC13_FRANCE_MC409.jpg
  • Aude Gate and Comtal Castle, with square Pinte Tower on the left, Justice Tower on the right, Citadel of Carcassonne, Aude, France. Carcassonne was a stronghold of Occitan Cathars during the Albigensian Crusades but was captured by Simon de Montfort in 1209. He added extra fortifications and Carcassonne became a citadel on the French border with Aragon. The fortress restored in 1853 by Eugene Viollet-le-Duc. Today it is a UNESCO World Heritage site. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC13_FRANCE_MC413.JPG
  • General view of Citadel of Carcassonne, 13th century, and adjacent vineyard, Carcassonne, Aude, France, pictured on February 24, 2007, at midday on a cloudy winter's day. The two outer walls of the concentric fortified city are defended by towers and barbicans, and a draw bridge across a moat leads to the keep of the castle. Carcassonne was a stronghold of Occitan Cathars during the Albigensian Crusades but was captured by Simon de Montfort in 1209. He added extra fortifications and Carcassonne became a citadel on the French border with Aragon. The fortress was restored in 1853 by Eugene Viollet-le-Duc. Today it is a UNESCO World Heritage site. Picture by Manuel Cohen.
    ACARCASSONNE070038.jpg
  • Citadel of Carcassonne at sunset, 13th century, Carcassonne, Aude, France. The two outer walls of the concentric fortified city are defended by towers and barbicans, and a draw bridge across a moat leads to the keep of the castle. Carcassonne was a stronghold of Occitan Cathars during the Albigensian Crusades but was captured by Simon de Montfort in 1209. He added extra fortifications and Carcassonne became a citadel on the French border with Aragon. The fortress was restored in 1853 by Eugene Viollet-le-Duc. Today it is a UNESCO World Heritage site. Picture by Manuel Cohen.
    LC13_FRANCE_MC417.jpg
  • Aude Gate, Citadel of Carcassonne, Aude, France. Carcassonne was a stronghold of Occitan Cathars during the Albigensian Crusades but was captured by Simon de Montfort in 1209. He added extra fortifications and Carcassonne became a citadel on the French border with Aragon. The fortress restored in 1853 by Eugene Viollet-le-Duc. Today it is a UNESCO World Heritage site. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC13_FRANCE_MC414.jpg
  • Citadel of Carcassonne at sunset, 13th century, Carcassonne, Aude, France. The two outer walls of the concentric fortified city are defended by towers and barbicans, and a draw bridge across a moat leads to the keep of the castle. Carcassonne was a stronghold of Occitan Cathars during the Albigensian Crusades but was captured by Simon de Montfort in 1209. He added extra fortifications and Carcassonne became a citadel on the French border with Aragon. The fortress was restored in 1853 by Eugene Viollet-le-Duc. Today it is a UNESCO World Heritage site. Picture by Manuel Cohen.
    LC13_FRANCE_MC418.jpg
  • Square Pinte Tower on the left, Justice Tower on the right, Citadel of Carcassonne, Aude, France. Carcassonne was a stronghold of Occitan Cathars during the Albigensian Crusades but was captured by Simon de Montfort in 1209. He added extra fortifications and Carcassonne became a citadel on the French border with Aragon. The fortress restored in 1853 by Eugene Viollet-le-Duc. Today it is a UNESCO World Heritage site. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC13_FRANCE_MC407.jpg
  • Square Pinte Tower at twilight, Citadel of Carcassonne, Aude, France. Carcassonne was a stronghold of Occitan Cathars during the Albigensian Crusades but was captured by Simon de Montfort in 1209. He added extra fortifications and Carcassonne became a citadel on the French border with Aragon. The fortress restored in 1853 by Eugene Viollet-le-Duc. Today it is a UNESCO World Heritage site. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC13_FRANCE_MC408.jpg
  • Citadel of Carcassonne at sunset, 13th century, Carcassonne, Aude, France. The two outer walls of the concentric fortified city are defended by towers and barbicans, and a draw bridge across a moat leads to the keep of the castle. Carcassonne was a stronghold of Occitan Cathars during the Albigensian Crusades but was captured by Simon de Montfort in 1209. He added extra fortifications and Carcassonne became a citadel on the French border with Aragon. The fortress was restored in 1853 by Eugene Viollet-le-Duc. Today it is a UNESCO World Heritage site. Picture by Manuel Cohen.
    LC13_FRANCE_MC400.jpg
  • Citadel of Carcassonne at twilight, 13th century, Carcassonne, Aude, France. The two outer walls of the concentric fortified city are defended by towers and barbicans, and a draw bridge across a moat leads to the keep of the castle. Carcassonne was a stronghold of Occitan Cathars during the Albigensian Crusades but was captured by Simon de Montfort in 1209. He added extra fortifications and Carcassonne became a citadel on the French border with Aragon. The fortress was restored in 1853 by Eugene Viollet-le-Duc. Today it is a UNESCO World Heritage site. Picture by Manuel Cohen.
