manuel cohen

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  • Tetrapylon (Monumental Entrance) and Great Colonnade in the background, Palmyra, Syria. The Tetrapylon is made of four podia built under a square foundation supporting four columns originally made of pink granite, and was reconstructed after 1963 by the Syrian Directorate of Antiquities.
    LCSYRIA05029.JPG
  • Tetrapylon (Monumental Entrance) at twilight, Palmyra, Syria. The Tetrapylon is made of four podia built under a square foundation supporting four columns originally made of pink granite, and was reconstructed after 1963 by the Syrian Directorate of Antiquities.
    LCSYRIA05028.JPG
  • Tetrapylon (Monumental Entrance) with Great Colonnade in the distance, Palmyra, Syria. The Tetrapylon is made of four podia built under a square foundation supporting four columns originally made of pink granite, and was reconstructed after 1963 by the Syrian Directorate of Antiquities. The Great Colonnade was built during the 2nd century AD.
    LCSYRIA05027.JPG
  • Great Colonnade and Tetrapylon at twilight, Palmyra, Syria. The Great Colonnade was built during the 2nd century AD. The Tetrapylon is made of four podia built under a square foundation supporting four columns originally made of pink granite, and was reconstructed after 1963 by the Syrian Directorate of Antiquities.
    LCSYRIA05023.JPG
  • Two podia of the Tetrapylon (Monumental Entrance) at twilight, Palmyra, Syria. The Tetrapylon is made of four podia built under a square foundation supporting four columns originally made of pink granite, and was reconstructed after 1963 by the Syrian Directorate of Antiquities.
    LCSYRIA05017.JPG
  • Monumental entrance, reconstructed after 1963 by Syrian Directorate of Antiquities, each podium once contained a statue, Palmyra, Syria. Great Colonnade in the distance.
    LCSYRIA05005.JPG
  • Bowl, baths of Diocletian, 292-303 AD, Palmyra, Syria
    LCSYRIA05031.JPG
  • Great Colonnade and Agora entrance, 2nd century AD, Palmyra, Syria. Along the Cardo Maximus or main street, the Great Colonnade is 1.2 kms long with porticoes at each end, In Roman city-planning, the Cardo Maximus runs north-south, intersecting with the east-west Decumanus Maximus. View of the Tetrapylon in the distance.
    LCSYRIA05024.JPG
  • Peristyle with carved relief, sanctuary of Bel Marduk, chief Mesopotamian deity, 3rd century BC - 1st century AD, Palmyra, Syria
    LCSYRIA05039.jpg
  • Enclosing wall, sanctuary of Bel Marduk, chief Mesopotamian deity, 3rd century BC - 1st century AD, Palmyra, Syria.
    LCSYRIA05038.jpg
  • Detail of acanthus column capital, Palmyra, Syria
    LCSYRIA05035.JPG
  • Decorated entablature, Roman ruins. Palmyra, Syria
    LCSYRIA05030.JPG
  • Great Colonnade and Agora entrance, 2nd century AD, Palmyra, Syria. Along the Cardo Maximus or main street, the Great Colonnade is 1.2 kms long with porticoes at each end, In Roman city-planning, the Cardo Maximus runs north-south, intersecting with the east-west Decumanus Maximus.
    LCSYRIA05025.JPG
  • General view of archaeological site, Palmyra, Syria
    LCSYRIA05021.JPG
  • Great Colonnade, 2nd century AD, Palmyra, Syria. Along the Cardo Maximus or main street, the Great Colonnade is 1.2 kms long, with porticoes at each end. The Monumental arch can be seen here in the distance. In Roman city-planning, the Cardo Maximus runs north-south, intersecting with the east-west Decumanus Maximus
    LCSYRIA05020.JPG
  • Baalshamin sanctuary, 2nd century BC, north of the city of Palmyra, Syria. A colonnaded courtyard was added after 67 AD and the cella in 130 AD. View of the Citadel in the distance
    LCSYRIA05015.JPG
  • Enclosing wall of the Sanctuary of Bel Marduk, chief Mesopotamian deity, built 3rd century BC - 1st century AD, Palmyra, Syria
    LCSYRIA05014.JPG
  • Loculi, stacked cavities for bodies, flanked by fluted pilasters, Valley of Tombs, late 3rd century AD, Palmyra, Syria
    LCSYRIA05013.JPG
  • Monumental Arch seen from the Great Colonnade, along the main street, Cardo Maximus, Palmyra, Syria. The arch was erected under the reign of Septimius Severus (193 - 211 AD) and the Great Colonnade was built during the 2nd century AD.
