manuel cohen

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  • Low angle view of the Archivo General de Indias (General Archive of the Indies), Seville, Spain, pictured on January 3, 2007. The Archive containing historial documents relating to Spain's Imperial history is housed in the old Casa Lonja de Mercaderes or Merchants' Exchange, 1584-98, designed by Juan de Herrera. This fine example of Italianate Spanish Renaissance architecture and its contents became a UNESCO  World Heritage Site in 1987. Picture by Manuel Cohen.
    DSEVILLE070241.jpg
  • Franciscan Family Tree, mural painting in the portico of the Franciscan monastery La Gancia, 15th century, Palermo, Sicily, Italy. Part of the monastery is now the provincial Archive of State. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LCITALY12_MC553.jpg
  • Frescoes on the ceiling of the portico of the Franciscan monastery La Gancia, 15th century, Palermo, Sicily, Italy. Part of the monastery is now the provincial Archive of State. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LCITALY12_MC545.jpg
  • Handwritten notes for a speech supporting a bill offering amnesty to the communards (participants in the Paris Commune), 1876, page 28, by Victor Hugo, 1802-85, French writer, housed in the Archives du Senat, in the Senate in the Palais du Luxembourg, 6th arrondissement, Paris, France. Hugo was a senator for Seine 1876-85, and gave this speech on 22nd May 1876. Although this bill was not passed, a general amnesty was granted in 1880. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC_HISTORY_MC_0423.jpg
  • Handwritten notes for a speech supporting a bill offering amnesty to the communards (participants in the Paris Commune), 1876, page 30, by Victor Hugo, 1802-85, French writer, housed in the Archives du Senat, in the Senate in the Palais du Luxembourg, 6th arrondissement, Paris, France. Hugo was a senator for Seine 1876-85, and gave this speech on 22nd May 1876. Although this bill was not passed, a general amnesty was granted in 1880. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC_HISTORY_MC_0425.jpg
  • Handwritten notes for a speech supporting a bill offering amnesty to the communards (participants in the Paris Commune), 1876, page 29, by Victor Hugo, 1802-85, French writer, housed in the Archives du Senat, in the Senate in the Palais du Luxembourg, 6th arrondissement, Paris, France. Hugo was a senator for Seine 1876-85, and gave this speech on 22nd May 1876. Although this bill was not passed, a general amnesty was granted in 1880. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC_HISTORY_MC_0424.jpg
  • Handwritten notes for a speech supporting a bill offering amnesty to the communards (participants in the Paris Commune), 1876, page 27, by Victor Hugo, 1802-85, French writer, housed in the Archives du Senat, in the Senate in the Palais du Luxembourg, 6th arrondissement, Paris, France. Hugo was a senator for Seine 1876-85, and gave this speech on 22nd May 1876. Although this bill was not passed, a general amnesty was granted in 1880. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC_HISTORY_MC_0422.jpg
  • Handwritten notes for a speech supporting a bill offering amnesty to the communards (participants in the Paris Commune), 1876, page 26, by Victor Hugo, 1802-85, French writer, housed in the Archives du Senat, in the Senate in the Palais du Luxembourg, 6th arrondissement, Paris, France. Hugo was a senator for Seine 1876-85, and gave this speech on 22nd May 1876. Although this bill was not passed, a general amnesty was granted in 1880. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC_HISTORY_MC_0421.jpg
  • Handwritten notes for a speech supporting a bill offering amnesty to the communards (participants in the Paris Commune), 1876, page 25, by Victor Hugo, 1802-85, French writer, housed in the Archives du Senat, in the Senate in the Palais du Luxembourg, 6th arrondissement, Paris, France. Hugo was a senator for Seine 1876-85, and gave this speech on 22nd May 1876. Although this bill was not passed, a general amnesty was granted in 1880. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC_HISTORY_MC_0420.jpg
  • Handwritten notes for a speech supporting a bill offering amnesty to the communards (participants in the Paris Commune), 1876, page 24, by Victor Hugo, 1802-85, French writer, housed in the Archives du Senat, in the Senate in the Palais du Luxembourg, 6th arrondissement, Paris, France. Hugo was a senator for Seine 1876-85, and gave this speech on 22nd May 1876. Although this bill was not passed, a general amnesty was granted in 1880. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC_HISTORY_MC_0419.jpg
  • Handwritten notes for a speech supporting a bill offering amnesty to the communards (participants in the Paris Commune), 1876, page 23, by Victor Hugo, 1802-85, French writer, housed in the Archives du Senat, in the Senate in the Palais du Luxembourg, 6th arrondissement, Paris, France. Hugo was a senator for Seine 1876-85, and gave this speech on 22nd May 1876. Although this bill was not passed, a general amnesty was granted in 1880. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC_HISTORY_MC_0418.jpg
  • Handwritten notes for a speech supporting a bill offering amnesty to the communards (participants in the Paris Commune), 1876, page 22, by Victor Hugo, 1802-85, French writer, housed in the Archives du Senat, in the Senate in the Palais du Luxembourg, 6th arrondissement, Paris, France. Hugo was a senator for Seine 1876-85, and gave this speech on 22nd May 1876. Although this bill was not passed, a general amnesty was granted in 1880. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC_HISTORY_MC_0417.jpg
  • Handwritten notes for a speech supporting a bill offering amnesty to the communards (participants in the Paris Commune), 1876, page 21, by Victor Hugo, 1802-85, French writer, housed in the Archives du Senat, in the Senate in the Palais du Luxembourg, 6th arrondissement, Paris, France. Hugo was a senator for Seine 1876-85, and gave this speech on 22nd May 1876. Although this bill was not passed, a general amnesty was granted in 1880. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC_HISTORY_MC_0416.jpg
  • Handwritten notes for a speech supporting a bill offering amnesty to the communards (participants in the Paris Commune), 1876, page 20, by Victor Hugo, 1802-85, French writer, housed in the Archives du Senat, in the Senate in the Palais du Luxembourg, 6th arrondissement, Paris, France. Hugo was a senator for Seine 1876-85, and gave this speech on 22nd May 1876. Although this bill was not passed, a general amnesty was granted in 1880. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC_HISTORY_MC_0415.jpg
  • Handwritten notes for a speech supporting a bill offering amnesty to the communards (participants in the Paris Commune), 1876, page 16 bis, by Victor Hugo, 1802-85, French writer, housed in the Archives du Senat, in the Senate in the Palais du Luxembourg, 6th arrondissement, Paris, France. Hugo was a senator for Seine 1876-85, and gave this speech on 22nd May 1876. Although this bill was not passed, a general amnesty was granted in 1880. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC_HISTORY_MC_0413.jpg
  • Handwritten notes for a speech supporting a bill offering amnesty to the communards (participants in the Paris Commune), 1876, page 16, by Victor Hugo, 1802-85, French writer, housed in the Archives du Senat, in the Senate in the Palais du Luxembourg, 6th arrondissement, Paris, France. Hugo was a senator for Seine 1876-85, and gave this speech on 22nd May 1876. Although this bill was not passed, a general amnesty was granted in 1880. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC_HISTORY_MC_0412.jpg
