manuel cohen

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  • 18th century apartment, with Rococo style wood panelling c. 1750 by Philibert Lonbois, and yellow silk wall covering, at the Chateau de Flecheres, built 1610-16 by Jean de Seve, in Dombes, Fareins, Ain, France. The chateau was built on an earlier 12th century fortress and is listed as a historic monument. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC22_FRANCE_MC_1363.jpg
  • Painting of a ball, showing couples dancing on rush matting, from Chateau d'Azay-le-Rideau, 16th century Renaissance chateau, Loire Valley, Inde-et-Loire, France. This is an anonymous, late 16th century painting and is conserved at the Musee du Chateau Royal de Blois. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC13_FRANCE_MC120.jpg
  • Painting of woman in her bath, 1834, from Chateau d'Azay-le-Rideau, 16th century Renaissance chateau, Loire Valley, Inde-et-Loire, France. This painting is a copy of the anonymous painting of Gabrielle d'Estrees in her bath, 1598-1599, at the Musee Conde in Chantilly, which in turn was inspired by Francois Clouet's Diane de Poitiers of 1571, at the National Gallery of Art in Washington. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC13_FRANCE_MC119.jpg
  • Concert champetre or pastoral concert, with group of musicians in a countryside setting, 18th century engraving after a painting by Antoine Watteau, 1624-1721, Rococo painter. Copyright © Collection Particuliere Tropmi / Manuel Cohen
    LC_History_MC0138.jpg
  • Foundations of the Tour Thibaud or Thibaud tower, built in the 12th century under Thibaud II count of Champagne (left), supporting wall of the 15th century drawbridge (centre) and wall of the Thibaud Grande Poterie or pottery works, 13th century (right), seen from the moat, at the medieval castle of Chateau-Thierry, Picardy, France. The first fortifications on this spur over the river Marne date from the 4th century and the first castle was built in the 9th century Merovingian period by the counts of Vermandois. Thibaud II enlarged the castle in the 12th century and built the Tour Thibaud, and Thibaud IV expanded it significantly in the 13th century to include 17 defensive towers in the walls and an East and South gate. The castle was largely destroyed in the French Revolution after having been a royal palace since 1285. In 1814 it was used as a citadel for Napoleonic troops. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC14_France_MC221.jpg
  • Ceiling of Gothic choir, 15th century, with tracery and high columns, and High Altarpiece, 18th century, by Sabatini, with statue of the Virgen de la Paz, 12th century, in the centre, Segovia Cathedral, (Catedral de Segovia, Catedral de Santa Maria), 1525-77, by Juan Gil de Hontanon (1480-1526), and continued by his son Rodrigo Gil de Hontanon (1500-1577), Segovia, Castile and Leon, Spain. Last Gothic Cathedral in Spain, commissioned by Carlos V (1500-58), after an earlier cathedral was damaged in the Revolt of the Comuneros, 1520. Cathedral consecrated, 1768. Ground plan has three naves surrounded by chapels. The interior is lit by Flemish windows, 16th-17th century, and centres on Gothic choir (15th century). Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LCSPAIN11_MC234.jpg
  • Roman carving of Aulisua, the African and Mauretanian god of fertility, with inscription, 1st - 3rd century AD, Volubilis, Northern Morocco. Volubilis was founded in the 3rd century BC by the Phoenicians and was a Roman settlement from the 1st century AD. Volubilis was a thriving Roman olive growing town until 280 AD and was settled until the 11th century. The buildings were largely destroyed by an earthquake in the 18th century and have since been excavated and partly restored. Volubilis was listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1997. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC14_Morocco_MC145.jpg
  • An ivory chesspiece, 10th - 11th centuries, made into a whistle (called 'le fou chantant') in the 15th century and discarded in the 16th century, from the 1995 excavations led by Francois Blary, from the North section of the upper courtyard in the kitchen area at the medieval castle of Chateau-Thierry, Picardy, France. The first fortifications on this spur over the river Marne date from the 4th century and the first castle was built in the 9th century Merovingian period by the counts of Vermandois. Thibaud II enlarged the castle in the 12th century and built the Tour Thibaud, and Thibaud IV expanded it significantly in the 13th century to include 17 defensive towers in the walls and an East and South gate. The castle was largely destroyed in the French Revolution after having been a royal palace since 1285. In 1814 it was used as a citadel for Napoleonic troops. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC14_France_MC300.jpg
  • An ivory chesspiece, 10th - 11th centuries, made into a whistle (called 'le fou chantant') in the 15th century and discarded in the 16th century, from the 1995 excavations led by Francois Blary, from the North section of the upper courtyard in the kitchen area at the medieval castle of Chateau-Thierry, Picardy, France. The first fortifications on this spur over the river Marne date from the 4th century and the first castle was built in the 9th century Merovingian period by the counts of Vermandois. Thibaud II enlarged the castle in the 12th century and built the Tour Thibaud, and Thibaud IV expanded it significantly in the 13th century to include 17 defensive towers in the walls and an East and South gate. The castle was largely destroyed in the French Revolution after having been a royal palace since 1285. In 1814 it was used as a citadel for Napoleonic troops. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC14_France_MC301.jpg
  • Ceiling of Gothic choir, 15th century, with tracery and high columns, and High Altarpiece, 18th century, by Sabatini, with statue of the Virgen de la Paz, 12th century, in the centre, Segovia Cathedral, (Catedral de Segovia, Catedral de Santa Maria), 1525-77, by Juan Gil de Hontanon (1480-1526), and continued by his son Rodrigo Gil de Hontanon (1500-1577), Segovia, Castile and Leon, Spain. Last Gothic Cathedral in Spain, commissioned by Carlos V (1500-58), after an earlier cathedral was damaged in the Revolt of the Comuneros, 1520. Cathedral consecrated, 1768. Ground plan has three naves surrounded by chapels. The interior is lit by Flemish windows, 16th-17th century, and centres on Gothic choir (15th century). Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LCSPAIN11_MC233.jpg
  • Roman carving of Aulisua, the African and Mauretanian god of fertility, with inscription, 1st - 3rd century AD, Volubilis, Northern Morocco. Volubilis was founded in the 3rd century BC by the Phoenicians and was a Roman settlement from the 1st century AD. Volubilis was a thriving Roman olive growing town until 280 AD and was settled until the 11th century. The buildings were largely destroyed by an earthquake in the 18th century and have since been excavated and partly restored. Volubilis was listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1997. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC14_Morocco_MC146.jpg
  • An ivory chesspiece, 10th - 11th centuries, made into a whistle (called 'le fou chantant') in the 15th century and discarded in the 16th century, from the 1995 excavations led by Francois Blary, from the North section of the upper courtyard in the kitchen area at the medieval castle of Chateau-Thierry, Picardy, France. The first fortifications on this spur over the river Marne date from the 4th century and the first castle was built in the 9th century Merovingian period by the counts of Vermandois. Thibaud II enlarged the castle in the 12th century and built the Tour Thibaud, and Thibaud IV expanded it significantly in the 13th century to include 17 defensive towers in the walls and an East and South gate. The castle was largely destroyed in the French Revolution after having been a royal palace since 1285. In 1814 it was used as a citadel for Napoleonic troops. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC14_France_MC299.jpg
  • Statue of Notre-Dame du Bec or Our Lady of Bec, 14th century, in the abbey church, originally the 17th century Mauric refectory, recently restored, at the Abbaye Notre-Dame du Bec or Bec Abbey, a Benedictine monastery founded 1034 by Saint Herluin, in Le Bec Hellouin, Eure, Normandy, France. The abbey church was built in the 14th century, the Tour Saint-Nicolas in the 15th century and the current complex contains a 17th century chapter house and cloister and 18th century Regency style convent buildings. The abbey is listed as a historic monument. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC19_FRANCE_MC_0015.jpg
  • Effigy of Geoffroy Fae, bishop of Evreux, 14th century, in the abbey church, originally the 17th century Mauric refectory, recently restored, at the Abbaye Notre-Dame du Bec or Bec Abbey, a Benedictine monastery founded 1034 by Saint Herluin, in Le Bec Hellouin, Eure, Normandy, France. The abbey church was built in the 14th century, the Tour Saint-Nicolas in the 15th century and the current complex contains a 17th century chapter house and cloister and 18th century Regency style convent buildings. The abbey is listed as a historic monument. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC19_FRANCE_MC_0014.jpg
  • Statue of Notre-Dame du Bec or Our Lady of Bec, detail, 14th century, in the abbey church, originally the 17th century Mauric refectory, recently restored, at the Abbaye Notre-Dame du Bec or Bec Abbey, a Benedictine monastery founded 1034 by Saint Herluin, in Le Bec Hellouin, Eure, Normandy, France. The abbey church was built in the 14th century, the Tour Saint-Nicolas in the 15th century and the current complex contains a 17th century chapter house and cloister and 18th century Regency style convent buildings. The abbey is listed as a historic monument. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC19_FRANCE_MC_0013.jpg
  • Statue of St Augustine, 15th century, in the abbey church, originally the 17th century Mauric refectory, recently restored, at the Abbaye Notre-Dame du Bec or Bec Abbey, a Benedictine monastery founded 1034 by Saint Herluin, in Le Bec Hellouin, Eure, Normandy, France. The abbey church was built in the 14th century, the Tour Saint-Nicolas in the 15th century and the current complex contains a 17th century chapter house and cloister and 18th century Regency style convent buildings. The abbey is listed as a historic monument. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC19_FRANCE_MC_0009.jpg