    LCSYRIA05007.JPG
  • Sarcophagus carved with medallion bust portraits, Valley of Tombs, late 3rd century AD, Palmyra, Syria
    LCSYRIA05004.JPG
  • Sanctuary of Bel Marduk, Chief Mesopotamian deity, 3rd century BC - 1st century AD, Palmyra, Syria
    LCSYRIA05040.jpg
  • Great Colonnade, 2nd century AD, Palmyra, Syria. Along the Cardo Maximus or main street, the Great Colonnade is 1.2 kms long with porticoes at each end, In Roman city-planning, the Cardo Maximus runs north-south, intersecting with the east-west Decumanus Maximus.
    LCSYRIA05036.JPG
  • Monumental Arch and Great Colonnade in the background, Palmyra. Syria. The Monumental Arch was  built under the reign of Septimius Severus (193 - 211 AD) and is one of the two porticoes at each end of the Great Colonnade, built during the 2nd century AD.
    LCSYRIA05034.JPG
  • Tower-tomb of Lamliku, Valley of Tombs, late 3rd century AD, Palmyra, Syria
    LCSYRIA05033.JPG
  • Great Colonnade and Agora entrance, 2nd century AD, Palmyra, Syria. Along the Cardo Maximus or main street, the Great Colonnade is 1.2 kms long with porticoes at each end, In Roman city-planning, the Cardo Maximus runs north-south, intersecting with the east-west Decumanus Maximus.
    LCSYRIA05032.JPG
  • Side entrance to the Agora, 2nd century AD, Palmyra, Syria
    LCSYRIA05026.JPG
  • Great Colonnade and Agora entrance, 2nd century AD, Pamlyra, Syria. Along the Cardo Maximus or main street, the Great Colonnade is 1.2 kms long. In Roman city-planning, the Cardo Maximus runs north-south, intersecting with the east-west Decumanus Maximus.
    LCSYRIA05022.JPG
  • Qala'at ibn Maan, Arab citadel built 12th century and restored 17th century, Palmyra, Syria. Named after Fakhr al-Din ibn Maan, 17th century Lebanese warlord who resisted the Ottomans
    LCSYRIA05019.JPG
  • The bar, 2nd century AD, Palmyra, Syria. Located near the Great Colonnade, it was built after the city became part of the Roman province of Syria.
    LCSYRIA05018.jpg
  • Tower-tombs of Lamliku, Valley of Tombs, late 3rd century AD, Palmyra, Syria
    LCSYRIA05012.JPG
  • Family funerary portraits painted on ceramic tile ceiling, Valley of Tombs, late 3rd century AD, Palmyra, Syria
    LCSYRIA05011.JPG
  • Loculi, stacked cavities for bodies, flanked by fluted pilasters, funerary family relief, Valley of Tombs, late 3rd century AD, Palmyra, Syria
    LCSYRIA05009.JPG
  • Sanctuary of Nabu, son of Bel Marduk, Mesopotamian god of oracles, wisdom and writing, built 1st - 3rd century AD, Palmyra, Syria
    LCSYRIA05006.JPG
  • Funerary relief depicting a reclining man, Valley of Tombs, late 3rd century AD, Palmyra, Syria
    LCSYRIA05002.JPG
  • Funerary sculpture depicting reclining woman, Valley of Tombs, late 3rd century AD, Palmyra, Syria
    LCSYRIA05001.JPG
  • Temple of Hadrian, 2nd century AD, Curetes Street, Ephesus, Izmir, Turkey. The temple was built by Quintilius before 138 AD and was dedicated to the Emperor Hadrian, who came to visit the city from Athens in 128 AD. The colonnade in front of the cella supports a so-called Syrian gable. The reliefs over the door lintel depicting the Ephesian foundation myth were added later. Around 300 AD statues of the emperors Diocletian, Constantius, Maximianus and later Theodosius I were erected, of which inscribed bases are preserved. The facade of the temple has 4 Corinthian style columns supporting a curved arch, in the middle of which contains a relief of Tyche, goddess of victory. The side columns are square. The pedestal with inscriptions in front of the temple, are the bases for the statues of emperors Diocletian, Maximian, Constantius I, and Galerius; the originals of the statues have not been found yet. Inside the temple above the door, a human figure, probably Medusa, stands with ornaments of acanthus leaves. Ephesus was an ancient Greek city founded in the 10th century BC, and later a major Roman city, on the Ionian coast near present day Selcuk. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC13_Turkey_MC301.jpg