  • Handwritten notes for a speech supporting a bill offering amnesty to the communards (participants in the Paris Commune), 1876, page 17, by Victor Hugo, 1802-85, French writer, housed in the Archives du Senat, in the Senate in the Palais du Luxembourg, 6th arrondissement, Paris, France. Hugo was a senator for Seine 1876-85, and gave this speech on 22nd May 1876. Although this bill was not passed, a general amnesty was granted in 1880. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC_HISTORY_MC_0414.jpg
  • Handwritten notes for a speech supporting a bill offering amnesty to the communards (participants in the Paris Commune), 1876, page 15, by Victor Hugo, 1802-85, French writer, housed in the Archives du Senat, in the Senate in the Palais du Luxembourg, 6th arrondissement, Paris, France. Hugo was a senator for Seine 1876-85, and gave this speech on 22nd May 1876. Although this bill was not passed, a general amnesty was granted in 1880. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC_HISTORY_MC_0411.jpg
  • Handwritten notes for a speech supporting a bill offering amnesty to the communards (participants in the Paris Commune), 1876, page 14, by Victor Hugo, 1802-85, French writer, housed in the Archives du Senat, in the Senate in the Palais du Luxembourg, 6th arrondissement, Paris, France. Hugo was a senator for Seine 1876-85, and gave this speech on 22nd May 1876. Although this bill was not passed, a general amnesty was granted in 1880. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC_HISTORY_MC_0410.jpg
  • Handwritten notes for a speech supporting a bill offering amnesty to the communards (participants in the Paris Commune), 1876, page 12, by Victor Hugo, 1802-85, French writer, housed in the Archives du Senat, in the Senate in the Palais du Luxembourg, 6th arrondissement, Paris, France. Hugo was a senator for Seine 1876-85, and gave this speech on 22nd May 1876. Although this bill was not passed, a general amnesty was granted in 1880. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC_HISTORY_MC_0408.jpg
  • Handwritten notes for a speech supporting a bill offering amnesty to the communards (participants in the Paris Commune), 1876, page 10 bis, by Victor Hugo, 1802-85, French writer, housed in the Archives du Senat, in the Senate in the Palais du Luxembourg, 6th arrondissement, Paris, France. Hugo was a senator for Seine 1876-85, and gave this speech on 22nd May 1876. Although this bill was not passed, a general amnesty was granted in 1880. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC_HISTORY_MC_0406.jpg
  • Handwritten notes for a speech supporting a bill offering amnesty to the communards (participants in the Paris Commune), 1876, page 11, by Victor Hugo, 1802-85, French writer, housed in the Archives du Senat, in the Senate in the Palais du Luxembourg, 6th arrondissement, Paris, France. Hugo was a senator for Seine 1876-85, and gave this speech on 22nd May 1876. Although this bill was not passed, a general amnesty was granted in 1880. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC_HISTORY_MC_0407.jpg
  • Handwritten notes for a speech supporting a bill offering amnesty to the communards (participants in the Paris Commune), 1876, page 10, by Victor Hugo, 1802-85, French writer, housed in the Archives du Senat, in the Senate in the Palais du Luxembourg, 6th arrondissement, Paris, France. Hugo was a senator for Seine 1876-85, and gave this speech on 22nd May 1876. Although this bill was not passed, a general amnesty was granted in 1880. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC_HISTORY_MC_0405.jpg
  • Handwritten notes for a speech supporting a bill offering amnesty to the communards (participants in the Paris Commune), 1876, page 9, by Victor Hugo, 1802-85, French writer, housed in the Archives du Senat, in the Senate in the Palais du Luxembourg, 6th arrondissement, Paris, France. Hugo was a senator for Seine 1876-85, and gave this speech on 22nd May 1876. Although this bill was not passed, a general amnesty was granted in 1880. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC_HISTORY_MC_0404.jpg
  • Handwritten notes for a speech supporting a bill offering amnesty to the communards (participants in the Paris Commune), 1876, page 7, by Victor Hugo, 1802-85, French writer, housed in the Archives du Senat, in the Senate in the Palais du Luxembourg, 6th arrondissement, Paris, France. Hugo was a senator for Seine 1876-85, and gave this speech on 22nd May 1876. Although this bill was not passed, a general amnesty was granted in 1880. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC_HISTORY_MC_0402.jpg
  • Handwritten notes for a speech supporting a bill offering amnesty to the communards (participants in the Paris Commune), 1876, page 8, by Victor Hugo, 1802-85, French writer, housed in the Archives du Senat, in the Senate in the Palais du Luxembourg, 6th arrondissement, Paris, France. Hugo was a senator for Seine 1876-85, and gave this speech on 22nd May 1876. Although this bill was not passed, a general amnesty was granted in 1880. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC_HISTORY_MC_0403.jpg
  • Handwritten notes for a speech supporting a bill offering amnesty to the communards (participants in the Paris Commune), 1876, page 6, by Victor Hugo, 1802-85, French writer, housed in the Archives du Senat, in the Senate in the Palais du Luxembourg, 6th arrondissement, Paris, France. Hugo was a senator for Seine 1876-85, and gave this speech on 22nd May 1876. Although this bill was not passed, a general amnesty was granted in 1880. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC_HISTORY_MC_0401.jpg
  • Handwritten notes for a speech supporting a bill offering amnesty to the communards (participants in the Paris Commune), 1876, page 5, by Victor Hugo, 1802-85, French writer, housed in the Archives du Senat, in the Senate in the Palais du Luxembourg, 6th arrondissement, Paris, France. Hugo was a senator for Seine 1876-85, and gave this speech on 22nd May 1876. Although this bill was not passed, a general amnesty was granted in 1880. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC_HISTORY_MC_0400.jpg
  • Handwritten notes for a speech supporting a bill offering amnesty to the communards (participants in the Paris Commune), 1876, page 3, by Victor Hugo, 1802-85, French writer, housed in the Archives du Senat, in the Senate in the Palais du Luxembourg, 6th arrondissement, Paris, France. Hugo was a senator for Seine 1876-85, and gave this speech on 22nd May 1876. Although this bill was not passed, a general amnesty was granted in 1880. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC_HISTORY_MC_0398.jpg
  • Handwritten notes for a speech supporting a bill offering amnesty to the communards (participants in the Paris Commune), 1876, page 4, by Victor Hugo, 1802-85, French writer, housed in the Archives du Senat, in the Senate in the Palais du Luxembourg, 6th arrondissement, Paris, France. Hugo was a senator for Seine 1876-85, and gave this speech on 22nd May 1876. Although this bill was not passed, a general amnesty was granted in 1880. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC_HISTORY_MC_0399.jpg
  • Handwritten notes for a speech supporting a bill offering amnesty to the communards (participants in the Paris Commune), 1876, page 2 (addition), by Victor Hugo, 1802-85, French writer, housed in the Archives du Senat, in the Senate in the Palais du Luxembourg, 6th arrondissement, Paris, France. Hugo was a senator for Seine 1876-85, and gave this speech on 22nd May 1876. Although this bill was not passed, a general amnesty was granted in 1880. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC_HISTORY_MC_0397.jpg
