manuel cohen

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  • The team shows the dry skin used as a parchment at the tannery factory of Scriptorium SL in Valencia, Spain. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    30052014_Scriptorium_MC016.jpg
  • Still wet and immediately after cleaning process, the skin goes through a mechanical press which remove the last fur at the tannery factory of Scriptorium SL in Valencia, Spain. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    30052014_Scriptorium_MC005.jpg
  • Still wet and immediately after cleaning process, the skin goes through a mechanical press which remove the last fur at the tannery factory of Scriptorium SL in Valencia, Spain. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    30052014_Scriptorium_MC006.jpg
  • Nacho is cutting up a folio of parchment from the dry skin at the tannery factory of Scriptorium SL in Valencia, Spain. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    30052014_Scriptorium_MC018.jpg
  • Nacho is stretching and fixing a skin on a wooden sheet for the drying process at the tannery factory of Scriptorium SL in Valencia, Spain. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    30052014_Scriptorium_MC014.jpg
  • Nacho is stretching and fixing a skin on a wooden sheet for the drying process at the tannery factory of Scriptorium SL in Valencia, Spain. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    30052014_Scriptorium_MC012.jpg
  • Nacho is stretching and fixing a skin on a wooden sheet for the drying process at the tannery factory of Scriptorium SL in Valencia, Spain. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    30052014_Scriptorium_MC013.jpg
  • Nacho is stretching and fixing a skin on a wooden sheet for the drying process at the tannery factory of Scriptorium SL in Valencia, Spain. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    30052014_Scriptorium_MC011.jpg
  • Nacho is stretching and fixing a skin on a wooden sheet for the drying process at the tannery factory of Scriptorium SL in Valencia, Spain. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    30052014_Scriptorium_MC010.JPG
  • Animal skin robe, made c. 1900 by Mrs Speak Thunder Jr, an Assiniboine artist, from calf skin and glass bead, from the collection of the Denver Art Museum, Denver, Colorado, USA. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC16_COLORADO_MC_199.jpg
  • Animal skin robe, c. 1900, by Dah-haw, an Ute craftsman, d. c. 1918, made from elk skin, glass beads, metal and paint, from the Mrs James W Douglas Bequest, 1937, at the Denver Art Museum, Denver, Colorado, USA. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC16_COLORADO_MC_183.jpg
  • First edition of the "Crusader Bible", 13th century manuscript kept in the Pierpont Morgan Library in New York, on natural parchment made of animal skin published by Scriptorium SL in Valencia, Spain. © Scriptorium / Manuel Cohen
    LC14_CrusaderBible_MC027.jpg
  • First edition of the "Crusader Bible", 13th century manuscript kept in the Pierpont Morgan Library in New York, on natural parchment made of animal skin published by Scriptorium SL in Valencia, Spain. © Scriptorium / Manuel Cohen
    LC14_CrusaderBible_MC026.jpg
  • First edition of the "Crusader Bible", 13th century manuscript kept in the Pierpont Morgan Library in New York, on natural parchment made of animal skin published by Scriptorium SL in Valencia, Spain. © Scriptorium / Manuel Cohen
    LC14_CrusaderBible_MC024.jpg
  • First edition of the "Crusader Bible", 13th century manuscript kept in the Pierpont Morgan Library in New York, on natural parchment made of animal skin published by Scriptorium SL in Valencia, Spain. © Scriptorium / Manuel Cohen
    LC14_CrusaderBible_MC022.jpg
  • First edition of the "Crusader Bible", 13th century manuscript kept in the Pierpont Morgan Library in New York, on natural parchment made of animal skin published by Scriptorium SL in Valencia, Spain. © Scriptorium / Manuel Cohen
    LC14_CrusaderBible_MC021.jpg
  • (left) The Sacrifices of Cain and Abel; Cain Murders His Brother: The Lord is pleased with the ram Abel has brought as a sacrifice, but Cain meets with no such favour for the sheaves he presents at the altar. Furiously jealous, Cain later slays Abel with a hatchet. (Genesis 4:3ñ8); (right) The Death of Cain: This scene is drawn from an account popular in the middle ages that expanded upon the brief description of Cain's death in the Book of Genesis. The aged and blind Lamech, his aim guided by a boy, shoots Cain with bow and arrow as he is tangled in a bush. Note that in this and the preceding miniatures, the painter has deliberately ignored some of the plants springing from the ground, perhaps to create a contrast between the barren nature of the world and the lush Garden of Eden. (Genesis 4:15, 23ñ24). Excerpt of the first edition of the "Crusader Bible", 13th century manuscript kept in the Pierpont Morgan Library in New York, on natural parchment made of animal skin published by Scriptorium SL in Valencia, Spain. © Scriptorium / Manuel Cohen
    LC14_CrusaderBible_MC020.jpg
  • Deborah, a Prophetess: Following Ehud's death, the sins of the Israelites again displease the Lord. The people are made to suffer under the rule of Jabin, king of the Canaanites, for twenty years. Finally, the prophetess Deborah summons Barak to lead an attack against the Canaanite army. Deborah, riding side-saddle on a dappled charger, commands Barak and the Israelite forces. The exhausted and terror-stricken enemy offers no resistance even as its king receives his death blow. (Judges 4:8ñ16). Excerpt of the first edition of the "Crusader Bible", 13th century manuscript kept in the Pierpont Morgan Library in New York, on natural parchment made of animal skin published by Scriptorium SL in Valencia, Spain. © Scriptorium / Manuel Cohen
    LC14_CrusaderBible_MC018.jpg