  • Underground quarry and cellars, 13th century, at the medieval castle of Chateau-Thierry, Picardy, France. From the 11th century, limestone was extracted from under the castle to create underground rooms, which were reinforced in the 12th and 13th centuries, as seen here. By the 16th century, the underground rooms had 2 levels and accessed the dry moat. The first fortifications on this spur over the river Marne date from the 4th century and the first castle was built in the 9th century Merovingian period by the counts of Vermandois. Thibaud II enlarged the castle in the 12th century and built the Tour Thibaud, and Thibaud IV expanded it significantly in the 13th century to include 17 defensive towers in the walls and an East and South gate. The castle was largely destroyed in the French Revolution after having been a royal palace since 1285. In 1814 it was used as a citadel for Napoleonic troops. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC14_France_MC243.jpg
  • Underground quarry and cellars, 13th century, at the medieval castle of Chateau-Thierry, Picardy, France. From the 11th century, limestone was extracted from under the castle to create underground rooms, which were reinforced in the 12th and 13th centuries. By the 16th century, the underground rooms had 2 levels and accessed the dry moat. The first fortifications on this spur over the river Marne date from the 4th century and the first castle was built in the 9th century Merovingian period by the counts of Vermandois. Thibaud II enlarged the castle in the 12th century and built the Tour Thibaud, and Thibaud IV expanded it significantly in the 13th century to include 17 defensive towers in the walls and an East and South gate. The castle was largely destroyed in the French Revolution after having been a royal palace since 1285. In 1814 it was used as a citadel for Napoleonic troops. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC14_France_MC244.jpg
  • Underground quarry and cellars, 13th century, at the medieval castle of Chateau-Thierry, Picardy, France. From the 11th century, limestone was extracted from under the castle to create underground rooms, which were reinforced in the 12th and 13th centuries, as seen here. By the 16th century, the underground rooms had 2 levels and accessed the dry moat. The first fortifications on this spur over the river Marne date from the 4th century and the first castle was built in the 9th century Merovingian period by the counts of Vermandois. Thibaud II enlarged the castle in the 12th century and built the Tour Thibaud, and Thibaud IV expanded it significantly in the 13th century to include 17 defensive towers in the walls and an East and South gate. The castle was largely destroyed in the French Revolution after having been a royal palace since 1285. In 1814 it was used as a citadel for Napoleonic troops. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC14_France_MC245.jpg
  • Baroque facade of the Santa Maria Cathedral or Cathedral of St Mary of Girona, in Girona, situated at the confluence of the rivers Ter, Onyar, Galligants and Guell, Catalonia, Spain. Here we see the Baroque facade, begun in 1606 and completed in 1961, with its sculptures decorating the 3 orders of the facade made by local sculptors in the 1960s, and the new octagonal bell tower, begun in 1590 and completed in the 18th century, which houses 6 bells. A staircase of 90 steps dating to 1607 leads up to this entrance. The cathedral was begun in the 11th century in Romanesque style, and later continued in the 14th century in Catalan Gothic style, redesigned by Pere Sacoma in 1312 and built by the school of Mallorcan architect Jaume Fabre. Of the original Romanesque building only the 12th century cloister and a bell tower remain. The cathedral was completed in the 18th century. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LCSPAIN13_MC064.jpg
  • The Vienna bedroom on the first floor of the square keep, 12th - 13th century, in the Chateau de Chateauneuf, or Chateauneuf-en-Auxois, a 12th and 15th century castle, Cote d'Or, Burgundy, France. The terracotta floor tiles date to the 15th century, and the wooden panelled and painted alcove with wardrobe and washroom were installed by Charles I in the late 17th century. The decor of gypsum plaster imitating marble is 18th century. The portraits are of Charles I of Vienna and his wife Marguerite Fauche of Domprei. Originally built in 1132 by Jean de Chaudenay, the castle was modified from a medieval fortress to a residence from 1457 under Philippe le Bon, Duc de Bourgogne, or Philip the Good, Duke of Burgundy, who gave the castle to his advisor Philippe Pot. The castle sits on an outcrop overlooking the valley of the Canal de Bourgogne and is listed as a historic monument. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC16_FRANCE_MC_0304.jpg
  • Well, 3m across and 54m deep, in the underground quarry and cellars, 11th - 16th centuries, at the medieval castle of Chateau-Thierry, Picardy, France. From the 11th century, limestone was extracted from under the castle to create underground rooms, which were reinforced in the 12th and 13th centuries. By the 16th century, the underground rooms had 2 levels and accessed the dry moat. The first fortifications on this spur over the river Marne date from the 4th century and the first castle was built in the 9th century Merovingian period by the counts of Vermandois. Thibaud II enlarged the castle in the 12th century and built the Tour Thibaud, and Thibaud IV expanded it significantly in the 13th century to include 17 defensive towers in the walls and an East and South gate. The castle was largely destroyed in the French Revolution after having been a royal palace since 1285. In 1814 it was used as a citadel for Napoleonic troops. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC14_France_MC242.jpg
  • Entrance to the quarry and cellars, 11th - 16th centuries, at the medieval castle of Chateau-Thierry, Picardy, France. From the 11th century, limestone was extracted from under the castle to create underground rooms, which were reinforced in the 12th and 13th centuries. By the 16th century, the underground rooms had 2 levels and accessed the dry moat. The first fortifications on this spur over the river Marne date from the 4th century and the first castle was built in the 9th century Merovingian period by the counts of Vermandois. Thibaud II enlarged the castle in the 12th century and built the Tour Thibaud, and Thibaud IV expanded it significantly in the 13th century to include 17 defensive towers in the walls and an East and South gate. The castle was largely destroyed in the French Revolution after having been a royal palace since 1285. In 1814 it was used as a citadel for Napoleonic troops. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC14_France_MC334.jpg
  • Wall of the Thibaud Grande Poterie or pottery works, 13th century (left), and the supporting wall of the 15th century drawbridge (centre), with the moat behind, at the medieval castle of Chateau-Thierry, Picardy, France. The first fortifications on this spur over the river Marne date from the 4th century and the first castle was built in the 9th century Merovingian period by the counts of Vermandois. Thibaud II enlarged the castle in the 12th century and built the Tour Thibaud, and Thibaud IV expanded it significantly in the 13th century to include 17 defensive towers in the walls and an East and South gate. The castle was largely destroyed in the French Revolution after having been a royal palace since 1285. In 1814 it was used as a citadel for Napoleonic troops. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC14_France_MC171.jpg
  • The Tour Thibaud or Thibaud tower, built in the 12th century under Thibaud II count of Champagne (the rest of the tower was destroyed in the 15th century), seen through the trees from the Porte Saint Jean or St John's Gate, 13th century, at the medieval castle of Chateau-Thierry, Picardy, France. The first fortifications on this spur over the river Marne date from the 4th century and the first castle was built in the 9th century Merovingian period by the counts of Vermandois. Thibaud II enlarged the castle in the 12th century and built the Tour Thibaud, and Thibaud IV expanded it significantly in the 13th century to include 17 defensive towers in the walls and an East and South gate. The castle was largely destroyed in the French Revolution after having been a royal palace since 1285. In 1814 it was used as a citadel for Napoleonic troops. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC14_France_MC342.jpg
  • Portrait of Talleyrand and gilded bronze sculpture of a charioteer in a chariot, gift of Napoleon to Joaquim Murat, in the Salon Empire, a living room decorated in early 19th century Empire style, in the Chateau de Chalais, in Chalais, Charente, Nouvelle-Aquitaine, France. The castle was built, between the Aude and Viveronne rivers, in the 11th century, destroyed during the Hundred Years War in the 15th century, and rebuilt in the 16th century. It was the home of the Talleyrand-Perigord family, princes of Chalais from the 14th century to 1883. The chateau is listed as a historic monument. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC20_FRANCE_MC_0270.jpg
  • West Theatre, Roman, 2nd century AD, Umm Qais, Irbid, Jordan, surrounded by Ottoman period village of Umm Qais, built late 19th - early 20th century with stones from site of Gadara. The site was founded in the 4th century BC as Gadara, a Hellenistic town, which was developed by the Romans and later by Christians from the 4th century. It was destroyed by earthquakes in the 8th century and the ruins discovered in 1806. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC12_Jordan_MC285.jpg
  • Tour de Boissy, first floor, built late 13th - early 14th century with rib vaulted ceiling, giving access to the logis royaux from the 15th century, at the Chateau de Chinon or Forteresse royale de Chinon, on the Vienne river, Indre-et-Loire, France. The chateau was founded in the 11th century by Theobald I, count of Blois. King Henry II of England lived and died here in the 12th century and the chateau has been out of use since the late 16th century. It is listed as a historic monument and part of the Loire Valley UNESCO World Heritage Site. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC22_FRANCE_MC_1332.jpg