  • Handwritten notes for a speech supporting a bill offering amnesty to the communards (participants in the Paris Commune), 1876, page 2 (addition), by Victor Hugo, 1802-85, French writer, housed in the Archives du Senat, in the Senate in the Palais du Luxembourg, 6th arrondissement, Paris, France. Hugo was a senator for Seine 1876-85, and gave this speech on 22nd May 1876. Although this bill was not passed, a general amnesty was granted in 1880. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC_HISTORY_MC_0396.jpg
  • Handwritten notes for a speech supporting a bill offering amnesty to the communards (participants in the Paris Commune), 1876, page 2 bis, by Victor Hugo, 1802-85, French writer, housed in the Archives du Senat, in the Senate in the Palais du Luxembourg, 6th arrondissement, Paris, France. Hugo was a senator for Seine 1876-85, and gave this speech on 22nd May 1876. Although this bill was not passed, a general amnesty was granted in 1880. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC_HISTORY_MC_0395.jpg
  • Handwritten notes for a speech supporting a bill offering amnesty to the communards (participants in the Paris Commune), 1876, page 2, by Victor Hugo, 1802-85, French writer, housed in the Archives du Senat, in the Senate in the Palais du Luxembourg, 6th arrondissement, Paris, France. Hugo was a senator for Seine 1876-85, and gave this speech on 22nd May 1876. Although this bill was not passed, a general amnesty was granted in 1880. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC_HISTORY_MC_0394.jpg
  • Handwritten notes for a speech supporting a bill offering amnesty to the communards (participants in the Paris Commune), 1876, page 1, by Victor Hugo, 1802-85, French writer, housed in the Archives du Senat, in the Senate in the Palais du Luxembourg, 6th arrondissement, Paris, France. Hugo was a senator for Seine 1876-85, and gave this speech on 22nd May 1876. Although this bill was not passed, a general amnesty was granted in 1880. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC_HISTORY_MC_0393.JPG
  • Signatures of senators, from the handwritten notes for a speech supporting a bill offering amnesty to the communards (participants in the Paris Commune), 1876, detail of covering page, by Victor Hugo, 1802-85, French writer, housed in the Archives du Senat, in the Senate in the Palais du Luxembourg, 6th arrondissement, Paris, France. This covering page is signed by senators Victor Hugo, A Peyrat, A Esquiros, V Schoelcher, Laurent Pichat, A Scheurer-Kestner and J Errouillat. Hugo was a senator for Seine 1876-85, and gave this speech on 22nd May 1876. Although this bill was not passed, a general amnesty was granted in 1880. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC_HISTORY_MC_0391.JPG
  • Handwritten notes for a speech supporting a bill offering amnesty to the communards (participants in the Paris Commune), 1876, covering page, by Victor Hugo, 1802-85, French writer, housed in the Archives du Senat, in the Senate in the Palais du Luxembourg, 6th arrondissement, Paris, France. This covering page is signed by senators Victor Hugo, A Peyrat, A Esquiros, V Schoelcher, Laurent Pichat, A Scheurer-Kestner and J Errouillat. Hugo was a senator for Seine 1876-85, and gave this speech on 22nd May 1876. Although this bill was not passed, a general amnesty was granted in 1880. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC_HISTORY_MC_0392.JPG
  • Handwritten notes for a speech supporting a bill offering amnesty to the communards (participants in the Paris Commune), 1876, page 13, by Victor Hugo, 1802-85, French writer, housed in the Archives du Senat, in the Senate in the Palais du Luxembourg, 6th arrondissement, Paris, France. Hugo was a senator for Seine 1876-85, and gave this speech on 22nd May 1876. Although this bill was not passed, a general amnesty was granted in 1880. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC_HISTORY_MC_0409.jpg
  • Zuni pottery canteen, 1885-1900, with design representing a rain bird and double-winged dragonflies, part of the Wetherill Family archive at the Anasazi Heritage Centre, Dolores, Colorado, USA. The Wetherill family were ranchers who also discovered many of the Puebloan Ancestral ruins in Colorado, including at Mesa Verde. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC16_COLORADO_MC_256.jpg
  • 2 Native American women carrying water gourds on their backs, photograph, 19th century, from the National Anthropological Archive, in the Anasazi Heritage Center, an archaeological museum of Native American pueblo and hunter-gatherer cultures, Dolores, Colorado, USA. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC16_COLORADO_MC_248.jpg
  • Jardin du Luxembourg or Luxembourg Gardens, seen from the Archives du Senat or Senate Archives, in the Senate in the Palais du Luxembourg, 6th arrondissement, Paris, France. The gardens were created in 1612 by Marie de Medici after the death of her husband, King Henri IV, and enlarged in 1630. Influenced by the grounds of the Pitti Palace in Florence, the gardens contain several bordered laws and a central pond. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC18_FRANCE_MC_0592.jpg
  • Document stamped Confidential and dated 6th December 1943, regarding the organisation of the Direction des Services de Renseignements et de Securite Militaire, from Henri Giraud, Commander in Chief of French Armed Forces, to General de Gaulle, President of the Comite d'Action en France, who jointly set up the Comite Francais de la Liberation Nationale, or French Committee of National Liberation or CFLN, with General Charles de Gaulle, a provisional government of Free France, from the collection of the Service Historique de La Defense, at the Chateau de Vincennes, Vincennes, Paris, France. The document states that Rivet and Paillole remain in charge. The collection includes documents of the Vichy government detailing spying activities of the French Secret Services on the German Nazi regime. The Centre Historique des Archives at Vincennes forms part of the SHD, which stores the archives of the Ministry of Defence and its armed forces. It was set up by decree in 2005. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC_HISTORY_MC_0292.jpg
  • File with document marked Top Secret and dated 18th September 1943, outlining the situation of the Service des Renseignements on that date, and note stating that the file was handed in by Paul Rivet in April 1944 to Colonel de Villeneuve, from the collection of the Service Historique de La Defense, at the Chateau de Vincennes, Vincennes, Paris, France. The collection includes documents of the Vichy government detailing spying activities of the French Secret Services on the German Nazi regime. The Centre Historique des Archives at Vincennes forms part of the SHD, which stores the archives of the Ministry of Defence and its armed forces. It was set up by decree in 2005. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC_HISTORY_MC_0284.jpg
  • Document marked Top Secret and dated 18th September 1943, outlining the situation of the Service des Renseignements on that date, handed in by Paul Rivet in April 1944 to Colonel de Villeneuve, from the collection of the Service Historique de La Defense, at the Chateau de Vincennes, Vincennes, Paris, France. The collection includes documents of the Vichy government detailing spying activities of the French Secret Services on the German Nazi regime. The Centre Historique des Archives at Vincennes forms part of the SHD, which stores the archives of the Ministry of Defence and its armed forces. It was set up by decree in 2005. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC_HISTORY_MC_0285.jpg