  • (left) The Expulsion from Paradise: The disobedient Adam and Eve are expelled from Paradise by the Lord. An angel brandishes a sword over the guilty pair, who now ashamedly hold fig leaves to conceal their nudity. The Gate of Paradise through which the couple exits is depicted as a slender Gothic tower. (Genesis 3:22ñ24); (right) The Trials of Man and Woman: After their exile from Eden, the Lord multiplies the sorrows of Adam and Eve. She shall suffer the pains of childbirth; he must cultivate the earth for his bread. As Eve sits spinning with a distaff, Adam digs with a spade. Their sons Cain and Abel collect firewood at their feet. (Genesis 3:16ñ19). Excerpt of the first edition of the "Crusader Bible", 13th century manuscript kept in the Pierpont Morgan Library in New York, on natural parchment made of animal skin published by Scriptorium SL in Valencia, Spain. © Scriptorium / Manuel Cohen
    LC14_CrusaderBible_MC019.jpg
  • (Up) A Plea for Help: As Saul drives oxen in from the fields, he is met by anguished messengers from Jabesh-Gilead. Nahash the Ammonite has encamped outside the city and threatened to gouge out the right eye of every inhabitant. The king, enraged, slaughters two oxen and cuts them into pieces. The pieces are sent throughout Israel with a message: either follow Saul and Samuel into battle or expect the same to be done to your oxen. (1 Samuel 11:1ñ7); (Down) Marshaling Forces: Saul, crowned, bearing a scepter, and seated on an ivory throne, greets the warriors of Israel. The foremost kneel before the king and pledge their fealty. A standard bearer rides along in a supply cart. Behind Saul, a royal attendant assures a messenger from Jabesh-Gilead that help is at hand. (1 Samuel 11:7ñ9). Excerpt of the first edition of the "Crusader Bible", 13th century manuscript kept in the Pierpont Morgan Library in New York, on natural parchment made of animal skin published by Scriptorium SL in Valencia, Spain. © Scriptorium / Manuel Cohen
    LC14_CrusaderBible_MC014.JPG
  • (Up) Jonathan, a Prince:Encamped outside of Gibeah, Saul rests beneath a pomegranate tree and advises his warriors. Meanwhile, without informing his father, Saul's son Jonathan bravely scales a mountain to attack a Philistine garrison. Accompanied only by his armour-bearer, Jonathan engages the enemy; together they kill twenty men. (1 Samuel 14:1ñ14); (Down) The Battle is Joined: Sounds of battle have been heard in the Philistine camp, so Saul has assembled his army. It is discovered that Jonathan and his armour-bearer are missing. As the priest Ahijah bears the Ark of the Covenant into battle, Saul issues a bold command: the army is not to partake of food until all of the Philistines are destroyed. Jonathan, riding ahead, does not hear his father's instruction. Cradling his great helm in his left hand, he leans from his horse and spears a honeycomb to eat. (1 Samuel 14:17ñ27) Excerpt of the first edition of the "Crusader Bible", 13th century manuscript kept in the Pierpont Morgan Library in New York, on natural parchment made of animal skin published by Scriptorium SL in Valencia, Spain. © Scriptorium / Manuel Cohen
    LC14_CrusaderBible_MC012.jpg
  • (Up) Uriah Refuses to Return Home: Uriah will not obey David's orders to return home, for to do so in a time of war would bring shame upon him. He sets up his eagle-topped pavilion before the king's house and enjoys a rich feast provided by the king. David's grand doorway is crowned by a finial topped by a royal fleur-de-lis. (2 Samuel 11:7ñ9); (Down) Uriah is Slain: David, unable to convince Uriah to return home, sends him back to the Israelite camp with a sealed letter for Joab. Joab is instructed to reassign Uriah to the fiercest part of the battle. Uriah is posted to the front lines of the Israelite siege at Rabbah, where valiant men defend the citadel. There he is struck by a bolt fired from an enemy crossbow and killed. (2 Samuel 11:14ñ17). Excerpt of the first edition of the "Crusader Bible", 13th century manuscript kept in the Pierpont Morgan Library in New York, on natural parchment made of animal skin published by Scriptorium SL in Valencia, Spain. © Scriptorium / Manuel Cohen
    LC14_CrusaderBible_MC011.jpg
  • Tamar laments her misfortune in Absalom's house while Absalom's servants kill Amnon at a feast held for David's sons. (2 Samuel 13 1-29). Excerpt of the first edition of the "Crusader Bible", 13th century manuscript kept in the Pierpont Morgan Library in New York, on natural parchment made of animal skin published by Scriptorium SL in Valencia, Spain. © Scriptorium / Manuel Cohen
    LC14_CrusaderBible_MC009.jpg
  • (Up) Amnon tricks Tamar to lie in bed with him. Amnon's love for Tamar turns to hatred and he forces her to leave in humiliation; (Down) Tamar laments her misfortune in Absalom's house while Absalom's servants kill Amnon at a feast held for David's sons. (2 Samuel 13 1-29). Excerpt of the first edition of the "Crusader Bible", 13th century manuscript kept in the Pierpont Morgan Library in New York, on natural parchment made of animal skin published by Scriptorium SL in Valencia, Spain. © Scriptorium / Manuel Cohen
    LC14_CrusaderBible_MC007.JPG
  • Amnon tricks Tamar to lie in bed with him. Amnon's love for Tamar turns to hatred and he forces her to leave in humiliation. (2 Samuel 13 1-29). Excerpt of the first edition of the "Crusader Bible", 13th century manuscript kept in the Pierpont Morgan Library in New York, on natural parchment made of animal skin published by Scriptorium SL in Valencia, Spain. © Scriptorium / Manuel Cohen
    LC14_CrusaderBible_MC008.jpg
  • Israel's Enemies Humiliated: Joshua soon learns that his enemies are hiding in a cave at Makkedah. Israelite men drag the five kings from their hiding place, and, in obedience to Joshua, they trample on the kings' necks. Joshua, still holding his spear, encourages the men, reminding them that a similar fate awaits all those who oppose the Lord. (Joshua 10:15ñ25). Excerpt of the first edition of the "Crusader Bible", 13th century manuscript kept in the Pierpont Morgan Library in New York, on natural parchment made of animal skin published by Scriptorium SL in Valencia, Spain. © Scriptorium / Manuel Cohen
    LC14_CrusaderBible_MC006.JPG