  • Cour d'Honneur, or main courtyard, with (left) south east wing, early 16th century, with its round tower and (right) west wing culminating in the 13th century Square Tower or keep, at the Chateau de Maintenon, built 13th - 18th century, and from 1674, residence of Madame de Maintenon, 1635-1719, second wife of King Louis XIV, at Maintenon, Eure-et-Loir, France. The facades of the main courtyard were changed in the 19th century by the Duke Paul de Noailles and his architect Henri Parent. In the distance is the parterre, designed by Andre Le Notre, and the Aqueduc de Maintenon, an unfinished aqueduct built 1686-89 by Vauban, part of a project to supply water in the Canal de l'Eure or Canal de Louis XIV, across the Eure valley to the Chateau de Versailles. The castle is listed as a historic monument. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC21_FRANCE_MC_0191.jpg
  • Tapestry of Artemis, made in the Felletin workshops, 17th century, in the Galerie, in the Chateau de Chalais, in Chalais, Charente, Nouvelle-Aquitaine, France. The castle was built, between the Aude and Viveronne rivers, in the 11th century, destroyed during the Hundred Years War in the 15th century, and rebuilt in the 16th century. It was the home of the Talleyrand-Perigord family, princes of Chalais from the 14th century to 1883. The chateau is listed as a historic monument. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC20_FRANCE_MC_0259.jpg
  • Le Cabinet Peint, panelled room covered with 17th century Italian paintings of flowers, garlands, baskets and fruit, in the Chateau de Chalais, in Chalais, Charente, Nouvelle-Aquitaine, France. The castle was built, between the Aude and Viveronne rivers, in the 11th century, destroyed during the Hundred Years War in the 15th century, and rebuilt in the 16th century. It was the home of the Talleyrand-Perigord family, princes of Chalais from the 14th century to 1883. The chateau is listed as a historic monument. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC20_FRANCE_MC_0262.jpg
  • King Louis XVI as a woman holding plants and flowers, detail from Le Cabinet Peint, a panelled room covered with 17th century Italian paintings, in the Chateau de Chalais, in Chalais, Charente, Nouvelle-Aquitaine, France. The castle was built, between the Aude and Viveronne rivers, in the 11th century, destroyed during the Hundred Years War in the 15th century, and rebuilt in the 16th century. It was the home of the Talleyrand-Perigord family, princes of Chalais from the 14th century to 1883. The chateau is listed as a historic monument. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC20_FRANCE_MC_0264.jpg
  • Salon Empire, a living room decorated in early 19th century Empire style, with mahogany furniture and framed works of art, in the Chateau de Chalais, in Chalais, Charente, Nouvelle-Aquitaine, France. The castle was built, between the Aude and Viveronne rivers, in the 11th century, destroyed during the Hundred Years War in the 15th century, and rebuilt in the 16th century. It was the home of the Talleyrand-Perigord family, princes of Chalais from the 14th century to 1883. The chateau is listed as a historic monument. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC20_FRANCE_MC_0265.jpg
  • Portrait of Talleyrand by Julien-Leopold Boilly, 1796–1874, after Jean-Baptiste Isabey, 1767–1855, in the Salon Empire, a living room decorated in early 19th century Empire style, in the Chateau de Chalais, in Chalais, Charente, Nouvelle-Aquitaine, France. The castle was built, between the Aude and Viveronne rivers, in the 11th century, destroyed during the Hundred Years War in the 15th century, and rebuilt in the 16th century. It was the home of the Talleyrand-Perigord family, princes of Chalais from the 14th century to 1883. The chateau is listed as a historic monument. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC20_FRANCE_MC_0269.jpg
  • Virgen del Pilar, in a baroque altarpiece, 18th century, in the Capilla del Pilar, the largest side chapel, dedicated to the Virgen del Pilar, in the Catedral del Salvador de Albarracin, 16th century, in the medieval town of Albarracin, Teruel, Aragon, Spain. The statue of the Virgin at the pillar is an earlier 17th century statue. She is flanked her her parents, St Joachim and St Anne. Albarracin was founded as a Moorish town in the 11th century and became an independent lordship until the 13th century. The town is listed as a national monument. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC19_SPAIN_MC198.jpg
  • Medieval clock, 14th -15th century, probably the oldest fully preserved and functioning mechanical clock in Europe, near the North entrance of the Cathedrale Saint-Pierre de Beauvais or Cathedral of St Peter of Beauvais, an incomplete Gothic Roman Catholic cathedral consecrated in 1272, Beauvais, Oise, Picardy, France. Painted angels from the 15th century support the clock face which was replaced in the 18th century. The cathedral consists only of a transept built in the 16th century and choir, with apse and 7 polygonal apsidal chapels from the 13th century. It was listed as a historic monument in 1840. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC15_FRANCE_MC0613.jpg
  • Nave, choir and transept of the Eglise Saint-Martin d'Angers, a collegiate Carolingian church, Angers, Maine-et-Loire, France. The main nave is 11th century Romanesque, the large brick arches to the sides are 10th century and the choir was extended in the 12th century in Gothic style. The medieval church was expanded many times and the transept was expanded under King Rene in the 15th century. The church is listed as a historic monument. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC21_FRANCE_MC_0452.jpg
  • Nave, choir and transept of the Eglise Saint-Martin d'Angers, a collegiate Carolingian church, Angers, Maine-et-Loire, France. The main nave is 11th century Romanesque, the large brick arches to the sides are 10th century and the choir was extended in the 12th century in Gothic style. The medieval church was expanded many times and the transept was expanded under King Rene in the 15th century. The church is listed as a historic monument. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC21_FRANCE_MC_0661.jpg
  • Chapel, 17th century, in the Chateau de Chalais, in Chalais, Charente, Nouvelle-Aquitaine, France. The castle was built, between the Aude and Viveronne rivers, in the 11th century, destroyed during the Hundred Years War in the 15th century, and rebuilt in the 16th century. It was the home of the Talleyrand-Perigord family, princes of Chalais from the 14th century to 1883. The chateau is listed as a historic monument. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC20_FRANCE_MC_0315.jpg
  • Hydraulic pumping system, 19th century, at a well in a 13th century underground tunnel, pumping the saline water up from the layer of rock salt 250m below ground, in the Museum of Salt or Musee du Sel, designed by architects Malcotti-Roussey and opened May 2009, in the Great Saltworks at Salins-les-Bains, Jura, Bourgogne-Franche-Comte, France. 15th century saltworks were replaced by industrial buildings in the 18th century, where saline water was pumped from underground wells and evaporated to form salt. Saline water was also piped from here from 1780 until 1895 through 21km of wood then cast iron pipes to the Royal Saltworks or Saline Royale at Arc-et-Senans to be processed. The saltworks at Salins-les-Bains ceased production in 1962 and are now listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC17_FRANCE_MC_0946.jpg
  • The Tour Thibaud or Thibaud tower, built in the 12th century under Thibaud II count of Champagne (the rest of the tower was destroyed in the 15th century), at the medieval castle of Chateau-Thierry, Picardy, France. The first fortifications on this spur over the river Marne date from the 4th century and the first castle was built in the 9th century Merovingian period by the counts of Vermandois. Thibaud II enlarged the castle in the 12th century and built the Tour Thibaud, and Thibaud IV expanded it significantly in the 13th century to include 17 defensive towers in the walls and an East and South gate. The castle was largely destroyed in the French Revolution after having been a royal palace since 1285. In 1814 it was used as a citadel for Napoleonic troops. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC14_France_MC181.jpg
  • Toothpick set made from bone, 15th - 17th centuries, from the 1998 excavations led by Francois Blary, from the North section of the upper courtyard in the kitchen area at the medieval castle of Chateau-Thierry, Picardy, France. The first fortifications on this spur over the river Marne date from the 4th century and the first castle was built in the 9th century Merovingian period by the counts of Vermandois. Thibaud II enlarged the castle in the 12th century and built the Tour Thibaud, and Thibaud IV expanded it significantly in the 13th century to include 17 defensive towers in the walls and an East and South gate. The castle was largely destroyed in the French Revolution after having been a royal palace since 1285. In 1814 it was used as a citadel for Napoleonic troops. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC14_France_MC324.jpg
  • Silver retablo mayor or altarpiece, 14th century, in the apse of Santa Maria Cathedral or Cathedral of St Mary of Girona, in the town of Girona, at the confluence of the rivers Ter, Onyar, Galligants and Guell, Catalonia, Spain. The polygonal apse  with its stained glass windows is separated from the nave by a wall holding 3 rose windows above Gothic arches. Its 10 trapezoidal ribs form 10 small radiating chapels, seen here. Behind the altarpiece is a stone double staircase leading to a stone carved seat. The nave, at 22m, is the widest nave in the world and is cross vaulted. The cathedral was begun in the 11th century in Romanesque style, and later continued in the 14th century in Catalan Gothic style, redesigned by Pere Sacoma in 1312 and built by the school of Mallorcan architect Jaume Fabre. Of the original Romanesque building only the 12th century cloister and a bell tower remain. The cathedral was completed in the 18th century. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LCSPAIN13_MC044.jpg
  • Detail of small minaret, late 19th century - early 20th century, summer mosque, Rukhabad Mausoleum, 14th century, Samarkand, Uzbekistan, pictured on July , 2010, at sunrise. The decoration bears influence of Eastern-Turkistan or Chinese traditions. Samarkand, a city on the Silk Road, founded as Afrosiab in the 7th century BC, is a meeting point for the world's cultures. Its most important development was in the Timurid period, 14th to 15th centuries. Picture by Manuel Cohen.