  • Page, dated 19th June 1943, from the file of the Service des Renseignements on the conflict between Paul Rivet and Jacques Soustelle and the subordination of the SR (Paul Rivet was the director of the SRSM or Services de Renseignements et de Securite Militaire) to the DGSS (Soustelle was the head of the Special Services of Free France or DGSS), 1943-44, from the collection of the Service Historique de La Defense, at the Chateau de Vincennes, Vincennes, Paris, France. The collection includes documents of the Vichy government detailing spying activities of the French Secret Services on the German Nazi regime. The Centre Historique des Archives at Vincennes forms part of the SHD, which stores the archives of the Ministry of Defence and its armed forces. It was set up by decree in 2005. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC_HISTORY_MC_0281.jpg
  • Page, dated 22nd October 1943, with a note to forward information to Rivet (and signed by Rivet), from the file of the Service des Renseignements on the conflict between Paul Rivet and Jacques Soustelle and the subordination of the SR (Paul Rivet was the director of the SRSM or Services de Renseignements et de Securite Militaire) to the DGSS (Soustelle was the head of the Special Services of Free France or DGSS), 1943-44, from the collection of the Service Historique de La Defense, at the Chateau de Vincennes, Vincennes, Paris, France. The collection includes documents of the Vichy government detailing spying activities of the French Secret Services on the German Nazi regime. The Centre Historique des Archives at Vincennes forms part of the SHD, which stores the archives of the Ministry of Defence and its armed forces. It was set up by decree in 2005. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC_HISTORY_MC_0283.jpg
  • File of the Service des Renseignements on the conflict between Paul Rivet and Jacques Soustelle and the subordination of the SR (Paul Rivet was the director of the SRSM or Services de Renseignements et de Securite Militaire) to the DGSS (Soustelle was the head of the Special Services of Free France or DGSS), 1943-44, from the collection of the Service Historique de La Defense, at the Chateau de Vincennes, Vincennes, Paris, France. The collection includes documents of the Vichy government detailing spying activities of the French Secret Services on the German Nazi regime. The Centre Historique des Archives at Vincennes forms part of the SHD, which stores the archives of the Ministry of Defence and its armed forces. It was set up by decree in 2005. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC_HISTORY_MC_0280.jpg
  • File detailing 'Activites de crise et de guerre' from 1936-39, and a handwritten letter dated 15th October 1952 by Paul Rivet (director of the SRSM or Services de Renseignements et de Securite Militaire), from the collection of the Service Historique de La Defense, at the Chateau de Vincennes, Vincennes, Paris, France. The collection includes documents of the Vichy government detailing spying activities of the French Secret Services on the German Nazi regime. The Centre Historique des Archives at Vincennes forms part of the SHD, which stores the archives of the Ministry of Defence and its armed forces. It was set up by decree in 2005. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC_HISTORY_MC_0279.jpg
  • Page from the file on the German armoured divisions from 1940-43, listing their movements and equipment, dated 1st February 1940 and stamped Secret, from the collection of the Service Historique de La Defense, at the Chateau de Vincennes, Vincennes, Paris, France. The collection includes documents of the Vichy government detailing spying activities of the French Secret Services on the German Nazi regime. The Centre Historique des Archives at Vincennes forms part of the SHD, which stores the archives of the Ministry of Defence and its armed forces. It was set up by decree in 2005. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC_HISTORY_MC_0275.jpg
  • Report on the use of intelligence agents abroad by the Bureau des Menees Antinationales or BMA or Bureau of Anti-national Activities, which was set up during the Second World War to protect the military armistice, and dealt with military intelligence, dated 4th December 1940 and stamped Top Secret, from the collection of the Service Historique de La Defense, at the Chateau de Vincennes, Vincennes, Paris, France. The collection includes documents of the Vichy government detailing spying activities of the French Secret Services on the German Nazi regime. The Centre Historique des Archives at Vincennes forms part of the SHD, which stores the archives of the Ministry of Defence and its armed forces. It was set up by decree in 2005. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC_HISTORY_MC_0276.jpg
  • Cover of the employment booklet of Colonel Georges Ronin, 1894-1954, head of the Service de Renseignements Air, the Air Force intelligence service, from the collection of the Service Historique de La Defense, at the Chateau de Vincennes, Vincennes, Paris, France. The collection includes documents of the Vichy government detailing spying activities of the French Secret Services on the German Nazi regime. The Centre Historique des Archives at Vincennes forms part of the SHD, which stores the archives of the Ministry of Defence and its armed forces. It was set up by decree in 2005. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC_HISTORY_MC_0273.jpg
  • Page from the personnel file of Colonel Georges Ronin, 1894-1954, head of the Service de Renseignements Air, the Air Force intelligence service, listing his activities from 1934-54, from the collection of the Service Historique de La Defense, at the Chateau de Vincennes, Vincennes, Paris, France. The collection includes documents of the Vichy government detailing spying activities of the French Secret Services on the German Nazi regime. The Centre Historique des Archives at Vincennes forms part of the SHD, which stores the archives of the Ministry of Defence and its armed forces. It was set up by decree in 2005. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC_HISTORY_MC_0272.jpg
  • Personnel file with identity photographs of Colonel Georges Ronin, 1894-1954, head of the Service de Renseignements Air, the Air Force intelligence service, from the collection of the Service Historique de La Defense, at the Chateau de Vincennes, Vincennes, Paris, France. The collection includes documents of the Vichy government detailing spying activities of the French Secret Services on the German Nazi regime. The Centre Historique des Archives at Vincennes forms part of the SHD, which stores the archives of the Ministry of Defence and its armed forces. It was set up by decree in 2005. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC_HISTORY_MC_0271.jpg
  • Page from a Top Secret Vichy regime file with diagram of the hierarchical structure of the employees of the STR or Service Technique de Recherches, from the collection of the Service Historique de La Defense, at the Chateau de Vincennes, Vincennes, Paris, France. The collection includes documents of the Vichy government detailing spying activities of the French Secret Services on the German Nazi regime. The Centre Historique des Archives at Vincennes forms part of the SHD, which stores the archives of the Ministry of Defence and its armed forces. It was set up by decree in 2005. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC_HISTORY_MC_0270.jpg
  • Contents page on p142 of Volume II of a report by the EMA or Ecole Militaire d'Administration and the SR or Service des Renseignements, on the study of the Enigma Machine, a cipher machine using complex coding to protect military communications, dated 1931-42, from the collection of the Service Historique de La Defense, at the Chateau de Vincennes, Vincennes, Paris, France. The collection includes documents of the Vichy government detailing spying activities of the French Secret Services on the German Nazi regime. The Centre Historique des Archives at Vincennes forms part of the SHD, which stores the archives of the Ministry of Defence and its armed forces. It was set up by decree in 2005. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC_HISTORY_MC_0264.jpg