    LC13_FRANCE_MC403.jpg
  • Aude Gate, Citadel of Carcassonne, Aude, France. Carcassonne was a stronghold of Occitan Cathars during the Albigensian Crusades but was captured by Simon de Montfort in 1209. He added extra fortifications and Carcassonne became a citadel on the French border with Aragon. The fortress restored in 1853 by Eugene Viollet-le-Duc. Today it is a UNESCO World Heritage site. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC13_FRANCE_MC406.jpg
  • Citadel of Carcassonne at twilight, 13th century, Carcassonne, Aude, France. The two outer walls of the concentric fortified city are defended by towers and barbicans, and a draw bridge across a moat leads to the keep of the castle. Carcassonne was a stronghold of Occitan Cathars during the Albigensian Crusades but was captured by Simon de Montfort in 1209. He added extra fortifications and Carcassonne became a citadel on the French border with Aragon. The fortress was restored in 1853 by Eugene Viollet-le-Duc. Today it is a UNESCO World Heritage site. Picture by Manuel Cohen.
    LC13_FRANCE_MC404.jpg
  • Aude Gate and Comtal Castle, with square Pinte Tower on the left, Justice Tower on the right, Citadel of Carcassonne, Aude, France. Carcassonne was a stronghold of Occitan Cathars during the Albigensian Crusades but was captured by Simon de Montfort in 1209. He added extra fortifications and Carcassonne became a citadel on the French border with Aragon. The fortress restored in 1853 by Eugene Viollet-le-Duc. Today it is a UNESCO World Heritage site. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC13_FRANCE_MC419.jpg
  • Comtal Castle, seen from the Lower Lists (sloping terrain between the two lines of defences), Citadel of Carcassonne, Aude, France. Carcassonne was a stronghold of Occitan Cathars during the Albigensian Crusades but was captured by Simon de Montfort in 1209. He added extra fortifications and Carcassonne became a citadel on the French border with Aragon. The fortress restored in 1853 by Eugene Viollet-le-Duc. Today it is a UNESCO World Heritage site. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC13_FRANCE_MC410.jpg
  • Aude Gate and Comtal Castle, with square Pinte Tower on the left, Justice Tower on the right, Citadel of Carcassonne, Aude, France. Carcassonne was a stronghold of Occitan Cathars during the Albigensian Crusades but was captured by Simon de Montfort in 1209. He added extra fortifications and Carcassonne became a citadel on the French border with Aragon. The fortress restored in 1853 by Eugene Viollet-le-Duc. Today it is a UNESCO World Heritage site. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC13_FRANCE_MC412.jpg
  • Aude Gate and Comtal Castle, with square Pinte Tower on the left, Justice Tower on the right, Citadel of Carcassonne, Aude, France. Carcassonne was a stronghold of Occitan Cathars during the Albigensian Crusades but was captured by Simon de Montfort in 1209. He added extra fortifications and Carcassonne became a citadel on the French border with Aragon. The fortress restored in 1853 by Eugene Viollet-le-Duc. Today it is a UNESCO World Heritage site. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC13_FRANCE_MC411.jpg
  • Citadel of Carcassonne at twilight, 13th century, Carcassonne, Aude, France. The two outer walls of the concentric fortified city are defended by towers and barbicans, and a draw bridge across a moat leads to the keep of the castle. Carcassonne was a stronghold of Occitan Cathars during the Albigensian Crusades but was captured by Simon de Montfort in 1209. He added extra fortifications and Carcassonne became a citadel on the French border with Aragon. The fortress was restored in 1853 by Eugene Viollet-le-Duc. Today it is a UNESCO World Heritage site. Picture by Manuel Cohen.
    LC13_FRANCE_MC402.jpg
  • Citadel of Carcassonne at sunset, 13th century, Carcassonne, Aude, France. The two outer walls of the concentric fortified city are defended by towers and barbicans, and a draw bridge across a moat leads to the keep of the castle. Carcassonne was a stronghold of Occitan Cathars during the Albigensian Crusades but was captured by Simon de Montfort in 1209. He added extra fortifications and Carcassonne became a citadel on the French border with Aragon. The fortress was restored in 1853 by Eugene Viollet-le-Duc. Today it is a UNESCO World Heritage site. Picture by Manuel Cohen.