  • The Longest Day: Joshua and his army depart to defend the city of Gibeon, now under siege by the Amorite kings. Joshua is twice shown in this illustration; in the center, he rides through a city gate and spears an enemy king. Behind this group he appears again, imperiously commanding the sun and moon to remain motionless in the sky. As daylight is prolonged, the Israelites have ample time to revenge themselves upon their enemies. To the right, the other Amorite kings flee their attackers. (Joshua 10:6ñ13). Excerpt of the first edition of the "Crusader Bible", 13th century manuscript kept in the Pierpont Morgan Library in New York, on natural parchment made of animal skin published by Scriptorium SL in Valencia, Spain. © Scriptorium / Manuel Cohen
    LC14_CrusaderBible_MC005.JPG
  • Joshua Defeated at Ai: his is the first of the Picture Bible's great battle scenes. Joshua has taken a small contingent of the army to destroy the Amorite city of Ai. As soon as the Israelites arrive at the city gates, they are repulsed by a small force of defenders, including a crossbowman who takes aim from atop the portcullis. Thirty-six men of the expedition are killed as Amorite horsemen vengefully pursue and strike down their assailants. Joshua, shown again in brown tunic and with tri-point shield, narrowly escapes with his life. Nearby, an Amorite breaks his spear in the side of an Israelite horseman whose mount has collapsed beneath him, and a disoriented Israelite foot soldier is trampled by the fleeing cavalry. (Joshua 7:1ñ5). Excerpt of the first edition of the "Crusader Bible", 13th century manuscript kept in the Pierpont Morgan Library in New York, on natural parchment made of animal skin published by Scriptorium SL in Valencia, Spain. © Scriptorium / Manuel Cohen
    LC14_CrusaderBible_MC004.jpg
  • (left) A Costly Transgression Revealed: Confused and aggrieved by the defeat at Ai, Joshua prostrates himself before the Ark of the Covenant (depicted here as a rich reliquary chest) and begs for an explanation. It is discovered that Achan, a man of the tribe of Judah, took forbidden spoil from the accursed town of Jericho. Later Achan confesses the sin to Joshua; he and his family show Joshua a bar of gold (here painted silver), a rich garment, and two hundred shekels. The Lord points accusingly at the greedy family from the heavens. To appease Him, they must be destroyed. (Joshua 7:19ñ23); (right) Achan Stoned: Although Joshua appears loathe to do so, he orders the stoning of Achan, his entire family, and his cattle. Later, the Israelites will destroy Achan's thatched dwelling; all the possessions of the transgressor must be done away with in order to appease the Lord. (Joshua 7:24ñ25). Excerpt of the first edition of the "Crusader Bible", 13th century manuscript kept in the Pierpont Morgan Library in New York, on natural parchment made of animal skin published by Scriptorium SL in Valencia, Spain. © Scriptorium / Manuel Cohen
    LC14_CrusaderBible_MC003.jpg
  • First edition of the "Crusader Bible", 13th century manuscript kept in the Pierpont Morgan Library in New York, on natural parchment made of animal skin published by Scriptorium SL in Valencia, Spain. © Scriptorium / Manuel Cohen
    LC14_CrusaderBible_MC025.jpg
  • First edition of the "Crusader Bible", 13th century manuscript kept in the Pierpont Morgan Library in New York, on natural parchment made of animal skin published by Scriptorium SL in Valencia, Spain. © Scriptorium / Manuel Cohen
    LC14_CrusaderBible_MC023.jpg
  • Ehud, a Clever Leader: After the death of Joshua, Israel falls into sin and displeases the Lord; as punishment, the people are made subservient to Eglon, king of the Moabites, for eighteen years. The people repent and plead with the Lord for a deliverer. The Lord chooses Ehud of the tribe of Benjamin. When the Moabite army departs to fight a foreign battle, clever Ehud gains a private audience with Eglon and brutally slays the king. Ehud escapes and summons the Israelite army with a trumpet. The Moabites are humbled. (Judges 3:20ñ30). Excerpt of the first edition of the "Crusader Bible", 13th century manuscript kept in the Pierpont Morgan Library in New York, on natural parchment made of animal skin published by Scriptorium SL in Valencia, Spain. © Scriptorium / Manuel Cohen
    LC14_CrusaderBible_MC017.jpg
  • (Up) Ehud, a Clever Leader: After the death of Joshua, Israel falls into sin and displeases the Lord; as punishment, the people are made subservient to Eglon, king of the Moabites, for eighteen years. The people repent and plead with the Lord for a deliverer. The Lord chooses Ehud of the tribe of Benjamin. When the Moabite army departs to fight a foreign battle, clever Ehud gains a private audience with Eglon and brutally slays the king. Ehud escapes and summons the Israelite army with a trumpet. The Moabites are humbled. (Judges 3:20ñ30); (Down) Deborah, a Prophetess: Following Ehud's death, the sins of the Israelites again displease the Lord. The people are made to suffer under the rule of Jabin, king of the Canaanites, for twenty years. Finally, the prophetess Deborah summons Barak to lead an attack against the Canaanite army. Deborah, riding side-saddle on a dappled charger, commands Barak and the Israelite forces. The exhausted and terror-stricken enemy offers no resistance even as its king receives his death blow. (Judges 4:8ñ16). Excerpt of the first edition of the "Crusader Bible", 13th century manuscript kept in the Pierpont Morgan Library in New York, on natural parchment made of animal skin published by Scriptorium SL in Valencia, Spain. © Scriptorium / Manuel Cohen
    LC14_CrusaderBible_MC016.JPG
  • A Plea for Help: As Saul drives oxen in from the fields, he is met by anguished messengers from Jabesh-Gilead. Nahash the Ammonite has encamped outside the city and threatened to gouge out the right eye of every inhabitant. The king, enraged, slaughters two oxen and cuts them into pieces. The pieces are sent throughout Israel with a message: either follow Saul and Samuel into battle or expect the same to be done to your oxen. (1 Samuel 11:1ñ7). Excerpt of the first edition of the "Crusader Bible", 13th century manuscript kept in the Pierpont Morgan Library in New York, on natural parchment made of animal skin published by Scriptorium SL in Valencia, Spain. © Scriptorium / Manuel Cohen