  • File stamped Top Secret of Volume II of a report by the EMA or Ecole Militaire d'Administration and the SR or Services des Renseignements, on the study of the Enigma Machine, a cipher machine using complex coding to protect military communications, dated 1931-42, from the collection of the Service Historique de La Defense, at the Chateau de Vincennes, Vincennes, Paris, France. The collection includes documents of the Vichy government detailing spying activities of the French Secret Services on the German Nazi regime. The Centre Historique des Archives at Vincennes forms part of the SHD, which stores the archives of the Ministry of Defence and its armed forces. It was set up by decree in 2005. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC_HISTORY_MC_0261.jpg
  • Remnants of documents including translated surveillance reports on French citizens, which were burnt by the Germans before they retreated from Paris when defeat was imminent, from the collection of the Service Historique de La Defense, at the Chateau de Vincennes, Vincennes, Paris, France. The collection includes documents of the Vichy government detailing spying activities of the French Secret Services on the German Nazi regime. The Centre Historique des Archives at Vincennes forms part of the SHD, which stores the archives of the Ministry of Defence and its armed forces. It was set up by decree in 2005. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC_HISTORY_MC_0260.jpg
  • Form dated 22nd May 1945, documenting the detention of Mathilde Carre, 1908-2007, known as La Chatte or Pussy, code name Victoire, a French double agent of the 'Reseau Interallie' during the Second World War, who was detained in London in July 1942, from the collection of the Service Historique de La Defense, at the Chateau de Vincennes, Vincennes, Paris, France. The collection includes documents of the Vichy government detailing spying activities of the French Secret Services on the German Nazi regime. The Centre Historique des Archives at Vincennes forms part of the SHD, which stores the archives of the Ministry of Defence and its armed forces. It was set up by decree in 2005. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC_HISTORY_MC_0258.jpg
  • Page from the file on Mathilde Carre, 1908-2007, known as La Chatte or Pussy, code name Victoire, a French double agent of the 'Reseau Interallie' during the Second World War, by the Direction des Services de Documentation, dated 1st June 1945, from the collection of the Service Historique de La Defense, at the Chateau de Vincennes, Vincennes, Paris, France. The collection includes documents of the Vichy government detailing spying activities of the French Secret Services on the German Nazi regime. The Centre Historique des Archives at Vincennes forms part of the SHD, which stores the archives of the Ministry of Defence and its armed forces. It was set up by decree in 2005. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC_HISTORY_MC_0256.jpg
  • Letter stamped Confidential and dated 6th December 1943, regarding the organisation of Special Services, from Henri Giraud, Commander in Chief of French Armed Forces, to General de Gaulle, President of the Comite d'Action en France, who jointly set up the Comite Francais de la Liberation Nationale, or French Committee of National Liberation or CFLN, a provisional government of Free France, from the collection of the Service Historique de La Defense, at the Chateau de Vincennes, Vincennes, Paris, France. The collection includes documents of the Vichy government detailing spying activities of the French Secret Services on the German Nazi regime. The Centre Historique des Archives at Vincennes forms part of the SHD, which stores the archives of the Ministry of Defence and its armed forces. It was set up by decree in 2005. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC_HISTORY_MC_0291.jpg
  • Fourth and final page of a letter marked Secret signed by Paul Rivet, head of the Services des Renseignements et de Securite Militaire, stressing the integrity of the French armed forces and decrying collaborationists, dated 8 November 1943, from the collection of the Service Historique de La Defense, at the Chateau de Vincennes, Vincennes, Paris, France. The collection includes documents of the Vichy government detailing spying activities of the French Secret Services on the German Nazi regime. The Centre Historique des Archives at Vincennes forms part of the SHD, which stores the archives of the Ministry of Defence and its armed forces. It was set up by decree in 2005. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC_HISTORY_MC_0290.jpg
  • Second page of a letter marked Secret written by Paul Rivet, head of the Services des Renseignements et de Securite Militaire, stressing the integrity of the French armed forces and decrying collaborationists, dated 8 November 1943, from the collection of the Service Historique de La Defense, at the Chateau de Vincennes, Vincennes, Paris, France. The collection includes documents of the Vichy government detailing spying activities of the French Secret Services on the German Nazi regime. The Centre Historique des Archives at Vincennes forms part of the SHD, which stores the archives of the Ministry of Defence and its armed forces. It was set up by decree in 2005. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC_HISTORY_MC_0288.jpg
  • Third page of a letter marked Secret written by Paul Rivet, head of the Services des Renseignements et de Securite Militaire, stressing the integrity of the French armed forces and decrying collaborationists, dated 8 November 1943, from the collection of the Service Historique de La Defense, at the Chateau de Vincennes, Vincennes, Paris, France. The collection includes documents of the Vichy government detailing spying activities of the French Secret Services on the German Nazi regime. The Centre Historique des Archives at Vincennes forms part of the SHD, which stores the archives of the Ministry of Defence and its armed forces. It was set up by decree in 2005. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC_HISTORY_MC_0289.jpg
  • Document stamped Secret produced by the Services de Renseignements et d'Action regarding the Comite Francais de la Liberation Nationale, or French Committee of National Liberation or CFLN, a provisional government of Free France, from the collection of the Service Historique de La Defense, at the Chateau de Vincennes, Vincennes, Paris, France. The collection includes documents of the Vichy government detailing spying activities of the French Secret Services on the German Nazi regime. The Centre Historique des Archives at Vincennes forms part of the SHD, which stores the archives of the Ministry of Defence and its armed forces. It was set up by decree in 2005. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC_HISTORY_MC_0286.jpg
  • First page of a letter marked Secret written by Paul Rivet, head of the Services des Renseignements et de Securite Militaire, stressing the integrity of the French armed forces and decrying collaborationists, dated 8 November 1943, from the collection of the Service Historique de La Defense, at the Chateau de Vincennes, Vincennes, Paris, France. The collection includes documents of the Vichy government detailing spying activities of the French Secret Services on the German Nazi regime. The Centre Historique des Archives at Vincennes forms part of the SHD, which stores the archives of the Ministry of Defence and its armed forces. It was set up by decree in 2005. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC_HISTORY_MC_0287.jpg