    LC13_FRANCE_MC401.jpg
  • Corinthian columns with capitals carved with acanthus leaves, Byzantine Basilica, Amman Citadel, Jabal al Qal'a, Amman, Jordan. These capitals were taken from the Roman Temple of Hercules for use in the Byzantine Church, built c. 550 AD. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC12_Jordan_MC030.jpg
  • Temple of Hercules, Amman Citadel, Jabal al Qal'a, Amman, Jordan. This Roman temple was built in 162-66 AD and is dedicated to co-emperors Marcus Aurelius & Lucius Verus. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC12_Jordan_MC036.jpg
  • Corinthian capitals carved with acanthus leaves, from Roman Temple of Hercules, 162-66 AD, Amman Citadel, Jabal al Qal'a, Amman, Jordan. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC12_Jordan_MC037.jpg
  • Temple of Hercules, Amman Citadel, Jabal al Qal'a, Amman, Jordan. This Roman temple was built in 162-66 AD and is dedicated to co-emperors Marcus Aurelius & Lucius Verus. Showing 2 columns with corinthian capitals, and in foreground, hand of colossal Roman statue, probably of god Hercules. This fragment belonged to a colossal statue from the Roman period and was found near the Temple. The statue is estimated to have stood over 13 metres high making it one of the largest statues from Greco-Roman times. Due to the massiveness of the statue, the temple was attributed to Hercules who was renowned for his physical strength. Cityscape of downtown Amman visible in the background. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC12_Jordan_MC047.jpg
  • Temple of Hercules, Amman Citadel, Jabal al Qal'a, Amman, Jordan. This Roman temple was built in 162-66 AD and is dedicated to co-emperors Marcus Aurelius & Lucius Verus; view showing base rock, with cityscape of downtown Amman in the background. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC12_Jordan_MC027.jpg
  • Byzantine Church, Amman Citadel, Jabal al Qal'a, Amman, Jordan. This church, built c. 550 AD, has a Basilical plan that consists of a central nave and two side aisles. The semi-circular apse in the eastern end of the building is separated from the church by a chancel screen. Corinthian capitals decorated with acanthus leaves were taken from the Roman Temple of Hercules for use in the Basilica. A cityscape of downtown Amman is visible in the background. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC12_Jordan_MC028.jpg
  • Byzantine Church, Amman Citadel, Jabal al Qal'a, Amman, Jordan. This church, built c. 550 AD, has a Basilical plan that consists of a central nave and two side aisles. The semi-circular apse in the eastern end of the building is separated from the church by a chancel screen. Corinthian capitals decorated with acanthus leaves were taken from the Roman Temple of Hercules for use in the Basilica. A cityscape of downtown Amman is visible in the background. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC12_Jordan_MC029.jpg
  • Colonnaded street and audience hall, Umayyad Palace, Amman Citadel, Jabal al Qal'a, Amman, Jordan. This street, built 730 AD, and the Umayyad Palace, also called Dar al-Imara, built c. 720 AD, are believed to be the work of Umayyad Arabs. The palace was an extensive complex of royal and residential buildings and was once home to the governor of Amman. The dome of the audience hall is a later reconstruction by Spanish archaeologists. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC12_Jordan_MC031.jpg
  • Colonnaded street and audience hall, Umayyad Palace, Amman Citadel, Jabal al Qal'a, Amman, Jordan. This street, built 730 AD, and the Umayyad Palace, also called Dar al-Imara, built c. 720 AD, are believed to be the work of Umayyad Arabs. The palace was an extensive complex of royal and residential buildings and was once home to the governor of Amman. The dome of the audience hall is a later reconstruction by Spanish archaeologists. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC12_Jordan_MC032.jpg
  • Temple of Hercules, Amman Citadel, Jabal al Qal'a, Amman, Jordan. This Roman temple was built in 162-66 AD and is dedicated to co-emperors Marcus Aurelius & Lucius Verus. Two visitors arriving at the site on the left of the picture give the scale of the imposing temple, cityscape of downtown Amman visible in the background. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC12_Jordan_MC033.jpg
  • Temple of Hercules, Amman Citadel, Jabal al Qal'a, Amman, Jordan. This Roman temple was built in 162-66 AD and is dedicated to co-emperors Marcus Aurelius & Lucius Verus. In foreground, hand and elbow of colossal Roman statue, probably of god Hercules. These fragments belonged to a colossal statue from the Roman period and were found near the Temple. It is estimated to have stood over 13 metres high making it one of the largest statues from Greco-Roman times. Due to the massiveness of the statue, the temple was attributed to Hercules who was renowned for his physical strength. Cityscape of downtown Amman visible in the background. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC12_Jordan_MC035.jpg
  • Mosque's northern wall, remains of the Palace Mosque, built 720 AD and destroyed in earthquake of 749 AD, Amman Citadel, Jabal al-Qal'a, Amman, Jordan. The Palace Mosque served the Umayyad governor's palace. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC12_Jordan_MC042.jpg