    LC14_CrusaderBible_MC015.jpg
  • (left) Jonathan, a Prince: Encamped outside of Gibeah, Saul rests beneath a pomegranate tree and advises his warriors. Meanwhile, without informing his father, Saul's son Jonathan bravely scales a mountain to attack a Philistine garrison. Accompanied only by his armour-bearer, Jonathan engages the enemy; together they kill twenty men. (1 Samuel 14:1ñ14); (right) The Battle is Joined: Sounds of battle have been heard in the Philistine camp, so Saul has assembled his army. It is discovered that Jonathan and his armour-bearer are missing. As the priest Ahijah bears the Ark of the Covenant into battle, Saul issues a bold command: the army is not to partake of food until all of the Philistines are destroyed. Jonathan, riding ahead, does not hear his father's instruction. Cradling his great helm in his left hand, he leans from his horse and spears a honeycomb to eat. (1 Samuel 14:17ñ27). Excerpt of the first edition of the "Crusader Bible", 13th century manuscript kept in the Pierpont Morgan Library in New York, on natural parchment made of animal skin published by Scriptorium SL in Valencia, Spain. © Scriptorium / Manuel Cohen
    LC14_CrusaderBible_MC013.jpg
  • (Up) Uriah Refuses to Return Home: Uriah will not obey David's orders to return home, for to do so in a time of war would bring shame upon him. He sets up his eagle-topped pavilion before the king's house and enjoys a rich feast provided by the king. David's grand doorway is crowned by a finial topped by a royal fleur-de-lis. (2 Samuel 11:7ñ9); (Down) Uriah is Slain: David, unable to convince Uriah to return home, sends him back to the Israelite camp with a sealed letter for Joab. Joab is instructed to reassign Uriah to the fiercest part of the battle. Uriah is posted to the front lines of the Israelite siege at Rabbah, where valiant men defend the citadel. There he is struck by a bolt fired from an enemy crossbow and killed. (2 Samuel 11:14ñ17). Excerpt of the first edition of the "Crusader Bible", 13th century manuscript kept in the Pierpont Morgan Library in New York, on natural parchment made of animal skin published by Scriptorium SL in Valencia, Spain. © Scriptorium / Manuel Cohen
    LC14_CrusaderBible_MC010.JPG
  • (left) Sweetener: Moses, following the Lord's command, casts the tree into the bitter waters. The Israelites gather around with drinking cups and vessels to collect the sweetened waters. In the foreground, a group of sheep quenches its thirst. (Exodus 15:24ñ25); (right) Manna: Hunger has overcome the Israelites in the wilderness, and the congregation begins to murmur against Moses. The Lord hears these complaints, however, and rains bread from heaven upon the people. The Israelites collect the bread, each according to his own need, following the instructions Lord has given to Moses. (Exodus 16:11ñ15). Excerpt of the first edition of the "Crusader Bible", 13th century manuscript kept in the Pierpont Morgan Library in New York, on natural parchment made of animal skin published by Scriptorium SL in Valencia, Spain. © Scriptorium / Manuel Cohen
    LC14_CrusaderBible_MC002.JPG
  • (left) The Lord Provides: Once more the Israelites complain to Moses of thirst, but again the Lord provides. Moses, in obedience to God, strikes the rock at Horeb with his staff, and a spring bursts forth to quench the thirst of the people and their flocks. (Exodus 17:3ñ6); (Right) Joshua, a Soldier: Amalek and his army threaten the Israelites with war. Moses commands Joshua, son of Nun, to assemble an army. The opponents face each other across a field at Rephidim, in this illustration arrayed in thirteenth-century battle dress. Joshua wears a brown tunic and carries a tri-point shield emblazoned with a lion. He and his cavalry all wear great helms. The enemy horsemen, to include the crowned Amalek, wear an older style of pointed helmet with a nasal guard. In the foreground, trumpeters and drummers sound the call to battle. (Exodus 17:8ñ13). Excerpt of the first edition of the "Crusader Bible", 13th century manuscript kept in the Pierpont Morgan Library in New York, on natural parchment made of animal skin published by Scriptorium SL in Valencia, Spain. © Scriptorium / Manuel Cohen
    LC14_CrusaderBible_MC001.JPG
  • Folio 27v of the "Liber Genealogiae Regum Hispaniae", the Book of the Genealogy of the Kings of Spain, first edition of the 15th century manuscript kept in the National Library of Spain in Madrid, on natural parchment made of animal skin published by Scriptorium SL in Valencia, Spain. © Scriptorium / Manuel Cohen
    LC14_GenealogyKingsSpain_MC001.jpg
  • First edition of the "Liber Genealogiae Regum Hispaniae", the Book of the Genealogy of the Kings of Spain, 15th century manuscript kept in the National Library of Spain in Madrid, on natural parchment made of animal skin published by Scriptorium SL in Valencia, Spain. © Scriptorium / Manuel Cohen
    LC14_GenealogyKingsSpain_MC003.jpg
  • "Mappa Mundi", showing the Apostles' dispersion in their respective regions. First edition of the "Apocalypse, the Beatus held at El Burgo de Osma", 11th century manuscript kept in the El Burgo de Osma Cathedral, on natural parchment made of animal skin published by Scriptorium SL in Valencia, Spain. © Scriptorium / Manuel Cohen
    LC14_Apocalipsis_MC003.jpg
  • Storia Apoc. XVIII,  1-20 : El Fuego de Babilonia y el duelo de los Reyes y Mercaderes (BABYLON FIRE AND MOURNING OF KINGS AND MERCHANTS). First edition of the "Apocalypse, the Beatus held at El Burgo de Osma", 11th century manuscript kept in the El Burgo de Osma Cathedral, on natural parchment made of animal skin published by Scriptorium SL in Valencia, Spain. © Scriptorium / Manuel Cohen
    LC14_Apocalipsis_MC002.jpg