  • Temple of Hadrian, 2nd century AD, Curetes Street, Ephesus, Izmir, Turkey. The temple was built by Quintilius before 138 AD and was dedicated to the Emperor Hadrian, who came to visit the city from Athens in 128 AD. The colonnade in front of the cella supports a so-called Syrian gable. The reliefs over the door lintel depicting the Ephesian foundation myth were added later. Around 300 AD statues of the emperors Diocletian, Constantius, Maximianus and later Theodosius I were erected, of which inscribed bases are preserved. The facade of the temple has 4 Corinthian style columns supporting a curved arch, in the middle of which contains a relief of Tyche, goddess of victory. The side columns are square. The pedestal with inscriptions in front of the temple, are the bases for the statues of emperors Diocletian, Maximian, Constantius I, and Galerius; the originals of the statues have not been found yet. Ephesus was an ancient Greek city founded in the 10th century BC, and later a major Roman city, on the Ionian coast near present day Selcuk. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC13_Turkey_MC397.jpg
  • Temple of Hadrian, 2nd century AD, Curetes Street, Ephesus, Izmir, Turkey. The temple was built by Quintilius before 138 AD and was dedicated to the Emperor Hadrian, who came to visit the city from Athens in 128 AD. The colonnade in front of the cella supports a so-called Syrian gable. The reliefs over the door lintel depicting the Ephesian foundation myth were added later. Around 300 AD statues of the emperors Diocletian, Constantius, Maximianus and later Theodosius I were erected, of which inscribed bases are preserved. The facade of the temple has 4 Corinthian style columns supporting a curved arch, in the middle of which contains a relief of Tyche, goddess of victory. The side columns are square. The pedestal with inscriptions in front of the temple, are the bases for the statues of emperors Diocletian, Maximian, Constantius I, and Galerius; the originals of the statues have not been found yet. Ephesus was an ancient Greek city founded in the 10th century BC, and later a major Roman city, on the Ionian coast near present day Selcuk. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC13_Turkey_MC386.jpg
  • Temple of Hadrian, 2nd century AD, Curetes Street, Ephesus, Izmir, Turkey. The temple was built by Quintilius before 138 AD and was dedicated to the Emperor Hadrian, who came to visit the city from Athens in 128 AD. The colonnade in front of the cella supports a so-called Syrian gable. The reliefs over the door lintel depicting the Ephesian foundation myth were added later. The facade of the temple has 4 Corinthian style columns supporting a curved arch, in the middle of which contains a relief of Tyche, goddess of victory, seen here above. Inside the temple above the door, a human figure, probably Medusa, stands with ornaments of acanthus leaves, seen here below. Ephesus was an ancient Greek city founded in the 10th century BC, and later a major Roman city, on the Ionian coast near present day Selcuk. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC13_Turkey_MC370.jpg