  • Audience hall, Umayyad Governor's Palace, Amman Citadel, Jabal al Qal'a, Amman, Jordan. The palace, also known as Dar al-Imara, was built c. 720 AD and is believed to be the work of Umayyad Arabs. The palace was an extensive complex of royal and residential buildings and was once home to the governor of Amman. The dome of the audience hall is a later reconstruction by Spanish archaeologists. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC12_Jordan_MC043.jpg
  • Mosque's northern wall, remains of the Palace Mosque, built 720 AD and destroyed in earthquake of 749 AD, Amman Citadel, Jabal al-Qal'a, Amman, Jordan. The Palace Mosque served the Umayyad governor's palace. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC12_Jordan_MC045.jpg
  • Carved door in black basalt, possibly Nabatean, Amman Citadel, Jabal al-Qal'a, Amman, Jordan. Amman cityscape visible in the background. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC12_Jordan_MC046.jpg
  • Temple of Hercules, Amman Citadel, Jabal al Qal'a, Amman, Jordan. This Roman temple was built in 162-66 AD and is dedicated to co-emperors Marcus Aurelius & Lucius Verus; cityscape of downtown Amman visible in the background. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC12_Jordan_MC048.jpg
  • Temple of Hercules, built AD 162-66, dedicated to co-emperors Marcus Aurelius and Lucius Verus, Amman Citadel, Jabal al-Qal'a, Amman, Jordan. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC12_Jordan_MC049.jpg
  • Fragment of colossal Roman Statue, Amman Citadel, Jabal al-Qal'a, Amman, Jordan. This hand fragment belonged to a colossal statue from the Roman period and was found near the Temple of Hercules. The statue is estimated to have stood over 13 metres high making it one of the largest statues from Greco-Roman times. Due to the massiveness of the statue, the temple was attributed to Hercules who was renowned for his physical strength. Downtown Amman cityscape visible in the background. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC12_Jordan_MC034.JPG
  • The Underground Citadel of Verdun, now a memorial museum housed in tunnels dug 1886-93, in Verdun, Meuse, Lorraine, France. This is where the Unknown Soldier was chosen in 1920, whose remains now lay at the Arc de Triomphe in Paris. By 1914 there were 7km of tunnels, providing shelter and living space for 2000 men, 6 powder magazines, 7 weapons stores, a bakery, a mill, a telephone and telegraph exchange and water-lifting equipment for the town. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC15_VERDUN_MC048.jpg
  • The Entrance Tower to the outer gateway of the Citadel, Aleppo, Syria. Standing on a mound covered in limestone blocks the Citadel is at the heart of Aleppo. Beneath it archaeological remains dating back as far as the 9th century BC have been discovered. Sayf al-Dawla (944-967), the first Hamdanid ruler of Aleppo, built the fortress and used the citadel as a military center. Zangid ruler Nur al-Din (1147-1174) fortified the citadel and added some structures. But during the Ayyubid period and the reign of the Sultan al-Zahir al-Ghazi of Aleppo (1186-1216), the Citadel went through major reconstruction, fortification and addition of new structures that create the complex of the Citadel in its current form.
    LCSYRIA05089.jpg
  • The Entrance Tower to the outer gateway of the Citadel, Aleppo, Syria. Standing on a mound covered in limestone blocks the Citadel is at the heart of Aleppo. Beneath it archaeological remains dating back as far as the 9th century BC have been discovered. Sayf al-Dawla (944-967), the first Hamdanid ruler of Aleppo, built the fortress and used the citadel as a military center. Zangid ruler Nur al-Din (1147-1174) fortified the citadel and added some structures. But during the Ayyubid period and the reign of the Sultan al-Zahir al-Ghazi of Aleppo (1186-1216), the Citadel went through major reconstruction, fortification and addition of new structures that create the complex of the Citadel in its current form.
    LCSYRIA05087.JPG
  • The Entrance Tower to the outer gateway of the Citadel, Aleppo, Syria. Standing on a mound covered in limestone blocks the Citadel is at the heart of Aleppo. Beneath it archaeological remains dating back as far as the 9th century BC have been discovered. Sayf al-Dawla (944-967), the first Hamdanid ruler of Aleppo, built the fortress and used the citadel as a military center. Zangid ruler Nur al-Din (1147-1174) fortified the citadel and added some structures. But during the Ayyubid period and the reign of the Sultan al-Zahir al-Ghazi of Aleppo (1186-1216), the Citadel went through major reconstruction, fortification and addition of new structures that create the complex of the Citadel in its current form.
    LCSYRIA05086.jpg
  • Western fortified wall of the Citadel, Aleppo, Syria. Standing on a mound covered in limestone blocks the Citadel is at the heart of Aleppo. Beneath it archaeological remains dating back as far as the 9th century BC have been discovered. Sayf al-Dawla (944-967), the first Hamdanid ruler of Aleppo, built the fortress and used the citadel as a military center. Zangid ruler Nur al-Din (1147-1174) fortified the citadel and added some structures. But during the Ayyubid period and the reign of the Sultan al-Zahir al-Ghazi of Aleppo (1186-1216), the Citadel went through major reconstruction, fortification and addition of new structures that create the complex of the Citadel in its current form.