  • Victory of the Lamb over the beast and the kings of the earth. This illustration from the Osma codex shows a Whore of Babylon for the first and only time nude. First edition of the "Apocalypse, the Beatus held at El Burgo de Osma", 11th century manuscript kept in the El Burgo de Osma Cathedral, on natural parchment made of animal skin published by Scriptorium SL in Valencia, Spain. © Scriptorium / Manuel Cohen
    LC14_Apocalipsis_MC001.jpg
  • Alfonso X of Castile (1221-1284), called the Wise, dictating to a scribe, with two other characters that might be chess players of his court compiling information about the game. Copy of the first edition of the "Book of Chess, Dice and Board Games", 13th century manuscript kept in the Library of the Real Monastery in San Lorenzo de El Escorial, on natural parchment made of animal skin published by Scriptorium SL in Valencia, Spain. © Scriptorium / Manuel Cohen
    LC14_AlfonsoX_MC001.jpg
  • Folio 40R of the "Liber Genealogiae Regum Hispaniae", the Book of the Genealogy of the Kings of Spain, first edition of the 15th century manuscript kept in the National Library of Spain in Madrid, on natural parchment made of animal skin published by Scriptorium SL in Valencia, Spain. © Scriptorium / Manuel Cohen
    LC14_GenealogyKingsSpain_MC002.jpg
  • Left page : Dice players in a Sevilian garden; right page : Alfonso X of Castile (1221-1284), called the Wise, dictating to two scribes, with two other characters that might be chess players of his court compiling information about the game. First edition of the "Book of Chess, Dice and Board Games", 13th century manuscript kept in the Library of the Real Monastery in San Lorenzo de El Escorial, on natural parchment made of animal skin published by Scriptorium SL in Valencia, Spain. © Scriptorium / Manuel Cohen
    LC14_AlfonsoX_MC003.jpg
  • Border players at the game inside a tent. Copy of the first edition of the "Book of Chess, Dice and Board Games", 13th century manuscript kept in the Library of the Real Monastery in San Lorenzo de El Escorial, on natural parchment made of animal skin published by Scriptorium SL in Valencia, Spain. © Scriptorium / Manuel Cohen
    LC14_AlfonsoX_MC002.jpg
  • The team brings the wooden sheet with fixed skins into the drying area at the tannery factory of Scriptorium SL in Valencia, Spain. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    30052014_Scriptorium_MC015.jpg
  • Nacho lifting the epidermis of the skins with a special knife at the tannery factory of Scriptorium SL in Valencia, Spain. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    30052014_Scriptorium_MC008.jpg
  • Nacho lifting the epidermis of the skins with a special knife at the tannery factory of Scriptorium SL in Valencia, Spain. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    30052014_Scriptorium_MC007.jpg
  • Nacho is removing skins from the tank at the tannery factory of Scriptorium SL in Valencia, Spain. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    30052014_Scriptorium_MC003.JPG
  • Nacho looking at the raw skins just arrived at the tannery factory of Scriptorium SL in Valencia, Spain. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    30052014_Scriptorium_MC001.jpg
  • Nacho is removing skins from the tank at the tannery factory of Scriptorium SL in Valencia, Spain. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    30052014_Scriptorium_MC002.jpg
  • Ricardo Coll, director, showing the "Crusader bible" in his office at the printing studio of Scriptorium SL in Valencia, Spain. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    30052014_Scriptorium_MC042.jpg
  • Once completed the facsimile goes into a press for the final process at the printing studio of Scriptorium SL in Valencia, Spain. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    30052014_Scriptorium_MC041.jpg
  • Graphic retouchers highlight the gilt painting with golden ink and then age their work with a small scalpel at the printing studio of Scriptorium SL in Valencia, Spain. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    30052014_Scriptorium_MC038.jpg
  • Graphic retouchers highlight the gilt painting with golden ink and then age their work with a small scalpel at the printing studio of Scriptorium SL in Valencia, Spain. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    30052014_Scriptorium_MC039.jpg
  • Graphic retouchers highlight the gilt painting with golden ink and then age their work with a small scalpel at the printing studio of Scriptorium SL in Valencia, Spain. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    30052014_Scriptorium_MC037.jpg
  • Graphic retouchers highlight the gilt painting with golden ink and then age their work with a small scalpel at the printing studio of Scriptorium SL in Valencia, Spain. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    30052014_Scriptorium_MC036.jpg
  • Graphic retouchers highlight the gilt painting with golden ink and then age their work with a small scalpel at the printing studio of Scriptorium SL in Valencia, Spain. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    30052014_Scriptorium_MC035.jpg
  • Graphic retouchers highlight the gilt painting with golden ink and then age their work with a small scalpel at the printing studio of Scriptorium SL in Valencia, Spain. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    30052014_Scriptorium_MC034.jpg
  • Sergio is assembling the folios of the facsimile with natural string at the printing studio of Scriptorium SL in Valencia, Spain. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    30052014_Scriptorium_MC033.jpg
  • Sergio is assembling the folios of the facsimile with natural string at the printing studio of Scriptorium SL in Valencia, Spain. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    30052014_Scriptorium_MC032.jpg
  • Alberto is brushing a folio of parchment with a sander at the tannery factory of Scriptorium SL in Valencia, Spain. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    30052014_Scriptorium_MC021.JPG