    LC_UZBEKISTAN_0710_MC138.jpg
  • The Tour Thibaud or Thibaud tower, built in the 12th century under Thibaud II count of Champagne (the rest of the tower was destroyed in the 15th century), at the medieval castle of Chateau-Thierry, Picardy, France. The first fortifications on this spur over the river Marne date from the 4th century and the first castle was built in the 9th century Merovingian period by the counts of Vermandois. Thibaud II enlarged the castle in the 12th century and built the Tour Thibaud, and Thibaud IV expanded it significantly in the 13th century to include 17 defensive towers in the walls and an East and South gate. The castle was largely destroyed in the French Revolution after having been a royal palace since 1285. In 1814 it was used as a citadel for Napoleonic troops. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC14_France_MC169.jpg
  • The Tour Thibaud or Thibaud tower, built in the 12th century under Thibaud II count of Champagne (the rest of the tower was destroyed in the 15th century), at the medieval castle of Chateau-Thierry, Picardy, France. The first fortifications on this spur over the river Marne date from the 4th century and the first castle was built in the 9th century Merovingian period by the counts of Vermandois. Thibaud II enlarged the castle in the 12th century and built the Tour Thibaud, and Thibaud IV expanded it significantly in the 13th century to include 17 defensive towers in the walls and an East and South gate. The castle was largely destroyed in the French Revolution after having been a royal palace since 1285. In 1814 it was used as a citadel for Napoleonic troops. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC14_France_MC168.jpg
  • Chimney on the upper part of the Tour Thibaud or Thibaud tower, built in the 12th century under Thibaud II count of Champagne (the rest of the tower was destroyed in the 15th century), on a misty day at the medieval castle of Chateau-Thierry, Picardy, France. The first fortifications on this spur over the river Marne date from the 4th century and the first castle was built in the 9th century Merovingian period by the counts of Vermandois. Thibaud II enlarged the castle in the 12th century and built the Tour Thibaud, and Thibaud IV expanded it significantly in the 13th century to include 17 defensive towers in the walls and an East and South gate. The castle was largely destroyed in the French Revolution after having been a royal palace since 1285. In 1814 it was used as a citadel for Napoleonic troops. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC14_France_MC170.jpg
  • Ruined section of the Tour Thibaud or Thibaud tower, built in the 12th century under Thibaud II count of Champagne (the rest of the tower was destroyed in the 15th century), at the medieval castle of Chateau-Thierry, Picardy, France. The first fortifications on this spur over the river Marne date from the 4th century and the first castle was built in the 9th century Merovingian period by the counts of Vermandois. Thibaud II enlarged the castle in the 12th century and built the Tour Thibaud, and Thibaud IV expanded it significantly in the 13th century to include 17 defensive towers in the walls and an East and South gate. The castle was largely destroyed in the French Revolution after having been a royal palace since 1285. In 1814 it was used as a citadel for Napoleonic troops. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC14_France_MC179.jpg
  • The Tour Thibaud or Thibaud tower, built in the 12th century under Thibaud II count of Champagne (the rest of the tower was destroyed in the 15th century), at the medieval castle of Chateau-Thierry, Picardy, France. The first fortifications on this spur over the river Marne date from the 4th century and the first castle was built in the 9th century Merovingian period by the counts of Vermandois. Thibaud II enlarged the castle in the 12th century and built the Tour Thibaud, and Thibaud IV expanded it significantly in the 13th century to include 17 defensive towers in the walls and an East and South gate. The castle was largely destroyed in the French Revolution after having been a royal palace since 1285. In 1814 it was used as a citadel for Napoleonic troops. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC14_France_MC180.jpg
  • Ramparts and the 12th century Tour Thibaud or Thibaud tower, built under Thibaud II count of Champagne (the rest of the tower was destroyed in the 15th century), at the medieval castle of Chateau-Thierry, Picardy, France. The first fortifications on this spur over the river Marne date from the 4th century and the first castle was built in the 9th century Merovingian period by the counts of Vermandois. Thibaud II enlarged the castle in the 12th century and built the Tour Thibaud, and Thibaud IV expanded it significantly in the 13th century to include 17 defensive towers in the walls and an East and South gate. The castle was largely destroyed in the French Revolution after having been a royal palace since 1285. In 1814 it was used as a citadel for Napoleonic troops. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC14_France_MC182.jpg
  • Ruined section of the Tour Thibaud or Thibaud tower, built in the 12th century under Thibaud II count of Champagne (the rest of the tower was destroyed in the 15th century), at the medieval castle of Chateau-Thierry, Picardy, France. The first fortifications on this spur over the river Marne date from the 4th century and the first castle was built in the 9th century Merovingian period by the counts of Vermandois. Thibaud II enlarged the castle in the 12th century and built the Tour Thibaud, and Thibaud IV expanded it significantly in the 13th century to include 17 defensive towers in the walls and an East and South gate. The castle was largely destroyed in the French Revolution after having been a royal palace since 1285. In 1814 it was used as a citadel for Napoleonic troops. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC14_France_MC196.jpg
  • The Tour Thibaud or Thibaud tower, built in the 12th century under Thibaud II count of Champagne (the rest of the tower was destroyed in the 15th century), at the medieval castle of Chateau-Thierry, Picardy, France. The first fortifications on this spur over the river Marne date from the 4th century and the first castle was built in the 9th century Merovingian period by the counts of Vermandois. Thibaud II enlarged the castle in the 12th century and built the Tour Thibaud, and Thibaud IV expanded it significantly in the 13th century to include 17 defensive towers in the walls and an East and South gate. The castle was largely destroyed in the French Revolution after having been a royal palace since 1285. In 1814 it was used as a citadel for Napoleonic troops. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC14_France_MC220.JPG
  • Cannon slit in the ramparts under the Tour Thibaud or Thibaud tower, built in the 12th century under Thibaud II count of Champagne (most of the tower was destroyed in the 15th century), at the medieval castle of Chateau-Thierry, Picardy, France. The first fortifications on this spur over the river Marne date from the 4th century and the first castle was built in the 9th century Merovingian period by the counts of Vermandois. Thibaud II enlarged the castle in the 12th century and built the Tour Thibaud, and Thibaud IV expanded it significantly in the 13th century to include 17 defensive towers in the walls and an East and South gate. The castle was largely destroyed in the French Revolution after having been a royal palace since 1285. In 1814 it was used as a citadel for Napoleonic troops. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC14_France_MC222.JPG
  • A cameo in white glass with a blue glass back, with a carved effigy of a Christian woman, 10th - 11th century, from the 1988 excavations led by Francois Blary, from the North section of the upper courtyard in the kitchen area at the medieval castle of Chateau-Thierry, Picardy, France. The first fortifications on this spur over the river Marne date from the 4th century and the first castle was built in the 9th century Merovingian period by the counts of Vermandois. Thibaud II enlarged the castle in the 12th century and built the Tour Thibaud, and Thibaud IV expanded it significantly in the 13th century to include 17 defensive towers in the walls and an East and South gate. The castle was largely destroyed in the French Revolution after having been a royal palace since 1285. In 1814 it was used as a citadel for Napoleonic troops. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC14_France_MC302.jpg
  • Toothpick set made from bone, 15th - 17th centuries, from the 1998 excavations led by Francois Blary, from the North section of the upper courtyard in the kitchen area at the medieval castle of Chateau-Thierry, Picardy, France. The first fortifications on this spur over the river Marne date from the 4th century and the first castle was built in the 9th century Merovingian period by the counts of Vermandois. Thibaud II enlarged the castle in the 12th century and built the Tour Thibaud, and Thibaud IV expanded it significantly in the 13th century to include 17 defensive towers in the walls and an East and South gate. The castle was largely destroyed in the French Revolution after having been a royal palace since 1285. In 1814 it was used as a citadel for Napoleonic troops. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC14_France_MC325.jpg