  • Temple of Hadrian, 2nd century AD, Curetes Street, Ephesus, Izmir, Turkey. The temple was built by Quintilius before 138 AD and was dedicated to the Emperor Hadrian, who came to visit the city from Athens in 128 AD. The colonnade in front of the cella supports a so-called Syrian gable. The reliefs over the door lintel depicting the Ephesian foundation myth were added later. Around 300 AD statues of the emperors Diocletian, Constantius, Maximianus and later Theodosius I were erected, of which inscribed bases are preserved. The facade of the temple has 4 Corinthian style columns supporting a curved arch, in the middle of which contains a relief of Tyche, goddess of victory. The side columns are square. The pedestal with inscriptions in front of the temple, are the bases for the statues of emperors Diocletian, Maximian, Constantius I, and Galerius; the originals of the statues have not been found yet. Inside the temple above the door, a human figure, probably Medusa, stands with ornaments of acanthus leaves. Ephesus was an ancient Greek city founded in the 10th century BC, and later a major Roman city, on the Ionian coast near present day Selcuk. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC13_Turkey_MC300.jpg
  • Tetrapylon at twilight, reconstructed after 1963 by Syrian Directorate of Antiquities, Palmyra, Syria Picture by Manuel Cohen
    asyria050082.jpg
  • Tetrapylon and Great Colonnade at twilight, reconstructed after 1963 by Syrian Directorate of Antiquities, Palmyra, Syria Picture by Manuel Cohen
    asyria050081.jpg
  • Tetrapylon at twilight, reconstructed after 1963 by Syrian Directorate of Antiquities, Palmyra, Syria Picture by Manuel Cohen
    asyria050076.jpg
  • Tetrapylon at twilight, reconstructed after 1963 by Syrian Directorate of Antiquities, Palmyra, Syria Picture by Manuel Cohen
    asyria050073.jpg
  • Tetrapylon podium at sunset, reconstructed after 1963 by Syrian Directorate of Antiquities, Palmyra, Syria Picture by Manuel Cohen
    asyria050072.jpg
  • Tetrapylon, view from the Great Colonnade, reconstructed after 1963 by Syrian Directorate of Antiquities, Palmyra, Syria Picture by Manuel Cohen
    asyria050080.jpg
  • Two podia, Tetrapylon at twilight, reconstructed after 1963 by Syrian Directorate of Antiquities, Palmyra, Syria Picture by Manuel Cohen
    asyria050079.jpg
  • Podium, Tetrapylon at twilight, reconstructed after 1963 by Syrian Directorate of Antiquities, Palmyra, Syria Picture by Manuel Cohen
    asyria050078.jpg
  • Podium, Tetrapylon at twilight, reconstructed after 1963 by Syrian Directorate of Antiquities, Palmyra, Syria Picture by Manuel Cohen
    asyria050077.jpg
  • Tetrapylon at twilight, reconstructed after 1963 by Syrian Directorate of Antiquities, Palmyra, Syria Picture by Manuel Cohen
    asyria050075.jpg
  • Tetrapylon podium at sunset, reconstructed after 1963 by Syrian Directorate of Antiquities, Palmyra, Syria Picture by Manuel Cohen
    asyria050071.jpg
  • Monumental entrance, reconstructed after 1963 by Syrian Directorate of Antiquities, each podium once contained a statue, Palmyra, Syria. Great Colonnade in the distance. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    asyria050070.jpg
  • Roman Triumphal Arch, 3rd century AD, Bosra, Syria. Memorial to Cornelius Palma who conquered Bosra in 106 AD.
    LCSYRIA05062.jpg
  • Cathedral of Saints Sergius, Bacchus and Leontius, 512 AD, Bosra, Syria. Among the first domed churches in Christian architecture, said to have inspired Hagia Sofia in Constantinople Picture by Manuel Cohen
    asyria050364.jpg
  • Ugarit, Late Bronze Age trading city, dating from 7th millennium BC, discovered in 1928, Syria.