    LCSYRIA05090.jpg
  • The Entrance Tower to the outer gateway of the Citadel, Aleppo, Syria. Standing on a mound covered in limestone blocks the Citadel is at the heart of Aleppo. Beneath it archaeological remains dating back as far as the 9th century BC have been discovered. Sayf al-Dawla (944-967), the first Hamdanid ruler of Aleppo, built the fortress and used the citadel as a military center. Zangid ruler Nur al-Din (1147-1174) fortified the citadel and added some structures. But during the Ayyubid period and the reign of the Sultan al-Zahir al-Ghazi of Aleppo (1186-1216), the Citadel went through major reconstruction, fortification and addition of new structures that create the complex of the Citadel in its current form.
    LCSYRIA05088.JPG
  • Citadelle de Blaye or Blaye Citadel, built as a military fortress in 1685-89 by the military architect Francois Ferry, Blaye, Aquitaine, France. The citadel is one of 12 sites on the Vauban network and overlooks the Gironde Estuary. It is listed as a historic monument and is part of the Fortifications of Vauban UNESCO World Heritage Site. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC15_FRANCE_MC0197.jpg
  • Gatehouse of the Citadelle de Blaye or Blaye Citadel, with a stone fleur de lys, symbol of the French monarchy, atop the turret, Blaye, Aquitaine, France. The citadel was built as a military fortress in 1685-89 by the military architect Francois Ferry and is one of 12 sites on the Vauban network. It overlooks the Gironde Estuary. It is listed as a historic monument and is part of the Fortifications of Vauban UNESCO World Heritage Site. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC15_FRANCE_MC0195.jpg
  • Gatehouse of the Citadelle de Blaye or Blaye Citadel, with a stone fleur de lys, symbol of the French monarchy, atop the turret, Blaye, Aquitaine, France. The citadel was built as a military fortress in 1685-89 by the military architect Francois Ferry and is one of 12 sites on the Vauban network. It overlooks the Gironde Estuary. It is listed as a historic monument and is part of the Fortifications of Vauban UNESCO World Heritage Site. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC15_FRANCE_MC0196.jpg
  • Citadelle de Blaye or Blaye Citadel, built as a military fortress in 1685-89 by the military architect Francois Ferry, Blaye, Aquitaine, France. The citadel is one of 12 sites on the Vauban network and overlooks the Gironde Estuary. It is listed as a historic monument and is part of the Fortifications of Vauban UNESCO World Heritage Site. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC15_FRANCE_MC0198.jpg
  • Citadelle de Blaye or Blaye Citadel, built as a military fortress in 1685-89 by the military architect Francois Ferry, Blaye, Aquitaine, France. The citadel is one of 12 sites on the Vauban network and overlooks the Gironde Estuary. It is listed as a historic monument and is part of the Fortifications of Vauban UNESCO World Heritage Site. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC15_FRANCE_MC0199.jpg
  • Citadelle de Blaye or Blaye Citadel, built as a military fortress in 1685-89 by the military architect Francois Ferry, Blaye, Aquitaine, France. The citadel is one of 12 sites on the Vauban network and overlooks the Gironde Estuary. It is listed as a historic monument and is part of the Fortifications of Vauban UNESCO World Heritage Site. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC15_FRANCE_MC0200.jpg
  • Building over the royal entrance to the Citadelle de Blaye or Blaye Citadel, built as a military fortress in 1685-89 by the military architect Francois Ferry, Blaye, Aquitaine, France. The citadel is one of 12 sites on the Vauban network and overlooks the Gironde Estuary. It is listed as a historic monument and is part of the Fortifications of Vauban UNESCO World Heritage Site. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC15_FRANCE_MC0202.jpg
  • Gatehouse of the Citadelle de Blaye or Blaye Citadel at sunset, with a stone fleur de lys, symbol of the French monarchy, atop the turret, Blaye, Aquitaine, France. The citadel was built as a military fortress in 1685-89 by the military architect Francois Ferry and is one of 12 sites on the Vauban network. It overlooks the Gironde Estuary. It is listed as a historic monument and is part of the Fortifications of Vauban UNESCO World Heritage Site. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC15_FRANCE_MC0204.jpg
  • Low angle view of Citadel of Carcassonne, 13th century, and adjacent vineyard, Carcassonne, Aude, France, pictured on February 24, 2007, on a cloudy winter afternoon. The two outer walls of the concentric fortified city are defended by towers and barbicans, and a draw bridge across a moat leads to the keep of the castle. Carcassonne was a stronghold of Occitan Cathars during the Albigensian Crusades but was captured by Simon de Montfort in 1209. He added extra fortifications and Carcassonne became a citadel on the French border with Aragon. The fortress was restored in 1853 by Eugene Viollet-le-Duc. Today it is a UNESCO World Heritage site. Picture by Manuel Cohen.