  • Alberto inserts a sheet of parchment into a brushing mechanical system to ligt off any blemish at the tannery factory of Scriptorium SL in Valencia, Spain. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    30052014_Scriptorium_MC020.jpg
  • Alberto inserts a sheet of parchment into a brushing mechanical system to ligt off any blemish at the tannery factory of Scriptorium SL in Valencia, Spain. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    30052014_Scriptorium_MC019.jpg
  • Nacho holding parchments at the tannery factory of Scriptorium SL in Valencia, Spain. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    30052014_Scriptorium_MC017.jpg
  • Nacho is removing a parchment from the tank with soap at the tannery factory of Scriptorium SL in Valencia, Spain. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    30052014_Scriptorium_MC009.jpg
  • Jose Vicente highlights the gilt painting with golden ink and then age his work with a small scalpel at the printing studio of Scriptorium SL in Valencia, Spain. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    30052014_Scriptorium_MC040.jpg
  • Sergio is assembling the folios of the facsimile with natural string at the printing studio of Scriptorium SL in Valencia, Spain. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    30052014_Scriptorium_MC031.jpg
  • Alberto is assembling the folios of the facsimile with natural string at the printing studio of Scriptorium SL in Valencia, Spain. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    30052014_Scriptorium_MC030.jpg
  • Alberto is assembling the folios of the facsimile with natural string at the printing studio of Scriptorium SL in Valencia, Spain. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    30052014_Scriptorium_MC028.jpg
  • Alberto is assembling the folios of the facsimile with natural string at the printing studio of Scriptorium SL in Valencia, Spain. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    30052014_Scriptorium_MC027.jpg
  • Alberto is assembling the folios of the facsimile with natural string at the printing studio of Scriptorium SL in Valencia, Spain. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    30052014_Scriptorium_MC026.jpg
  • Alberto is assembling the folios of the facsimile with natural string at the printing studio of Scriptorium SL in Valencia, Spain. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    30052014_Scriptorium_MC025.jpg
  • Alberto is assembling the folios of the facsimile with natural string at the printing studio of Scriptorium SL in Valencia, Spain. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    30052014_Scriptorium_MC024.jpg
  • Alberto is assembling the folios of the facsimile with natural string at the printing studio of Scriptorium SL in Valencia, Spain. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    30052014_Scriptorium_MC023.jpg
  • Alberto is assembling the folios of the facsimile with natural string at the printing studio of Scriptorium SL in Valencia, Spain. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    30052014_Scriptorium_MC022.jpg
  • Alberto is assembling the folios of the facsimile with natural string at the printing studio of Scriptorium SL in Valencia, Spain. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    30052014_Scriptorium_MC029.jpg
  • Animal skin robe with design of Indians riding on horseback, detail, made 1870s by Cheyenne artists, from bison hide, paint, quills, deer dewclaws, horse hair, and wool, from the collection of the Denver Art Museum, Denver, Colorado, USA. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC16_COLORADO_MC_198.jpg
  • Animal skin robe with design of Indians riding on horseback, 1870s, made by Cheyenne artists, from bison hide, paint, quills, deer dewclaws, horse hair, and wool, from the collection of the Denver Art Museum, Denver, Colorado, USA. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC16_COLORADO_MC_197.jpg
  • Nubians and Sudanese carrying ivory elephant tusks, animal skins and ebony logs as taxes, with animals including baboon, vervet monkey and cheetah or leopard, detail of a fresco of the vassal countries of the south, on the west wall of the chapel of the tomb of Rekhmire, an Egyptian noble, official, high priest and governor of Thebes in the 18th dynasty of the New Kingdom, in the Valley of the Nobles, Sheikh Abd el-Qurna, in the Theban Necropolis, Thebes, Luxor, Egypt. The Tombs of the Nobles are the burial sites of workers, priests, soldiers and officials. Thebes is listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC22_EGYPT_MC_0450.jpg
  • Men working on animal hides in the Tanners' souq, where animal skins are treated to make leather, in the textile market or Guersa el Kebira, in the medina or old town of Tetouan, on the slopes of Jbel Dersa in the Rif Mountains of Northern Morocco. Tetouan was of particular importance in the Islamic period from the 8th century, when it served as the main point of contact between Morocco and Andalusia. After the Reconquest, the town was rebuilt by Andalusian refugees who had been expelled by the Spanish. The medina of Tetouan dates to the 16th century and was declared a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1997. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC13_Morocco_MC051.jpg
  • African storing goods as taxes to Egypt, including ivory elephant tusks, ebony logs, jars of oil, animal skins and precious stones, detail of a fresco of the vassal countries of the south (Nubia and Sudan), on the west wall of the chapel of the tomb of Rekhmire, an Egyptian noble, official, high priest and governor of Thebes in the 18th dynasty of the New Kingdom, in the Valley of the Nobles, Sheikh Abd el-Qurna, in the Theban Necropolis, Thebes, Luxor, Egypt. The Tombs of the Nobles are the burial sites of workers, priests, soldiers and officials. Thebes is listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC22_EGYPT_MC_0451.jpg