  • Page, dated 14th July 1943, with a note for Rivet from Lieutenant Colonel Berroeta, from the file of the Service des Renseignements on the conflict between Paul Rivet and Jacques Soustelle and the subordination of the SR (Paul Rivet was the director of the SRSM or Services de Renseignements et de Securite Militaire) to the DGSS (Soustelle was the head of the Special Services of Free France or DGSS), 1943-44, from the collection of the Service Historique de La Defense, at the Chateau de Vincennes, Vincennes, Paris, France. The collection includes documents of the Vichy government detailing spying activities of the French Secret Services on the German Nazi regime. The Centre Historique des Archives at Vincennes forms part of the SHD, which stores the archives of the Ministry of Defence and its armed forces. It was set up by decree in 2005. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC_HISTORY_MC_0282.jpg
  • Map of France detailing the various Services de Renseignements or Information Services during the Second World War, marked Top Secret, from the collection of the Service Historique de La Defense, at the Chateau de Vincennes, Vincennes, Paris, France. The collection includes documents of the Vichy government detailing spying activities of the French Secret Services on the German Nazi regime. The Centre Historique des Archives at Vincennes forms part of the SHD, which stores the archives of the Ministry of Defence and its armed forces. It was set up by decree in 2005. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC_HISTORY_MC_0277.jpg
  • Handwriting indicating Top Secret classification on the back of a map of France detailing the various Services de Renseignements or Information Services during the Second World War, marked Top Secret, from the collection of the Service Historique de La Defense, at the Chateau de Vincennes, Vincennes, Paris, France. The collection includes documents of the Vichy government detailing spying activities of the French Secret Services on the German Nazi regime. The Centre Historique des Archives at Vincennes forms part of the SHD, which stores the archives of the Ministry of Defence and its armed forces. It was set up by decree in 2005. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC_HISTORY_MC_0278.jpg
  • File on the German armoured divisions from 1940-43, from the collection of the Service Historique de La Defense, at the Chateau de Vincennes, Vincennes, Paris, France. The collection includes documents of the Vichy government detailing spying activities of the French Secret Services on the German Nazi regime. The Centre Historique des Archives at Vincennes forms part of the SHD, which stores the archives of the Ministry of Defence and its armed forces. It was set up by decree in 2005. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC_HISTORY_MC_0274.jpg
  • Top Secret Vichy regime file with instructions for the organisation of the STR or Service Technique de Recherches, from the collection of the Service Historique de La Defense, at the Chateau de Vincennes, Vincennes, Paris, France. The collection includes documents of the Vichy government detailing spying activities of the French Secret Services on the German Nazi regime. The Centre Historique des Archives at Vincennes forms part of the SHD, which stores the archives of the Ministry of Defence and its armed forces. It was set up by decree in 2005. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC_HISTORY_MC_0268.jpg
  • Page from a Top Secret Vichy regime file detailing the role of the STR or Service Technique de Recherches, from the collection of the Service Historique de La Defense, at the Chateau de Vincennes, Vincennes, Paris, France. The collection includes documents of the Vichy government detailing spying activities of the French Secret Services on the German Nazi regime. The Centre Historique des Archives at Vincennes forms part of the SHD, which stores the archives of the Ministry of Defence and its armed forces. It was set up by decree in 2005. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC_HISTORY_MC_0269.jpg
  • Top Secret document listing 5 volumes of a report dated 1930-42, into information technology during the Second World War by the EMA or Ecole Militaire d'Administration and the SR or Service des Renseignements, including the study of the Enigma Machine, a cipher machine using complex coding to protect military communications, from the collection of the Service Historique de La Defense, at the Chateau de Vincennes, Vincennes, Paris, France. The collection includes documents of the Vichy government detailing spying activities of the French Secret Services on the German Nazi regime. The Centre Historique des Archives at Vincennes forms part of the SHD, which stores the archives of the Ministry of Defence and its armed forces. It was set up by decree in 2005. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC_HISTORY_MC_0267.jpg
  • Top Secret document listing 5 volumes of a report dated 1930-42, into information technology during the Second World War, by General Bertrand, by the EMA or Ecole Militaire d'Administration and the SR or Service des Renseignements, including the study of the Enigma Machine, a cipher machine using complex coding to protect military communications, from the collection of the Service Historique de La Defense, at the Chateau de Vincennes, Vincennes, Paris, France. The collection includes documents of the Vichy government detailing spying activities of the French Secret Services on the German Nazi regime. The Centre Historique des Archives at Vincennes forms part of the SHD, which stores the archives of the Ministry of Defence and its armed forces. It was set up by decree in 2005. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC_HISTORY_MC_0266.jpg
  • Historical summary of telegraphy on p143 of Volume II of a report by the EMA or Ecole Militaire d'Administration and the SR or Service des Renseignements, on the study of the Enigma Machine, a cipher machine using complex coding to protect military communications, dated 1931-42, from the collection of the Service Historique de La Defense, at the Chateau de Vincennes, Vincennes, Paris, France. The collection includes documents of the Vichy government detailing spying activities of the French Secret Services on the German Nazi regime. The Centre Historique des Archives at Vincennes forms part of the SHD, which stores the archives of the Ministry of Defence and its armed forces. It was set up by decree in 2005. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC_HISTORY_MC_0263.jpg
  • Historical summary of telegraphy on p143 of Volume II of a report by the EMA or Ecole Militaire d'Administration and the SR or Service des Renseignements, on the study of the Enigma Machine, a cipher machine using complex coding to protect military communications, dated 1931-42, from the collection of the Service Historique de La Defense, at the Chateau de Vincennes, Vincennes, Paris, France. The collection includes documents of the Vichy government detailing spying activities of the French Secret Services on the German Nazi regime. The Centre Historique des Archives at Vincennes forms part of the SHD, which stores the archives of the Ministry of Defence and its armed forces. It was set up by decree in 2005. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC_HISTORY_MC_0265.jpg
  • Contents page on p142 of Volume II of a report by the EMA or Ecole Militaire d'Administration and the SR or Service des Renseignements, on the study of the Enigma Machine, a cipher machine using complex coding to protect military communications, dated 1931-42, from the collection of the Service Historique de La Defense, at the Chateau de Vincennes, Vincennes, Paris, France. The collection includes documents of the Vichy government detailing spying activities of the French Secret Services on the German Nazi regime. The Centre Historique des Archives at Vincennes forms part of the SHD, which stores the archives of the Ministry of Defence and its armed forces. It was set up by decree in 2005. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC_HISTORY_MC_0262.jpg