    ACARCASSONNE070042.jpg
  • General view of Citadel of Carcassonne, 13th century, and adjacent vineyard, Carcassonne, Aude, France, pictured on February 24, 2007, on a cloudy winter afternoon. The two outer walls of the concentric fortified city are defended by towers and barbicans, and a draw bridge across a moat leads to the keep of the castle. Carcassonne was a stronghold of Occitan Cathars during the Albigensian Crusades but was captured by Simon de Montfort in 1209. He added extra fortifications and Carcassonne became a citadel on the French border with Aragon. The fortress was restored in 1853 by Eugene Viollet-le-Duc. Today it is a UNESCO World Heritage site. Picture by Manuel Cohen.
    ACARCASSONNE070041.jpg
  • General view of Citadel of Carcassonne, 13th century, and adjacent vineyard, Carcassonne, Aude, France, pictured on February 24, 2007, on a cloudy winter afternoon. The two outer walls of the concentric fortified city are defended by towers and barbicans, and a draw bridge across a moat leads to the keep of the castle. Carcassonne was a stronghold of Occitan Cathars during the Albigensian Crusades but was captured by Simon de Montfort in 1209. He added extra fortifications and Carcassonne became a citadel on the French border with Aragon. The fortress was restored in 1853 by Eugene Viollet-le-Duc. Today it is a UNESCO World Heritage site. Picture by Manuel Cohen.
    ACARCASSONNE070040.jpg
  • Low angle view of Citadel of Carcassonne, 13th century, and adjacent vineyard, Carcassonne, Aude, France, pictured on February 24, 2007, at midday on a cloudy winter's day. The two outer walls of the concentric fortified city are defended by towers and barbicans, and a draw bridge across a moat leads to the keep of the castle. Carcassonne was a stronghold of Occitan Cathars during the Albigensian Crusades but was captured by Simon de Montfort in 1209. He added extra fortifications and Carcassonne became a citadel on the French border with Aragon. The fortress was restored in 1853 by Eugene Viollet-le-Duc. Today it is a UNESCO World Heritage site. Picture by Manuel Cohen.
    ACARCASSONNE070039.jpg
  • Panoramic view of the Citadel of Carcassonne, 13th century, and surrounding landscape, Carcassonne, Aude, France, pictured on February 24, 2007, on a cloudy winter morning. The two outer walls of the concentric fortified city are defended by towers and barbicans, and a draw bridge across a moat leads to the keep of the castle. Carcassonne was a stronghold of Occitan Cathars during the Albigensian Crusades but was captured by Simon de Montfort in 1209. He added extra fortifications and Carcassonne became a citadel on the French border with Aragon. The fortress was restored in 1853 by Eugene Viollet-le-Duc. Today it is a UNESCO World Heritage site. Picture by Manuel Cohen.
    ACARCASSONNE070037.jpg
  • General view of Citadel of Carcassonne, 13th century, and surrounding landscape, Carcassonne, Aude, France, pictured on February 24, 2007, on a cloudy winter morning. The two outer walls of the concentric fortified city are defended by towers and barbicans, and a draw bridge across a moat leads to the keep of the castle. Carcassonne was a stronghold of Occitan Cathars during the Albigensian Crusades but was captured by Simon de Montfort in 1209. He added extra fortifications and Carcassonne became a citadel on the French border with Aragon. The fortress was restored in 1853 by Eugene Viollet-le-Duc. Today it is a UNESCO World Heritage site. Picture by Manuel Cohen.
    ACARCASSONNE070036.jpg
  • Clock tower presented to Muhammad Ali by King Louis Philippe of France 1836-40 in the courtyard of the Great Mosque of Muhammad Ali Pasha, or Alabaster Mosque, built 1830-48 in the Citadel of Saladin, in Cairo, Egypt. The Ottoman mosque was built by Yusuf Boshnak to commemorate Tusun Pasha, Muhammad Ali's son. Cairo's historic district is a UNESCO World Heritage Site. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC21_EGYPT_MC_032.JPG
  • Mosque Madrasa of Sultan Hassan (right), built 1356-63 in the Bahri Mamluk period for Sultan an-Nasir Hasan, in the old town of Cairo, Egypt. The mosque is monumental in size at 500m long, with 2 minarets and a large entrance portal. A mausoleum for Sultan Hasan is positioned behind the qibla wall. In the distance is the Great Mosque of Muhammad Ali Pasha, or Alabaster Mosque, built 1830-48 in the Citadel of Cairo. Cairo's historic district is a UNESCO World Heritage Site. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC21_EGYPT_MC_027.jpg
  • Qala'at ibn Maan, Arab citadel built 12th century and restored 17th century, Palmyra, Syria. Named after Fakhr al-Din ibn Maan, 17th century Lebanese warlord who resisted the Ottomans
    LCSYRIA05019.JPG
  • Great Mosque of Muhammad Ali Pasha, or Alabaster Mosque, built 1830-48 in the Citadel of Saladin, in Cairo, Egypt. The Ottoman mosque was built by Yusuf Boshnak to commemorate Tusun Pasha, Muhammad Ali's son. Cairo's historic district is a UNESCO World Heritage Site. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC21_EGYPT_MC_033.JPG