  • The Tanners' souq, where animal skins are treated in brick baths to make leather, in the textile market or Guersa el Kebira, in the medina or old town of Tetouan, on the slopes of Jbel Dersa in the Rif Mountains of Northern Morocco. Tetouan was of particular importance in the Islamic period from the 8th century, when it served as the main point of contact between Morocco and Andalusia. After the Reconquest, the town was rebuilt by Andalusian refugees who had been expelled by the Spanish. The medina of Tetouan dates to the 16th century and was declared a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1997. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC13_Morocco_MC054.jpg
  • The Tanners' souq, where animal skins are treated in brick baths to make leather, in the textile market or Guersa el Kebira, in the medina or old town of Tetouan, on the slopes of Jbel Dersa in the Rif Mountains of Northern Morocco. Tetouan was of particular importance in the Islamic period from the 8th century, when it served as the main point of contact between Morocco and Andalusia. After the Reconquest, the town was rebuilt by Andalusian refugees who had been expelled by the Spanish. The medina of Tetouan dates to the 16th century and was declared a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1997. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC13_Morocco_MC053.jpg
  • The Tanners' souq, where animal skins are treated in brick baths to make leather, in the textile market or Guersa el Kebira, in the medina or old town of Tetouan, on the slopes of Jbel Dersa in the Rif Mountains of Northern Morocco. Tetouan was of particular importance in the Islamic period from the 8th century, when it served as the main point of contact between Morocco and Andalusia. After the Reconquest, the town was rebuilt by Andalusian refugees who had been expelled by the Spanish. The medina of Tetouan dates to the 16th century and was declared a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1997. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC13_Morocco_MC052.jpg
  • The Tanners' souq, where animal skins are treated in brick baths to make leather, in the textile market or Guersa el Kebira, in the medina or old town of Tetouan, on the slopes of Jbel Dersa in the Rif Mountains of Northern Morocco. Tetouan was of particular importance in the Islamic period from the 8th century, when it served as the main point of contact between Morocco and Andalusia. After the Reconquest, the town was rebuilt by Andalusian refugees who had been expelled by the Spanish. The medina of Tetouan dates to the 16th century and was declared a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1997. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC13_Morocco_MC055.jpg
  • Templar Commander's room, altered in the 17th and 18th centuries, in the commanderie templière d'Avalleur, or Templar commandery of Avalleur, founded 1167 and used by the Knights Templar until 1312 when the order was dissolved, then by the Knights Hospitaller until the Revolution, at Bar-sur-Seine, Aube, Grand Est, France. The chapel is listed as a historic monument. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC21_FRANCE_MC_1766.jpg
  • Scene showing the inside of a typical Gallic hut. Image taken from the filming of 'Paris la ville a remonter le temps' written by Carlo de Boutiny and Alain Zenou, directed by Xavier Lefebvre, a Gedeon Programmes production. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC11_FRANCE_MC013.jpg
  • Detail of worker in vat, Chouara tannery, Fez, Morocco, pictured on February 21, 2009 in the morning. A meeting of light, colors, material, animal and human life as a young boy learns the tanning tradition. The Chouara tannery is the largest of the four ancient tanneries in the Medina of Fez where the traditional work of the tanners has remained unchanged since the 14th century. It is composed of numerous dried-earth pits where raw skins are treated, pounded, scraped and dyed. Tanners work in vats filled with various coloured liquid dyes derived from plant sources. Colours change every two weeks, poppy flower for red, mint for green, indigo for blue, chedar tree for brown and saffron for yellow. Fez, Morocco's second largest city, and one of the four imperial cities, was founded in 789 by Idris I on the banks of the River Fez. The oldest university in the world is here and the city is still the Moroccan cultural and spiritual centre. Fez has three sectors: the oldest part, the walled city of Fes-el-Bali, houses Morocco's largest medina and is a UNESCO World Heritage Site;  Fes-el-Jedid was founded in 1244 as a new capital by the Merenid dynasty, and contains the Mellah, or Jewish quarter; Ville Nouvelle was built by the French who took over most of Morocco in 1912 and transferred the capital to Rabat. Picture by Manuel Cohen.
    LCMOROCCO_FEB09_MC0025.jpg
  • Detail of worker in vat, Chouara tannery, Fez, Morocco, pictured on February 22, 2009 in the morning. A meeting of light, colors, material, animal and human life as a young boy learns the tanning tradition. The Chouara tannery is the largest of the four ancient tanneries in the Medina of Fez where the traditional work of the tanners has remained unchanged since the 14th century. It is composed of numerous dried-earth pits where raw skins are treated, pounded, scraped and dyed. Tanners work in vats filled with various coloured liquid dyes derived from plant sources. Colours change every two weeks, poppy flower for red, mint for green, indigo for blue, chedar tree for brown and saffron for yellow. Fez, Morocco's second largest city, and one of the four imperial cities, was founded in 789 by Idris I on the banks of the River Fez. The oldest university in the world is here and the city is still the Moroccan cultural and spiritual centre. Fez has three sectors: the oldest part, the walled city of Fes-el-Bali, houses Morocco's largest medina and is a UNESCO World Heritage Site;  Fes-el-Jedid was founded in 1244 as a new capital by the Merenid dynasty, and contains the Mellah, or Jewish quarter; Ville Nouvelle was built by the French who took over most of Morocco in 1912 and transferred the capital to Rabat. Picture by Manuel Cohen.