  • Toothpick set made from bone, 15th - 17th centuries, from the 1998 excavations led by Francois Blary, from the North section of the upper courtyard in the kitchen area at the medieval castle of Chateau-Thierry, Picardy, France. The first fortifications on this spur over the river Marne date from the 4th century and the first castle was built in the 9th century Merovingian period by the counts of Vermandois. Thibaud II enlarged the castle in the 12th century and built the Tour Thibaud, and Thibaud IV expanded it significantly in the 13th century to include 17 defensive towers in the walls and an East and South gate. The castle was largely destroyed in the French Revolution after having been a royal palace since 1285. In 1814 it was used as a citadel for Napoleonic troops. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC14_France_MC323.jpg
  • Sculpted capital from the Romanesque cloister representing seated stone masons at work and a seated man on the left, possibly a bishop, 11th century, Santa Maria Cathedral or Cathedral of St Mary of Girona, in the town of Girona, at the confluence of the rivers Ter, Onyar, Galligants and Guell, Catalonia, Spain. The colonnade of the cloister is made of Romanesque arches supported by double columns with over 70 capitals carved with fantastic creatures and vegetal motifs. Master craftsmen were brought in from the Roussillon and Italy to carve the capitals, inspired by medieval illuminated manuscripts. The surrounding galleries are home to tombs of rich members of the monastery, dating to the 14th - 18th centuries. The cathedral was begun in the 11th century in Romanesque style, and later continued in the 14th century in Catalan Gothic style, redesigned by Pere Sacoma in 1312 and built by the school of Mallorcan architect Jaume Fabre. Of the original Romanesque building only the 12th century cloister and a bell tower remain. The cathedral was completed in the 18th century. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LCSPAIN13_MC050.jpg
  • Santa Maria Cathedral or Cathedral of St Mary of Girona, Eiffel bridge and houses overlooking the river Onyar in the town of Girona, at the confluence of the rivers Ter, Onyar, Galligants and Guell, Catalonia, Spain. The cathedral was begun in the 11th century in Romanesque style, and later continued in the 14th century in Catalan Gothic style, redesigned by Pere Sacoma in 1312 and built by the school of Mallorcan architect Jaume Fabre. Of the original Romanesque building only the 12th century cloister and a bell tower remain. The cathedral was completed in the 18th century. Here we see the Baroque facade and new octagonal bell tower, begun in 1590 and completed in the 18th century, which houses 6 bells. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LCSPAIN13_MC060.jpg
  • Santa Maria Cathedral or Cathedral of St Mary of Girona, Eiffel bridge and houses overlooking the river Onyar in the town of Girona, at the confluence of the rivers Ter, Onyar, Galligants and Guell, Catalonia, Spain. The cathedral was begun in the 11th century in Romanesque style, and later continued in the 14th century in Catalan Gothic style, redesigned by Pere Sacoma in 1312 and built by the school of Mallorcan architect Jaume Fabre. Of the original Romanesque building only the 12th century cloister and a bell tower remain. The cathedral was completed in the 18th century. Here we see the Baroque facade and new octagonal bell tower, begun in 1590 and completed in the 18th century, which houses 6 bells. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LCSPAIN13_MC061.JPG
  • Santa Maria Cathedral or Cathedral of St Mary of Girona towering over houses in the town of Girona, at the confluence of the rivers Ter, Onyar, Galligants and Guell, Catalonia, Spain. The cathedral was begun in the 11th century in Romanesque style, and later continued in the 14th century in Catalan Gothic style, redesigned by Pere Sacoma in 1312 and built by the school of Mallorcan architect Jaume Fabre. Of the original Romanesque building only the 12th century cloister and a bell tower remain. The cathedral was completed in the 18th century. Here we see the Baroque facade and new octagonal bell tower, begun in 1590 and completed in the 18th century, which houses 6 bells. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LCSPAIN13_MC065.jpg
  • Panoramic View of the North West City Walls, 11th-14th century, Avila, Spain, with Cathedral, 11th-15th century, in the distance. Avila has superbly preserved walls built as fortifications against the Moors, an ancient cathedral, Romanesque churches, and is a pilgrimage destination due to its association with Carmelite nun St Teresa (1515-82), canonized 1622. The Old Town has been designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site. Photograph by Manuel Cohen.
    LCSPAIN11_MC350.jpg
  • Casa de la Quimica (Chemistry house), 18th century, possibly by Sabatini, left, and Great Tower of John II, Alcazar, 12-16th centuries, right, Segovia, Castile and Leon, Spain. The current Alcazar was begun by King Alfonso VIII (1155-1214) and his wife Eleanor of England (1162-1214), and rebuilt 1258. Juan (John) II (1405-54) added the great Tower. The House of Chemistry, formerly a College of Chemistry now houses the Military Archives. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LCSPAIN11_MC210.jpg
  • Castillo de Medellin, or Medellin Castle, built in the 14th century by Pedro I the Cruel, replacing an original 10th century castle, and rebuilt by the Infante Sancho of Castile, on the Cerro del Castillo in Medellin, Badajoz, Extremadura, Spain. The castle has a double walled perimeter with turrets and reinforcing towers and a 12th century underground reservoir. It was extended in the 15th and 16th centuries. Below is the Roman theatre of Metellinum, now modern-day Medellin, built before the 1st century BC, and altered in the 1st and 2nd centuries AD, seating 1700 spectators. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    DRN_LC21_SPAIN_MC_0437.jpg
  • Abbey church, originally the 17th century Mauric refectory, recently restored, at the Abbaye Notre-Dame du Bec or Bec Abbey, a Benedictine monastery founded 1034 by Saint Herluin, in Le Bec Hellouin, Eure, Normandy, France. The abbey church was built in the 14th century, the Tour Saint-Nicolas in the 15th century and the current complex contains a 17th century chapter house and cloister and 18th century Regency style convent buildings. The abbey is listed as a historic monument. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC19_FRANCE_MC_0008.jpg
  • Chapel of the Priory Church, originally built in the 12th century and rebuilt in the 14th century after an earthquake, with 500 year-old alabaster carvings of biblical scenes and a 15th century granite Lantern Cross, on St Michael's Mount, a tidal island in Mount's Bay, Cornwall, England, the site of a 12th century Benedictine monastery and 14th century castle. The island is managed by the National Trust but owned by the St Aubyn family. According to legend, the Mount is the site of a battle between King Arthur and a giant. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC17_ENGLAND_MC_052.JPG
  • Choir, with 18th century mahogany choir stalls by Duque Correjo and behind, the Capilla Mayor or chancel, built 1523, with huge 18th century neoclassical altarpiece by Alonso Matias with 5 paintings by Antonio Palomino and sculptures by Pedro de Paz, in the 16th century cathedral within the Cathedral-Great Mosque of Cordoba, in Cordoba, Andalusia, Southern Spain. The first church built here by the Visigoths in the 7th century was split in half by the Moors, becoming half church, half mosque. In 784, the Great Mosque of Cordoba was begun in its place and developed over 200 years, but in 1236 it was converted into a catholic church, with a Renaissance cathedral nave built in the 16th century. The historic centre of Cordoba is listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC15_SPAIN_MC165.jpg
  • Choir, with 18th century mahogany choir stalls by Duque Correjo and behind, the Capilla Mayor or chancel, built 1523, with huge 18th century neoclassical altarpiece by Alonso Matias with 5 paintings by Antonio Palomino and sculptures by Pedro de Paz, in the 16th century cathedral within the Cathedral-Great Mosque of Cordoba, in Cordoba, Andalusia, Southern Spain. The first church built here by the Visigoths in the 7th century was split in half by the Moors, becoming half church, half mosque. In 784, the Great Mosque of Cordoba was begun in its place and developed over 200 years, but in 1236 it was converted into a catholic church, with a Renaissance cathedral nave built in the 16th century. The historic centre of Cordoba is listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC15_SPAIN_MC164.jpg
  • The House of the Procession of Venus, 1st - 2nd century AD, Volubilis, Northern Morocco. The house comprised an entrance vestibule, a bath complex, a colonnaded peristyle, 2 grand reception rooms, a secondary peristyle with fountain and several small reception rooms and bedrooms. Volubilis was founded in the 3rd century BC by the Phoenicians and was a Roman settlement from the 1st century AD. Volubilis was a thriving Roman olive growing town until 280 AD and was settled until the 11th century. The buildings were largely destroyed by an earthquake in the 18th century and have since been excavated and partly restored. Volubilis was listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1997. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC14_Morocco_MC152.jpg
  • The lower courtyard, between the Porte Saint Jean or St John's Gate (in distance), built 1286-1306, and the dry moat, covering one hectare, at the medieval castle of Chateau-Thierry, Picardy, France. From the 12th century until the 18th this area was used for housing, workshops and cellars and evidence of these buildings remain. The first fortifications on this spur over the river Marne date from the 4th century and the first castle was built in the 9th century Merovingian period by the counts of Vermandois. Thibaud II enlarged the castle in the 12th century and built the Tour Thibaud, and Thibaud IV expanded it significantly in the 13th century to include 17 defensive towers in the walls and an East and South gate. The castle was largely destroyed in the French Revolution after having been a royal palace since 1285. In 1814 it was used as a citadel for Napoleonic troops. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC14_France_MC183.jpg