    LCSYRIA05129.jpg
  • Stone minbar, Krak des Chevaliers, Qala'at al Husn, Homs Gap, Syria. Krak des Chevalliers was originally built in 1031 for amir of Aleppo, occupied by Crusader Tancred of Galilee in 1110, and given in 1144 to Knights Hospitaller, who rebuilt it as the largest Crusader castle in the Levant. Finally it was recaptured in 1271 and further modified by Mamluk Sultan Baybars who converted the chapel into a mosque with the minbar seen on the photograph
    LCSYRIA05106.JPG
  • The Entrance Tower to the outer gateway of the Citadel, Aleppo, Syria. Standing on a mound covered in limestone blocks the Citadel is at the heart of Aleppo. Beneath it archaeological remains dating back as far as the 9th century BC have been discovered. Sayf al-Dawla (944-967), the first Hamdanid ruler of Aleppo, built the fortress and used the citadel as a military center. Zangid ruler Nur al-Din (1147-1174) fortified the citadel and added some structures. But during the Ayyubid period and the reign of the Sultan al-Zahir al-Ghazi of Aleppo (1186-1216), the Citadel went through major reconstruction, fortification and addition of new structures that create the complex of the Citadel in its current form.
    LCSYRIA05089.jpg
  • Main courtyard arcade with clerestory windows and marble panels, Umayyad Mosque, 705 AD, Damascus, Syria. Site long used for worship, of Hadad (by Arameans), Jupiter (Romans), then cathedral of John the Baptist in 330, and finally a mosque
    LCSYRIA05085.JPG
  • Main entrance with mosaic facade and gabled roofline, the Ablution fountain in the courtyard, Umayyad Mosque, 705 AD, Damascus, Syria. Site long used for worship, of Hadad (by Arameans), Jupiter (Romans), then cathedral of John the Baptist in 330, and finally a mosque
    LCSYRIA05079.JPG
  • Roman mosaic, Citadel Museum, Bosra, Syria.  The mosaic depicts a man picking fruit, while another man has a caged bird.
    LCSYRIA05069.jpg
  • Roman theatre, 150-200 AD, Bosra, Syria. Front view of the cavea, the orchestra, the stage and the scaenae frons. 102m width, it contains 12,000 seats.
    LCSYRIA05063.jpg
  • Temple of Standards seen through 2 Corinthian columns, Diocletian's Camp, late 3rd century AD - early 4th century AD, Palmyra, Syria. The Temple of Standards dominates from an elevated position and overlooks the whole archaeological site of Palmyra.
    LCSYRIA05003.JPG
  • Tyche, goddess of victory, Temple of Hadrian, 2nd century AD, Curetes Street, Ephesus, Izmir, Turkey. The temple was built by Quintilius before 138 AD and was dedicated to the Emperor Hadrian, who came to visit the city from Athens in 128 AD. The facade of the temple has 4 Corinthian style columns supporting a curved arch, in the middle of which contains a relief of Tyche, goddess of victory, seen here amongst carved decorative stone segments with inscriptions in Greek. Ephesus was an ancient Greek city founded in the 10th century BC, and later a major Roman city, on the Ionian coast near present day Selcuk. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC13_Turkey_MC369.jpg
  • Medusa frieze, Temple of Hadrian, 2nd century AD, Curetes Street, Ephesus, Izmir, Turkey. The temple was built by Quintilius before 138 AD and was dedicated to the Emperor Hadrian, who came to visit the city from Athens in 128 AD. Inside the temple above the door, a human figure, probably Medusa, stands with ornaments of acanthus leaves, seen here. Ephesus was an ancient Greek city founded in the 10th century BC, and later a major Roman city, on the Ionian coast near present day Selcuk. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC13_Turkey_MC368.jpg
  • Medusa frieze, Temple of Hadrian, 2nd century AD, Curetes Street, Ephesus, Izmir, Turkey. The temple was built by Quintilius before 138 AD and was dedicated to the Emperor Hadrian, who came to visit the city from Athens in 128 AD. Inside the temple above the door, a human figure, probably Medusa, stands with ornaments of acanthus leaves, seen here. Ephesus was an ancient Greek city founded in the 10th century BC, and later a major Roman city, on the Ionian coast near present day Selcuk. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC13_Turkey_MC367.jpg
  • Ugarit, Late Bronze Age trading city, dating from 7th millennium BC, discovered in 1928, Syria.
    LCSYRIA05130.jpg
  • Ugarit, Late Bronze Age trading city, dating from 7th millennium BC, discovered in 1928, Syria.