  • File made by the German Secret Service on the 'Reseau Interallie', the Second World War spy network infiltrated by the French double agent Mathilde Carre, 1908-2007, known as La Chatte or Pussy, code name Victoire, dated 18th November 1941, from the collection of the Service Historique de La Defense, at the Chateau de Vincennes, Vincennes, Paris, France. The collection includes documents of the Vichy government detailing spying activities of the French Secret Services on the German Nazi regime. The Centre Historique des Archives at Vincennes forms part of the SHD, which stores the archives of the Ministry of Defence and its armed forces. It was set up by decree in 2005. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC_HISTORY_MC_0257.jpg
  • Remnants of papers, including passports, photographs, identity documents and details of French citizens who were under surveillance, which were burnt by the Germans before they retreated from Paris when defeat was imminent,  from the collection of the Service Historique de La Defense, at the Chateau de Vincennes, Vincennes, Paris, France. The collection includes documents of the Vichy government detailing spying activities of the French Secret Services on the German Nazi regime. The Centre Historique des Archives at Vincennes forms part of the SHD, which stores the archives of the Ministry of Defence and its armed forces. It was set up by decree in 2005. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC_HISTORY_MC_0259.jpg
  • Page of a report written by British Secret Services, after the interrogation of Mathilde Carre, 1908-2007, known as La Chatte or Pussy, code name Victoire, a French double agent of the 'Reseau Interallie' during the Second World War, transmitted to the French Secret Services, from the collection of the Service Historique de La Defense, at the Chateau de Vincennes, Vincennes, Paris, France. The document is stamped Top Secret and dated 8th November 1944. The collection includes documents of the Vichy government detailing spying activities of the French Secret Services on the German Nazi regime. The Centre Historique des Archives at Vincennes forms part of the SHD, which stores the archives of the Ministry of Defence and its armed forces. It was set up by decree in 2005. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC_HISTORY_MC_0255.jpg
  • Order de Bataille T R, document stamped Top Secret and dated 20th April 1942, listing the battle plan and regimental commanders, from the collection of the Service Historique de La Defense, at the Chateau de Vincennes, Vincennes, Paris, France. The collection includes documents of the Vichy government detailing spying activities of the French Secret Services on the German Nazi regime. The Centre Historique des Archives at Vincennes forms part of the SHD, which stores the archives of the Ministry of Defence and its armed forces. It was set up by decree in 2005. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC_HISTORY_MC_0253.jpg
  • Note de Service (pour les Chefs de Section), stamped Top Secret and dated 22nd July 1940, regarding setting up the Services de Renseignements, from the collection of the Service Historique de La Defense, at the Chateau de Vincennes, Vincennes, Paris, France. This document was written by the BMA, or Bureau des Menees Antinationales or Bureau of Anti-national Activities, which was set up during the Second World War to protect the military armistice, and dealt with military intelligence. The collection includes documents of the Vichy government detailing spying activities of the French Secret Services on the German Nazi regime. The Centre Historique des Archives at Vincennes forms part of the SHD, which stores the archives of the Ministry of Defence and its armed forces. It was set up by decree in 2005. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC_HISTORY_MC_0254.jpg
  • Cupola, with scene from Dante’s Inferno, Canto IV, with writers from Antiquity in limbo, painting, 1840-46, by Eugene Delacroix, in the Bibliiotheque du Senat, or Senate Library, a 52m long gallery in Neoclassical style, in the Palais du Luxembourg, 6th arrondissement, Paris, France. The library was built 1837-41 by the architect Alphonse de Gisors, 1796-1866, and decorated 1845-47 with a series of paintings by Romantic artist Eugene Delacroix, 1798-1863. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC18_FRANCE_MC_0588.jpg
  • Cupola, with scene from Dante’s Inferno, Canto IV, with writers from Antiquity in limbo, painting, 1840-46, by Eugene Delacroix, in the Bibliiotheque du Senat, or Senate Library, a 52m long gallery in Neoclassical style, in the Palais du Luxembourg, 6th arrondissement, Paris, France. The library was built 1837-41 by the architect Alphonse de Gisors, 1796-1866, and decorated 1845-47 with a series of paintings by Romantic artist Eugene Delacroix, 1798-1863. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC18_FRANCE_MC_0589.jpg
  • Bibliiotheque du Senat, or Senate Library, a 52m long gallery in Neoclassical style, in the Palais du Luxembourg, 6th arrondissement, Paris, France. The library was built 1837-41 by the architect Alphonse de Gisors, 1796-1866, and decorated 1845-47 with a series of paintings by Romantic artist Eugene Delacroix, 1798-1863. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC18_FRANCE_MC_0594.jpg
  • Alexander the Great after the Battle of Arbela, commanding that Homer's poems be secured in a gold Persian casket, detail of scroll being placed in the box, painting, oil on marbled canvas, 1840-46, by Eugene Delacroix, in the cul-de-four in the Bibliiotheque du Senat, or Senate Library, a 52m long gallery in Neoclassical style, in the Palais du Luxembourg, 6th arrondissement, Paris, France. The library was built 1837-41 by the architect Alphonse de Gisors, 1796-1866, and decorated 1845-47 with a series of paintings by Romantic artist Eugene Delacroix, 1798-1863. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC18_FRANCE_MC_0595.jpg
  • Alexander the Great after the Battle of Arbela, commanding that Homer's poems be secured in a gold Persian casket, detail of onlookers, painting, oil on marbled canvas, 1840-46, by Eugene Delacroix, in the cul-de-four in the Bibliiotheque du Senat, or Senate Library, a 52m long gallery in Neoclassical style, in the Palais du Luxembourg, 6th arrondissement, Paris, France. The library was built 1837-41 by the architect Alphonse de Gisors, 1796-1866, and decorated 1845-47 with a series of paintings by Romantic artist Eugene Delacroix, 1798-1863. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC18_FRANCE_MC_0596.jpg
  • Dante’s Inferno, Canto IV, detail, with writers from Antiquity in limbo, painting, 1840-46, by Eugene Delacroix on the cupola of the Bibliiotheque du Senat, or Senate Library, a 52m long gallery in Neoclassical style, in the Palais du Luxembourg, 6th arrondissement, Paris, France. The library was built 1837-41 by the architect Alphonse de Gisors, 1796-1866, and decorated 1845-47 with a series of paintings by Romantic artist Eugene Delacroix, 1798-1863. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC18_FRANCE_MC_0590.jpg
  • Bibliiotheque du Senat, or Senate Library, a 52m long gallery in Neoclassical style, in the Palais du Luxembourg, 6th arrondissement, Paris, France. The library was built 1837-41 by the architect Alphonse de Gisors, 1796-1866, and decorated 1845-47 with a series of paintings by Romantic artist Eugene Delacroix, 1798-1863. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC18_FRANCE_MC_0591.JPG