  • The South Gate of Troia VI, 17th-15th centuries BC, probably the principal entrance to the citadel, in the ruins of the Homeric city of Troy, Hill of Hissarlik, Turkey. Only the roadway survives today, leading in a straight line up into the citadel. It was originally entirely paved with stone slabs and a drainage channel runs beneath the paving stones. Troy was a city, both factual and legendary, in northwest Anatolia and was the setting of the Trojan Wars described in Homer's Iliad. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC13_Turkey_MC151.jpg
  • Fortification wall and the partially restored ramp of the Troia II citadel, 2600-2250 BC, in the ruins of the Homeric city of Troy, Hill of Hissarlik, Turkey. The citadel entrance was approached by an impressive ramp paved with flat stones and flanked by mudbrick walls. Troy was a city, both factual and legendary, in northwest Anatolia and was the setting of the Trojan Wars described in Homer's Iliad. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC13_Turkey_MC107.jpg
  • General view of The Upper Lists (sloping terrain between the two lines of defences), with, on the left, the Balthazar Tower, Saint Laurent Tower, Trauquet Tower, Saint Sernin Tower and the twin Narbonne Towers; on the right, Tower of la Peyre, the barbican and the Tower of Berard (roof only) in the distance, 13th century, Citadel of Carcassonne, Aude, France, pictured on February 24, 2007, under a stormy winter evening sky. The two outer walls of the concentric fortified city are defended by towers and barbicans, and a draw bridge across a moat leads to the keep of the castle. Carcassonne was a stronghold of Occitan Cathars during the Albigensian Crusades but was captured by Simon de Montfort in 1209. He added extra fortifications and Carcassonne became a citadel on the French border with Aragon. The fortress was restored in 1853 by Eugene Viollet-le-Duc. Today it is a UNESCO World Heritage site. Picture by Manuel Cohen.
    ACARCASSONNE070035.jpg
  • MYCENAE, GREECE - APRIL 13 : A general view of Grave Circle A on April 13, 2007 in Mycenae, Peloppenese, Greece. Mycenae, a hill top citadel and palace complex, was the most important place in Greece from c. 1600 to c. 1100 BC. The site was first completely excavated by German archaeologist Heinrich Schliemann between 1874 and 1878. Grave circle A, just inside the citadel walls, contains six shaft graves. The amount of gold found in them suggests that these were the graves of the rulers of Mycenae. ((Photo by Manuel Cohen)
    DGREECE07MC_430.JPG
  • The South Gate of Troia VI, 17th-15th centuries BC, probably the principal entrance to the citadel, in the ruins of the Homeric city of Troy, Hill of Hissarlik, Turkey. Only the roadway survives today, leading in a straight line up into the citadel. It was originally entirely paved with stone slabs and a drainage channel runs beneath the paving stones. Troy was a city, both factual and legendary, in northwest Anatolia and was the setting of the Trojan Wars described in Homer's Iliad. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC13_Turkey_MC112.jpg
  • The South Gate of Troia VI, 17th-15th centuries BC, probably the principal entrance to the citadel, in the ruins of the Homeric city of Troy, Hill of Hissarlik, Turkey. Only the roadway survives today, leading in a straight line up into the citadel. It was originally entirely paved with stone slabs and a drainage channel runs beneath the paving stones. Troy was a city, both factual and legendary, in northwest Anatolia and was the setting of the Trojan Wars described in Homer's Iliad. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC13_Turkey_MC101.jpg
  • Low angle view of Comtal Castle with the square Pinte Tower on the left, the Justice Tower on the right, seen from the Aude Gate, Citadel of Carcassonne, Aude, France, pictured on February 24, 2007, in the afternoon. The two outer walls of the concentric fortified city are defended by towers and barbicans, and a draw bridge across a moat leads to the keep of the castle. Carcassonne was a stronghold of Occitan Cathars during the Albigensian Crusades but was captured by Simon de Montfort in 1209. He added extra fortifications and Carcassonne became a citadel on the French border with Aragon. The fortress restored in 1853 by Eugene Viollet-le-Duc. Today it is a UNESCO World Heritage site. Picture by Manuel Cohen.
    ACARCASSONNE070045.jpg
  • East side of the Castle with gateway of a semicircular barbican, Citadel of Carcassonne, Aude, France, pictured on February 24, 2007, on a cloudy winter afternoon. The two outer walls of the concentric fortified city are defended by towers and barbicans, and a draw bridge across a moat leads to the keep of the castle. Carcassonne was a stronghold of Occitan Cathars during the Albigensian Crusades but was captured by Simon de Montfort in 1209. He added extra fortifications and Carcassonne became a citadel on the French border with Aragon. The fortress restored in 1853 by Eugene Viollet-le-Duc. Today it is a UNESCO World Heritage site. Picture by Manuel Cohen.