  • The lower courtyard, between the Porte Saint Jean or St John's Gate (seen here), built 1286-1306, and the dry moat, covering one hectare, at the medieval castle of Chateau-Thierry, Picardy, France. From the 12th century until the 18th this area was used for housing, workshops and cellars and evidence of these buildings remain. The first fortifications on this spur over the river Marne date from the 4th century and the first castle was built in the 9th century Merovingian period by the counts of Vermandois. Thibaud II enlarged the castle in the 12th century and built the Tour Thibaud, and Thibaud IV expanded it significantly in the 13th century to include 17 defensive towers in the walls and an East and South gate. The castle was largely destroyed in the French Revolution after having been a royal palace since 1285. In 1814 it was used as a citadel for Napoleonic troops. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC14_France_MC184.jpg
  • The "medieval garden", with the rear view of the Porte Saint Pierre, or St Peter's Gate, 13th century, at the medieval castle of Chateau-Thierry, where St Joan of Arc is said to have entered at the town's surrender to the forces of King Charles VII, Chateau-Thierry, Picardy, France. The Porte Saint Pierre was listed as a Historical Monument in 1886. The first fortifications on this spur over the river Marne date from the 4th century and the first castle was built in the 9th century Merovingian period by the counts of Vermandois. Thibaud II enlarged the castle in the 12th century and built the Tour Thibaud, and Thibaud IV expanded it significantly in the 13th century to include 17 defensive towers in the walls and an East and South gate. The castle was largely destroyed in the French Revolution after having been a royal palace since 1285. In 1814 it was used as a citadel for Napoleonic troops. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC14_France_MC198.jpg
  • Ramparts and defensive tower, 13th century, and on the right, the Porte Saint Pierre, or St Peter's Gate, at the medieval castle of Chateau-Thierry, where St Joan of Arc is said to have entered at the town's surrender to the forces of King Charles VII, Chateau-Thierry, Picardy, France. The Porte Saint Pierre was listed as a Historical Monument in 1886. The first fortifications on this spur over the river Marne date from the 4th century and the first castle was built in the 9th century Merovingian period by the counts of Vermandois. Thibaud II enlarged the castle in the 12th century and built the Tour Thibaud, and Thibaud IV expanded it significantly in the 13th century to include 17 defensive towers in the walls and an East and South gate. The castle was largely destroyed in the French Revolution after having been a royal palace since 1285. In 1814 it was used as a citadel for Napoleonic troops. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC14_France_MC199.jpg
  • Ramparts and defensive tower, 13th century, and on the right, the Porte Saint Pierre, or St Peter's Gate, at the medieval castle of Chateau-Thierry, where St Joan of Arc is said to have entered at the town's surrender to the forces of King Charles VII, Chateau-Thierry, Picardy, France. The Porte Saint Pierre was listed as a Historical Monument in 1886. The first fortifications on this spur over the river Marne date from the 4th century and the first castle was built in the 9th century Merovingian period by the counts of Vermandois. Thibaud II enlarged the castle in the 12th century and built the Tour Thibaud, and Thibaud IV expanded it significantly in the 13th century to include 17 defensive towers in the walls and an East and South gate. The castle was largely destroyed in the French Revolution after having been a royal palace since 1285. In 1814 it was used as a citadel for Napoleonic troops. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC14_France_MC200.jpg
  • Ramparts and defensive tower, 13th century, and on the right, the Porte Saint Pierre, or St Peter's Gate, at the medieval castle of Chateau-Thierry, where St Joan of Arc is said to have entered at the town's surrender to the forces of King Charles VII, Chateau-Thierry, Picardy, France. The Porte Saint Pierre was listed as a Historical Monument in 1886. The first fortifications on this spur over the river Marne date from the 4th century and the first castle was built in the 9th century Merovingian period by the counts of Vermandois. Thibaud II enlarged the castle in the 12th century and built the Tour Thibaud, and Thibaud IV expanded it significantly in the 13th century to include 17 defensive towers in the walls and an East and South gate. The castle was largely destroyed in the French Revolution after having been a royal palace since 1285. In 1814 it was used as a citadel for Napoleonic troops. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC14_France_MC224.jpg
  • The Porte Saint Pierre, or St Peter's Gate, 13th century, at the medieval castle of Chateau-Thierry, seen from within the castle, where St Joan of Arc is said to have entered at the town's surrender to the forces of King Charles VII, Chateau-Thierry, Picardy, France. The Porte Saint Pierre was listed as a Historical Monument in 1886. The first fortifications on this spur over the river Marne date from the 4th century and the first castle was built in the 9th century Merovingian period by the counts of Vermandois. Thibaud II enlarged the castle in the 12th century and built the Tour Thibaud, and Thibaud IV expanded it significantly in the 13th century to include 17 defensive towers in the walls and an East and South gate. The castle was largely destroyed in the French Revolution after having been a royal palace since 1285. In 1814 it was used as a citadel for Napoleonic troops. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC14_France_MC231.JPG
  • A cameo in white glass with a blue glass back, with a carved effigy of a Christian woman, 10th - 11th century, from the 1988 excavations led by Francois Blary, from the North section of the upper courtyard in the kitchen area at the medieval castle of Chateau-Thierry, Picardy, France. The first fortifications on this spur over the river Marne date from the 4th century and the first castle was built in the 9th century Merovingian period by the counts of Vermandois. Thibaud II enlarged the castle in the 12th century and built the Tour Thibaud, and Thibaud IV expanded it significantly in the 13th century to include 17 defensive towers in the walls and an East and South gate. The castle was largely destroyed in the French Revolution after having been a royal palace since 1285. In 1814 it was used as a citadel for Napoleonic troops. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC14_France_MC304.jpg
  • A cameo in white glass with a blue glass back, with a carved effigy of a Christian woman, 10th - 11th century, from the 1988 excavations led by Francois Blary, from the North section of the upper courtyard in the kitchen area at the medieval castle of Chateau-Thierry, Picardy, France. The first fortifications on this spur over the river Marne date from the 4th century and the first castle was built in the 9th century Merovingian period by the counts of Vermandois. Thibaud II enlarged the castle in the 12th century and built the Tour Thibaud, and Thibaud IV expanded it significantly in the 13th century to include 17 defensive towers in the walls and an East and South gate. The castle was largely destroyed in the French Revolution after having been a royal palace since 1285. In 1814 it was used as a citadel for Napoleonic troops. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC14_France_MC303.jpg
  • A pectoral pendant in bone with carved design of the crucifixion, late 10th - early 11th century, from the 1992 excavations led by Francois Blary, from the North section of the upper courtyard in the kitchen area at the medieval castle of Chateau-Thierry, Picardy, France. The first fortifications on this spur over the river Marne date from the 4th century and the first castle was built in the 9th century Merovingian period by the counts of Vermandois. Thibaud II enlarged the castle in the 12th century and built the Tour Thibaud, and Thibaud IV expanded it significantly in the 13th century to include 17 defensive towers in the walls and an East and South gate. The castle was largely destroyed in the French Revolution after having been a royal palace since 1285. In 1814 it was used as a citadel for Napoleonic troops. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC14_France_MC311.jpg
  • A pectoral pendant in bone with carved design of the crucifixion, late 10th - early 11th century, from the 1992 excavations led by Francois Blary, from the North section of the upper courtyard in the kitchen area at the medieval castle of Chateau-Thierry, Picardy, France. The first fortifications on this spur over the river Marne date from the 4th century and the first castle was built in the 9th century Merovingian period by the counts of Vermandois. Thibaud II enlarged the castle in the 12th century and built the Tour Thibaud, and Thibaud IV expanded it significantly in the 13th century to include 17 defensive towers in the walls and an East and South gate. The castle was largely destroyed in the French Revolution after having been a royal palace since 1285. In 1814 it was used as a citadel for Napoleonic troops. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC14_France_MC313.jpg