  • Bust of Victor Hugo, 1802-85, French Romantic writer and senator for Seine 1876-85, in the Bibliiotheque du Senat or Senate Library, in the Palais du Luxembourg, 6th arrondissement, Paris, France. The library was built 1837-41 by the architect Alphonse de Gisors, 1796-1866, and decorated 1845-47 with a series of paintings by Romantic artist Eugene Delacroix, 1798-1863. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC18_FRANCE_MC_0593.jpg
  • Handwritten notes for a speech against the Loi Falloux, pages 27 and 28, 1850, by Victor Hugo, 1802-85, French writer, housed in the Bibliotheque de l'Assemblee Nationale, 2nd arrondissement, Paris, France. In his speech, given to the Assembly on 15th January 1850, Hugo criticises the growing influence of the catholic clergy, which had been granted control of education under the Falloux Law. Hugo calls for a separation of church and state. The Bibliotheque de l'Assemblee Nationale, or Library of the National Assembly, was created in 1796 and is housed in the Assemblee Nationale at the Palais Bourbon. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC_HISTORY_MC_0441.jpg
  • Handwritten notes for a speech against the Loi Falloux, pages 25 and 26, 1850, by Victor Hugo, 1802-85, French writer, housed in the Bibliotheque de l'Assemblee Nationale, 2nd arrondissement, Paris, France. In his speech, given to the Assembly on 15th January 1850, Hugo criticises the growing influence of the catholic clergy, which had been granted control of education under the Falloux Law. Hugo calls for a separation of church and state. The Bibliotheque de l'Assemblee Nationale, or Library of the National Assembly, was created in 1796 and is housed in the Assemblee Nationale at the Palais Bourbon. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC_HISTORY_MC_0440.jpg
  • Handwritten notes for a speech against the Loi Falloux, pages 22, 23 and 24, 1850, by Victor Hugo, 1802-85, French writer, housed in the Bibliotheque de l'Assemblee Nationale, 2nd arrondissement, Paris, France. In his speech, given to the Assembly on 15th January 1850, Hugo criticises the growing influence of the catholic clergy, which had been granted control of education under the Falloux Law. Hugo calls for a separation of church and state. The Bibliotheque de l'Assemblee Nationale, or Library of the National Assembly, was created in 1796 and is housed in the Assemblee Nationale at the Palais Bourbon. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC_HISTORY_MC_0439.jpg
  • Handwritten notes for a speech against the Loi Falloux, pages 19 and 20, 1850, by Victor Hugo, 1802-85, French writer, housed in the Bibliotheque de l'Assemblee Nationale, 2nd arrondissement, Paris, France. In his speech, given to the Assembly on 15th January 1850, Hugo criticises the growing influence of the catholic clergy, which had been granted control of education under the Falloux Law. Hugo calls for a separation of church and state. The Bibliotheque de l'Assemblee Nationale, or Library of the National Assembly, was created in 1796 and is housed in the Assemblee Nationale at the Palais Bourbon. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC_HISTORY_MC_0437.jpg
  • Handwritten notes for a speech against the Loi Falloux, pages 16, 17 and 18, 1850, by Victor Hugo, 1802-85, French writer, housed in the Bibliotheque de l'Assemblee Nationale, 2nd arrondissement, Paris, France. In his speech, given to the Assembly on 15th January 1850, Hugo criticises the growing influence of the catholic clergy, which had been granted control of education under the Falloux Law. Hugo calls for a separation of church and state. The Bibliotheque de l'Assemblee Nationale, or Library of the National Assembly, was created in 1796 and is housed in the Assemblee Nationale at the Palais Bourbon. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC_HISTORY_MC_0436.jpg
  • Handwritten notes for a speech against the Loi Falloux, pages 14 and 15, 1850, by Victor Hugo, 1802-85, French writer, housed in the Bibliotheque de l'Assemblee Nationale, 2nd arrondissement, Paris, France. In his speech, given to the Assembly on 15th January 1850, Hugo criticises the growing influence of the catholic clergy, which had been granted control of education under the Falloux Law. Hugo calls for a separation of church and state. The Bibliotheque de l'Assemblee Nationale, or Library of the National Assembly, was created in 1796 and is housed in the Assemblee Nationale at the Palais Bourbon. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC_HISTORY_MC_0435.jpg
  • Handwritten notes for a speech against the Loi Falloux, pages 12 and 13, 1850, by Victor Hugo, 1802-85, French writer, housed in the Bibliotheque de l'Assemblee Nationale, 2nd arrondissement, Paris, France. In his speech, given to the Assembly on 15th January 1850, Hugo criticises the growing influence of the catholic clergy, which had been granted control of education under the Falloux Law. Hugo calls for a separation of church and state. The Bibliotheque de l'Assemblee Nationale, or Library of the National Assembly, was created in 1796 and is housed in the Assemblee Nationale at the Palais Bourbon. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC_HISTORY_MC_0434.jpg
  • Handwritten notes for a speech against the Loi Falloux, pages 8 and 9, 1850, by Victor Hugo, 1802-85, French writer, housed in the Bibliotheque de l'Assemblee Nationale, 2nd arrondissement, Paris, France. In his speech, given to the Assembly on 15th January 1850, Hugo criticises the growing influence of the catholic clergy, which had been granted control of education under the Falloux Law. Hugo calls for a separation of church and state. The Bibliotheque de l'Assemblee Nationale, or Library of the National Assembly, was created in 1796 and is housed in the Assemblee Nationale at the Palais Bourbon. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC_HISTORY_MC_0432.jpg
  • Handwritten notes for a speech against the Loi Falloux, pages 10 and 11, 1850, by Victor Hugo, 1802-85, French writer, housed in the Bibliotheque de l'Assemblee Nationale, 2nd arrondissement, Paris, France. In his speech, given to the Assembly on 15th January 1850, Hugo criticises the growing influence of the catholic clergy, which had been granted control of education under the Falloux Law. Hugo calls for a separation of church and state. The Bibliotheque de l'Assemblee Nationale, or Library of the National Assembly, was created in 1796 and is housed in the Assemblee Nationale at the Palais Bourbon. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC_HISTORY_MC_0433.jpg
  • Handwritten notes for a speech against the Loi Falloux, pages 6 and 7, 1850, by Victor Hugo, 1802-85, French writer, housed in the Bibliotheque de l'Assemblee Nationale, 2nd arrondissement, Paris, France. In his speech, given to the Assembly on 15th January 1850, Hugo criticises the growing influence of the catholic clergy, which had been granted control of education under the Falloux Law. Hugo calls for a separation of church and state. The Bibliotheque de l'Assemblee Nationale, or Library of the National Assembly, was created in 1796 and is housed in the Assemblee Nationale at the Palais Bourbon. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC_HISTORY_MC_0431.jpg
  • Handwritten notes for a speech against the Loi Falloux, pages 3 and 4, 1850, by Victor Hugo, 1802-85, French writer, housed in the Bibliotheque de l'Assemblee Nationale, 2nd arrondissement, Paris, France. In his speech, given to the Assembly on 15th January 1850, Hugo criticises the growing influence of the catholic clergy, which had been granted control of education under the Falloux Law. Hugo calls for a separation of church and state. The Bibliotheque de l'Assemblee Nationale, or Library of the National Assembly, was created in 1796 and is housed in the Assemblee Nationale at the Palais Bourbon. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC_HISTORY_MC_0430.jpg
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