    ACARCASSONNE070043.jpg
  • Low angle view of the entrance to the Ark citadel, 5th century, Bukhara, Uzbekistan, pictured on July 11, 2010, at sunset. Situtaed on an artificial hill of 9,2 hectares, it was the internal fortress of Bukhara and according to legend dates as far back as the early 1st century AD. Bukhara, a city on the Silk Route is about 2500 years old. Its long history is displayed both through the impressive monuments and the overall town planning and architecture.
    LC_Uzbekistan_0710_MC029.jpg
  • Ark citadel, 5th century, Bukhara, Uzbekistan, pictured on July 11, 2010, at sunset. Situtaed on an artificial hill of 9,2 hectares, it was the internal fortress of Bukhara and according to legend dates as far back as the early 1st century AD. Bukhara, a city on the Silk Route is about 2500 years old. Its long history is displayed both through the impressive monuments and the overall town planning and architecture.
    LC_Uzbekistan_0710_MC028.jpg
  • Downtown Amman, seen from the Citadel which sits on the highest hill of Amman, Jabal al-Qal'a (about 850m above sea level), with Jordanian flag flying, Amman, Jordan. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC12_Jordan_MC040.jpg
  • Downtown Amman seen from the Citadel which sits on the highest hill of Amman, Jabal al-Qal'a (about 850m above sea level), Amman, Jordan. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC12_Jordan_MC039.jpg
  • Downtown Amman seen from the Citadel which sits on the highest hill of Amman, Jabal al-Qal'a (about 850m above sea level), Amman, Jordan. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC12_Jordan_MC050.jpg
  • Ruined Byzantine Citadel and Crusaders bastion tower in the background, Castle of Saladin, 10th-12th century, Latakia, Syria. In 1188 Saladin succeeded in occupying it and it stayed in Muslim hands from Saladin to Baibars to Qalaun.
    LCSYRIA05125.jpg
  • Storage of archaeological remains, Citadel Museum, Bosra, Syria.
    LCSYRIA05070.jpg
  • Roman mosaic, Citadel Museum, Bosra, Syria.  The mosaic depicts a man picking fruit, while another man has a caged bird.
    LCSYRIA05069.jpg
  • Downtown Amman, seen from the Citadel which sits on the highest hill of Amman, Jabal al-Qal'a (about 850m above sea level), Amman, Jordan. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC12_Jordan_MC041.jpg
  • Downtown Amman, seen from the Citadel which sits on the highest hill of Amman, Jabal al-Qal'a (about 850m above sea level), Amman, Jordan. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC12_Jordan_MC044.jpg
  • Courtyards with ruined Byzantine Citadel and 2 Crusaders bastion towers, Castle of Saladin, 10th-12th century, Latakia, Syria. In 1188 Saladin succeeded in occupying it and it stayed in Muslim hands from Saladin to Baibars to Qalaun.
    LCSYRIA05124.jpg
  • Courtyards with ruined Byzantine Citadel and 2 Crusaders bastion towers, Castle of Saladin, 10th-12th century, Latakia, Syria. In 1188 Saladin succeeded in occupying it and it stayed in Muslim hands from Saladin to Baibars to Qalaun.
    LCSYRIA05123.jpg
  • Ruins of Roman statues in the Citadel Museum, Bosra, Syria
    LCSYRIA05068.jpg
  • Nabatean stone sculpture, 1st century BC, Citadel Museum, Bosra, Syria
    LCSYRIA05067.jpg
  • Family funerary stela of Lutuccus, Pixtasis and Samoricos, detail, High Empire Gallo-Roman, 1st - 3rd century AD, limestone, discovered in 1845 south of the citadel in Langres, in the Musee de Langres, or Langres Museum of Art and History, in Langres, Haute-Marne, France. Founded in 1841, the museum has been housed in a new building in the old town since 1997. It exhibits art, artefacts and archaeology from prehistory to the 20th century. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC21_FRANCE_MC_1017.jpg
  • Head of Medusa, on a sculpted corner capital from a pilaster, High Empire Gallo-Roman, 1st - 3rd century AD, oolitic limestone, discovered in 1835 at the citadel in Langres, in the Musee de Langres, or Langres Museum of Art and History, in Langres, Haute-Marne, France. The sculpture was reused in a frieze on a wall on the Place Jean Duvet. Founded in 1841, the museum has been housed in a new building in the old town since 1997. It exhibits art, artefacts and archaeology from prehistory to the 20th century. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC21_FRANCE_MC_0945.jpg
  • Head of Medusa, on a sculpted corner capital from a pilaster, High Empire Gallo-Roman, 1st - 3rd century AD, oolitic limestone, discovered in 1835 at the citadel in Langres, in the Musee de Langres, or Langres Museum of Art and History, in Langres, Haute-Marne, France. The sculpture was reused in a frieze on a wall on the Place Jean Duvet. Founded in 1841, the museum has been housed in a new building in the old town since 1997. It exhibits art, artefacts and archaeology from prehistory to the 20th century. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC21_FRANCE_MC_0944.jpg
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