  • The Porte Saint Pierre, or St Peter's Gate, 13th century, at the medieval castle of Chateau-Thierry, where St Joan of Arc is said to have entered at the town's surrender to the forces of King Charles VII, Chateau-Thierry, Picardy, France. The Porte Saint Pierre was listed as a Historical Monument in 1886. The first fortifications on this spur over the river Marne date from the 4th century and the first castle was built in the 9th century Merovingian period by the counts of Vermandois. Thibaud II enlarged the castle in the 12th century and built the Tour Thibaud, and Thibaud IV expanded it significantly in the 13th century to include 17 defensive towers in the walls and an East and South gate. The castle was largely destroyed in the French Revolution after having been a royal palace since 1285. In 1814 it was used as a citadel for Napoleonic troops. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC14_France_MC344.jpg
  • The House of Venus, 1st - 2nd century AD, named after a mosaic of Venus and her attendants emerging from the waves, found in the triclinium or dining room, Volubilis, Northern Morocco. This is one of the most sumptuous houses in the city amply decorated with mosaics, with an entrance vestibule giving onto the street, a bath complex with separate street entrance, a colonnaded peristyle courtyard, 2 reception rooms, a secondary peristyle courtyard with fountain and many small reception rooms and bedrooms. Volubilis was founded in the 3rd century BC by the Phoenicians and was a Roman settlement from the 1st century AD. Volubilis was a thriving Roman olive growing town until 280 AD and was settled until the 11th century. The buildings were largely destroyed by an earthquake in the 18th century and have since been excavated and partly restored. Volubilis was listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1997. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC14_Morocco_MC093.jpg
  • The Sainte-Chapelle or Holy Chapel, founded 1379 and inaugurated only in 1552 under Henry II, after a long interruption of the building work starting at the beginning of 15th century, Chateau de Vincennes, Ile de France, France. The Sainte-Chapelle has a single nave, a choir formed by a straight bay and a 5-sided apse flanked by two oratories for the King and Queen. Outside, deep buttresses support large gabled windows and the building has a slender silhouette. It was built to house part of the relics of the Passion and was listed as a Historical Monument in 1853. Below is the 17th century Le Vau Gallery. The Chateau was originally built in 1150 as a hunting lodge for Louis VII, with a donjon added in the 14th century, walls in the 15th and further extended in the 17th century. It was an important royal palace until the 18th century. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC13_Paris_MC330.jpg
  • The Sainte-Chapelle or Holy Chapel, founded 1379 and inaugurated only in 1552 under Henry II, after a long interruption of the building work starting at the beginning of 15th century, Chateau de Vincennes, Ile de France, France. The Sainte-Chapelle has a single nave, a choir formed by a straight bay and a 5-sided apse flanked by two oratories for the King and Queen. Outside, deep buttresses support large gabled windows and the building has a slender silhouette. It was built to house part of the relics of the Passion and was listed as a Historical Monument in 1853. Below is the 17th century Le Vau Gallery. The Chateau was originally built in 1150 as a hunting lodge for Louis VII, with a donjon added in the 14th century, walls in the 15th and further extended in the 17th century. It was an important royal palace until the 18th century. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC13_Paris_MC329.jpg
  • Romanesque cloister, 11th century, Santa Maria Cathedral or Cathedral of St Mary of Girona, in the town of Girona, at the confluence of the rivers Ter, Onyar, Galligants and Guell, Catalonia, Spain. The colonnade of the cloister is made of Romanesque arches supported by double columns with over 70 capitals carved with fantastic creatures and vegetal motifs. Master craftsmen were brought in from the Roussillon and Italy to carve the capitals, inspired by medieval illuminated manuscripts. The surrounding galleries are home to tombs of rich members of the monastery, dating to the 14th - 18th centuries. The cathedral was begun in the 11th century in Romanesque style, and later continued in the 14th century in Catalan Gothic style, redesigned by Pere Sacoma in 1312 and built by the school of Mallorcan architect Jaume Fabre. Of the original Romanesque building only the 12th century cloister and a bell tower remain. The cathedral was completed in the 18th century. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LCSPAIN13_MC045.jpg
  • Sculpted capital from the Romanesque cloister representing 3 shepherds with a flock of sheep including one possibly feeding a sheep with a bottle, 11th century, Santa Maria Cathedral or Cathedral of St Mary of Girona, in the town of Girona, at the confluence of the rivers Ter, Onyar, Galligants and Guell, Catalonia, Spain. The colonnade of the cloister is made of Romanesque arches supported by double columns with over 70 capitals carved with fantastic creatures and vegetal motifs. Master craftsmen were brought in from the Roussillon and Italy to carve the capitals, inspired by medieval illuminated manuscripts. The surrounding galleries are home to tombs of rich members of the monastery, dating to the 14th - 18th centuries. The cathedral was begun in the 11th century in Romanesque style, and later continued in the 14th century in Catalan Gothic style, redesigned by Pere Sacoma in 1312 and built by the school of Mallorcan architect Jaume Fabre. Of the original Romanesque building only the 12th century cloister and a bell tower remain. The cathedral was completed in the 18th century. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LCSPAIN13_MC046.jpg
  • Sculpted capital from the Romanesque cloister representing a harvest scene, with wine makers carrying a jar and barrel of wine or grape press and vine scroll motifs, 11th century, Santa Maria Cathedral or Cathedral of St Mary of Girona, in the town of Girona, at the confluence of the rivers Ter, Onyar, Galligants and Guell, Catalonia, Spain. The colonnade of the cloister is made of Romanesque arches supported by double columns with over 70 capitals carved with fantastic creatures and vegetal motifs. Master craftsmen were brought in from the Roussillon and Italy to carve the capitals, inspired by medieval illuminated manuscripts. The surrounding galleries are home to tombs of rich members of the monastery, dating to the 14th - 18th centuries. The cathedral was begun in the 11th century in Romanesque style, and later continued in the 14th century in Catalan Gothic style, redesigned by Pere Sacoma in 1312 and built by the school of Mallorcan architect Jaume Fabre. Of the original Romanesque building only the 12th century cloister and a bell tower remain. The cathedral was completed in the 18th century. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LCSPAIN13_MC049.jpg
  • Sculpted capital from the Romanesque cloister representing a rabbit, 11th century, Santa Maria Cathedral or Cathedral of St Mary of Girona, in the town of Girona, at the confluence of the rivers Ter, Onyar, Galligants and Guell, Catalonia, Spain. The colonnade of the cloister is made of Romanesque arches supported by double columns with over 70 capitals carved with fantastic creatures and vegetal motifs. Master craftsmen were brought in from the Roussillon and Italy to carve the capitals, inspired by medieval illuminated manuscripts. The surrounding galleries are home to tombs of rich members of the monastery, dating to the 14th - 18th centuries. The cathedral was begun in the 11th century in Romanesque style, and later continued in the 14th century in Catalan Gothic style, redesigned by Pere Sacoma in 1312 and built by the school of Mallorcan architect Jaume Fabre. Of the original Romanesque building only the 12th century cloister and a bell tower remain. The cathedral was completed in the 18th century. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LCSPAIN13_MC047.jpg
  • Sculpted capital from the Romanesque cloister representing a harvest scene, with wine makers carrying a jar and barrel of wine or grape press and vine scroll motifs, 11th century, Santa Maria Cathedral or Cathedral of St Mary of Girona, in the town of Girona, at the confluence of the rivers Ter, Onyar, Galligants and Guell, Catalonia, Spain. The colonnade of the cloister is made of Romanesque arches supported by double columns with over 70 capitals carved with fantastic creatures and vegetal motifs. Master craftsmen were brought in from the Roussillon and Italy to carve the capitals, inspired by medieval illuminated manuscripts. The surrounding galleries are home to tombs of rich members of the monastery, dating to the 14th - 18th centuries. The cathedral was begun in the 11th century in Romanesque style, and later continued in the 14th century in Catalan Gothic style, redesigned by Pere Sacoma in 1312 and built by the school of Mallorcan architect Jaume Fabre. Of the original Romanesque building only the 12th century cloister and a bell tower remain. The cathedral was completed in the 18th century. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LCSPAIN13_MC048.jpg