    LCMOROCCO_FEB09_MC0024.jpg
  • Two cobblers holding an animal hide and cutting up the leather to make shoes, part of the donor section of the shoemakers at the bottom of the Glorification of the Virgin stained glass window, in the nave of Chartres Cathedral, Eure-et-Loir, France. This window depicts the end of the Virgin's life on earth, her dormition and assumption, as told in the apocryphal text the Golden Legend of 1260. Chartres cathedral was built 1194-1250 and is a fine example of Gothic architecture. Most of its windows date from 1205-40 although a few earlier 12th century examples are also intact. It was declared a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1979. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC13_FRANCE_MC771.jpg
  • High angle view of young boy carrying dry skins and guiding a donkey towards the store, Chouara tannery, Fez, Morocco, pictured on February 23, 2009 in the evening. The long sides of the pits are full of boys in their first year of studying at the tannery school. The Chouara tannery is the largest of the four ancient tanneries in the Medina of Fez where the traditional work of the tanners has remained unchanged since the 14th century. It is composed of numerous dried-earth pits where raw skins are treated, pounded, scraped and dyed. Tanners work in vats filled with various coloured liquid dyes derived from plant sources. Colours change every two weeks, poppy flower for red, mint for green, indigo for blue, chedar tree for brown and saffron for yellow. Fez, Morocco's second largest city, and one of the four imperial cities, was founded in 789 by Idris I on the banks of the River Fez. The oldest university in the world is here and the city is still the Moroccan cultural and spiritual centre. Fez has three sectors: the oldest part, the walled city of Fes-el-Bali, houses Morocco's largest medina and is a UNESCO World Heritage Site;  Fes-el-Jedid was founded in 1244 as a new capital by the Merenid dynasty, and contains the Mellah, or Jewish quarter; Ville Nouvelle was built by the French who took over most of Morocco in 1912 and transferred the capital to Rabat. Picture by Manuel Cohen.
    LCMOROCCO_FEB09_MC0049.jpg
  • Portrait of worker on the way to the dyeing pits, Chouara, tannery, Fez, Morocco, pictured on February 22, 2009 in the morning. The Chouara tannery is the largest of the four ancient tanneries in the Medina of Fez where the traditional work of the tanners has remained unchanged since the 14th century. It is composed of numerous dried-earth pits where raw skins are treated, pounded, scraped and dyed. Tanners work in vats filled with various coloured liquid dyes derived from plant sources. Colours change every two weeks, poppy flower for red, mint for green, indigo for blue, chedar tree for brown and saffron for yellow. Fez, Morocco's second largest city, and one of the four imperial cities, was founded in 789 by Idris I on the banks of the River Fez. The oldest university in the world is here and the city is still the Moroccan cultural and spiritual centre. Fez has three sectors: the oldest part, the walled city of Fes-el-Bali, houses Morocco's largest medina and is a UNESCO World Heritage Site;  Fes-el-Jedid was founded in 1244 as a new capital by the Merenid dynasty, and contains the Mellah, or Jewish quarter; Ville Nouvelle was built by the French who took over most of Morocco in 1912 and transferred the capital to Rabat. Picture by Manuel Cohen.
    LCMOROCCO_FEB09_MC0017.jpg
  • Nubians and Sudanese carrying ivory elephant tusks and ebony logs as taxes, with animals including baboon and vervet monkey, detail of a fresco of the vassal countries of the south, on the west wall of the chapel of the tomb of Rekhmire, an Egyptian noble, official, high priest and governor of Thebes in the 18th dynasty of the New Kingdom, in the Valley of the Nobles, Sheikh Abd el-Qurna, in the Theban Necropolis, Thebes, Luxor, Egypt. The Tombs of the Nobles are the burial sites of workers, priests, soldiers and officials. Thebes is listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC22_EGYPT_MC_0449.jpg
  • Nubians and Sudanese carrying ivory elephant tusks and ebony logs as taxes, with animals including baboon and vervet monkey, detail of a fresco of the vassal countries of the south, on the west wall of the chapel of the tomb of Rekhmire, an Egyptian noble, official, high priest and governor of Thebes in the 18th dynasty of the New Kingdom, in the Valley of the Nobles, Sheikh Abd el-Qurna, in the Theban Necropolis, Thebes, Luxor, Egypt. The Tombs of the Nobles are the burial sites of workers, priests, soldiers and officials. Thebes is listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC22_EGYPT_MC_0448.jpg
  • Statue of a stegosaurus, located in the Jardin du Stegosaure (Stegosaurus Garden) in the Jardin des Plantes, Paris, 5th arrondissement, France. Founded in 1626 by Guy de La Brosse, Louis XIII's physician, the Jardin des Plantes, originally known as the Jardin du Roi, opened to the public in 1640. It became the Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle in 1793 during the French Revolution. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC_JDP_10_MC104.jpg
  • Statue of a stegosaurus, located in the Jardin du Stegosaure (Stegosaurus Garden) in the Jardin des Plantes, Paris, 5th arrondissement, France. Founded in 1626 by Guy de La Brosse, Louis XIII's physician, the Jardin des Plantes, originally known as the Jardin du Roi, opened to the public in 1640. It became the Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle in 1793 during the French Revolution. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC_JDP_10_MC105.jpg
  • Statue of a stegosaurus, located in the Jardin du Stegosaure (Stegosaurus Garden) in the Jardin des Plantes, Paris, 5th arrondissement, France. Founded in 1626 by Guy de La Brosse, Louis XIII's physician, the Jardin des Plantes, originally known as the Jardin du Roi, opened to the public in 1640. It became the Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle in 1793 during the French Revolution. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC_JDP_10_MC103.jpg
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