  • Sculpted capital from the Romanesque cloister representing seated stone masons at work, 11th century, Santa Maria Cathedral or Cathedral of St Mary of Girona, in the town of Girona, at the confluence of the rivers Ter, Onyar, Galligants and Guell, Catalonia, Spain. The colonnade of the cloister is made of Romanesque arches supported by double columns with over 70 capitals carved with fantastic creatures and vegetal motifs. Master craftsmen were brought in from the Roussillon and Italy to carve the capitals, inspired by medieval illuminated manuscripts. The surrounding galleries are home to tombs of rich members of the monastery, dating to the 14th - 18th centuries. The cathedral was begun in the 11th century in Romanesque style, and later continued in the 14th century in Catalan Gothic style, redesigned by Pere Sacoma in 1312 and built by the school of Mallorcan architect Jaume Fabre. Of the original Romanesque building only the 12th century cloister and a bell tower remain. The cathedral was completed in the 18th century. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LCSPAIN13_MC051.jpg
  • Sculpted capital from the Romanesque cloister representing the torture of the damned in hell, being boiled alive in cauldrons surrounded by horned devils, and others being sodomized by devils, 11th century, Santa Maria Cathedral or Cathedral of St Mary of Girona, in the town of Girona, at the confluence of the rivers Ter, Onyar, Galligants and Guell, Catalonia, Spain. The colonnade of the cloister is made of Romanesque arches supported by double columns with over 70 capitals carved with fantastic creatures and vegetal motifs. Master craftsmen were brought in from the Roussillon and Italy to carve the capitals, inspired by medieval illuminated manuscripts. The surrounding galleries are home to tombs of rich members of the monastery, dating to the 14th - 18th centuries. The cathedral was begun in the 11th century in Romanesque style, and later continued in the 14th century in Catalan Gothic style, redesigned by Pere Sacoma in 1312 and built by the school of Mallorcan architect Jaume Fabre. Of the original Romanesque building only the 12th century cloister and a bell tower remain. The cathedral was completed in the 18th century. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LCSPAIN13_MC053.jpg
  • Sculpted capital from the Romanesque cloister representing the torture of the damned in hell, being boiled alive in cauldrons surrounded by horned devils, and others being sodomized by devils, 11th century, Santa Maria Cathedral or Cathedral of St Mary of Girona, in the town of Girona, at the confluence of the rivers Ter, Onyar, Galligants and Guell, Catalonia, Spain. The colonnade of the cloister is made of Romanesque arches supported by double columns with over 70 capitals carved with fantastic creatures and vegetal motifs. Master craftsmen were brought in from the Roussillon and Italy to carve the capitals, inspired by medieval illuminated manuscripts. The surrounding galleries are home to tombs of rich members of the monastery, dating to the 14th - 18th centuries. The cathedral was begun in the 11th century in Romanesque style, and later continued in the 14th century in Catalan Gothic style, redesigned by Pere Sacoma in 1312 and built by the school of Mallorcan architect Jaume Fabre. Of the original Romanesque building only the 12th century cloister and a bell tower remain. The cathedral was completed in the 18th century. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LCSPAIN13_MC054.jpg
  • Romanesque cloister, 11th century, Santa Maria Cathedral or Cathedral of St Mary of Girona, in the town of Girona, at the confluence of the rivers Ter, Onyar, Galligants and Guell, Catalonia, Spain. The colonnade of the cloister is made of Romanesque arches supported by double columns with over 70 capitals carved with fantastic creatures and vegetal motifs. Master craftsmen were brought in from the Roussillon and Italy to carve the capitals, inspired by medieval illuminated manuscripts. The surrounding galleries are home to tombs of rich members of the monastery, dating to the 14th - 18th centuries. The cathedral was begun in the 11th century in Romanesque style, and later continued in the 14th century in Catalan Gothic style, redesigned by Pere Sacoma in 1312 and built by the school of Mallorcan architect Jaume Fabre. Of the original Romanesque building only the 12th century cloister and a bell tower remain. The cathedral was completed in the 18th century. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LCSPAIN13_MC055.jpg
  • Santa Maria Cathedral or Cathedral of St Mary of Girona, footbridge and houses overlooking the river Onyar in the town of Girona, at the confluence of the rivers Ter, Onyar, Galligants and Guell, Catalonia, Spain. The cathedral was begun in the 11th century in Romanesque style, and later continued in the 14th century in Catalan Gothic style, redesigned by Pere Sacoma in 1312 and built by the school of Mallorcan architect Jaume Fabre. Of the original Romanesque building only the 12th century cloister and a bell tower remain. The cathedral was completed in the 18th century. Here we see the Baroque facade and new octagonal bell tower, begun in 1590 and completed in the 18th century, which houses 6 bells. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LCSPAIN13_MC059.jpg
  • Sculpted capital from the Romanesque cloister representing a man pouring a liquid, possibly water, from a jar, 11th century, Santa Maria Cathedral or Cathedral of St Mary of Girona, in the town of Girona, at the confluence of the rivers Ter, Onyar, Galligants and Guell, Catalonia, Spain. The colonnade of the cloister is made of Romanesque arches supported by double columns with over 70 capitals carved with fantastic creatures and vegetal motifs. Master craftsmen were brought in from the Roussillon and Italy to carve the capitals, inspired by medieval illuminated manuscripts. The surrounding galleries are home to tombs of rich members of the monastery, dating to the 14th - 18th centuries. The cathedral was begun in the 11th century in Romanesque style, and later continued in the 14th century in Catalan Gothic style, redesigned by Pere Sacoma in 1312 and built by the school of Mallorcan architect Jaume Fabre. Of the original Romanesque building only the 12th century cloister and a bell tower remain. The cathedral was completed in the 18th century. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LCSPAIN13_MC062.jpg
  • Sculpted capital from the Romanesque cloister representing a man pouring water, shepherds watching their flock of sheep and a couple embracing, 11th century, Santa Maria Cathedral or Cathedral of St Mary of Girona, in the town of Girona, at the confluence of the rivers Ter, Onyar, Galligants and Guell, Catalonia, Spain. The colonnade of the cloister is made of Romanesque arches supported by double columns with over 70 capitals carved with fantastic creatures and vegetal motifs. Master craftsmen were brought in from the Roussillon and Italy to carve the capitals, inspired by medieval illuminated manuscripts. The surrounding galleries are home to tombs of rich members of the monastery, dating to the 14th - 18th centuries. The cathedral was begun in the 11th century in Romanesque style, and later continued in the 14th century in Catalan Gothic style, redesigned by Pere Sacoma in 1312 and built by the school of Mallorcan architect Jaume Fabre. Of the original Romanesque building only the 12th century cloister and a bell tower remain. The cathedral was completed in the 18th century. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LCSPAIN13_MC063.jpg
  • Panoramic View of the North West City Walls, 11th-14th century, Avila, Spain, with Cathedral, 11th-15th century, in the distance. Avila has superbly preserved walls built as fortifications against the Moors, an ancient cathedral, Romanesque churches, and is a pilgrimage destination due to its association with Carmelite nun St Teresa (1515-82), canonized 1622. The Old Town has been designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site. Photograph by Manuel Cohen.
    LCSPAIN11_MC344.jpg
  • City Walls, 11th-14th century, Avila, Spain, with Cathedral, 11th-15th century, in the distance (looking West). Avila has superbly preserved walls built as fortifications against the Moors, an ancient cathedral, Romanesque churches, and is a pilgrimage destination due to its association with Carmelite nun St Teresa (1515-82), canonized 1622. The Old Town has been designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site. Photograph by Manuel Cohen.
    LCSPAIN11_MC342.jpg
  • Panoramic View of the North West City Walls, 11th-14th century, Avila, Spain, with Cathedral, 11th-15th century, in the distance. Avila has superbly preserved walls built as fortifications against the Moors, an ancient cathedral, Romanesque churches, and is a pilgrimage destination due to its association with Carmelite nun St Teresa (1515-82), canonized 1622. The Old Town has been designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site. Photograph by Manuel Cohen.
    LCSPAIN11_MC345.jpg
  • Nave, 12th-13th century, Bayeux Cathedral (Notre Dame de Bayeux), 11th-19th century, Bayeux, France. The arcaded lower levels of the nave are Romanesque, 12th century, the Upper tiers are 13th century Gothic. The Romanesque section of the Cathedral, dedicated 1077, was reconstructed in the 12th century. Here William forced Harold to take the oath which led to the Norman Conquest of England. Gothic and Neo-Gothic sections were added until the 19th century. Photograph by Manuel Cohen.
    LC12_FRANCE_MC_099.jpg
  • Casa de la Quimica (Chemistry house), 18th century, possibly by Sabatini, left, and Great Tower of John II, Alcazar, 12-16th centuries, right, Segovia, Castile and Leon, Spain. The current Alcazar was begun by King Alfonso VIII (1155-1214) and his wife Eleanor of England (1162-1214), and rebuilt 1258. Juan (John) II (1405-54) added the great Tower. The House of Chemistry, formerly a College of Chemistry now houses the Military Archives. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LCSPAIN11_MC207.jpg
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