    LCSYRIA05128.jpg
  • Massive keeps, Castle of Saladin, 10th-12th century, Latakia, Syria. In 1188 Saladin succeeded in occupying it and it stayed in Muslim hands from Saladin to Baibars to Qalaun.
    LCSYRIA05126.jpg
  • Courtyards with ruined Byzantine Citadel and 2 Crusaders bastion towers, Castle of Saladin, 10th-12th century, Latakia, Syria. In 1188 Saladin succeeded in occupying it and it stayed in Muslim hands from Saladin to Baibars to Qalaun.
    LCSYRIA05124.jpg
  • Courtyards with ruined Byzantine Citadel and 2 Crusaders bastion towers, Castle of Saladin, 10th-12th century, Latakia, Syria. In 1188 Saladin succeeded in occupying it and it stayed in Muslim hands from Saladin to Baibars to Qalaun.
    LCSYRIA05123.jpg
  • Massive keeps, Castle of Saladin, 10th-12th century, Latakia, Syria. In 1188 Saladin succeeded in occupying it and it stayed in Muslim hands from Saladin to Baibars to Qalaun.
    LCSYRIA05122.jpg
  • Remains of St Simeon's column, St Simeon Stylite basilica, built 473 to accommodate pilgrims visiting and praying at the column, Deir Samaan, Syria
    LCSYRIA05121.jpg
  • Ruined chapel, St Simeon Stylite basilica, built 473 to accommodate pilgrims visiting and praying at St Simeon's column, Deir Samaan, Syria
    LCSYRIA05118.jpg
  • Ruined facade of St Simeon Stylite basilica, 473, Deir Samaan, Syria. In its time the basilica was buit to accomodate pilgrims visiting and praying at St Simeon's column.
    LCSYRIA05117.jpg
  • Sainte-Thecle Greek Orthodox convent, Ma'alula, Syria. Ma'alula is a Christian village carved into the rock, where Aramaic is still spoken.
    LCSYRIA05115.jpg
  • Sainte-Thecle Greek Orthodox convent, Ma'alula, Syria. Ma'alula is a Christian village carved into the rock, where Aramaic is still spoken.
    LCSYRIA05114.jpg
  • Krak des Chevaliers, Qala'at al-Husn, Homs Gap, Syria. Krak des Chevalliers was originally built in 1031 for amir of Aleppo, occupied by Crusader Tancred of Galilee in 1110, and given in 1144 to Knights Hospitaller, who rebuilt it as the largest Crusader castle in the Levant. Finally it was recaptured in 1271 and further modified by Mamluk Sultan Baybars
    LCSYRIA05112.jpg
  • Krak des Chevaliers, Qala'at al-Husn, Homs Gap, Syria. Krak des Chevalliers was originally built in 1031 for amir of Aleppo, occupied by Crusader Tancred of Galilee in 1110, and given in 1144 to Knights Hospitaller, who rebuilt it as the largest Crusader castle in the Levant. Finally it was recaptured in 1271 and further modified by Mamluk Sultan Baybars
    LCSYRIA05111.jpg
  • Guard tower, Krak des Chevaliers, Qala'at al-Husn, Homs Gap, Syria. The guard towers are 8-10 metres thick, in total there is 7 towers around the castle. Krak des Chevalliers was originally built in 1031 for amir of Aleppo, occupied by Crusader Tancred of Galilee in 1110, and given in 1144 to Knights Hospitaller, who rebuilt it as the largest Crusader castle in the Levant. Finally it was recaptured in 1271 and further modified by Mamluk Sultan Baybars
    LCSYRIA05110.jpg
  • Gothic cloister and Chevaliers' Room, 13th century, Krak des Chevaliers, Qala'at al-Husn, Homs Gap, Syria. Krak des Chevalliers was originally built in 1031 for amir of Aleppo, occupied by Crusader Tancred of Galilee in 1110, and given in 1144 to Knights Hospitaller, who rebuilt it as the largest Crusader castle in the Levant. Finally it was recaptured in 1271 and further modified by Mamluk Sultan Baybars
    LCSYRIA05109.jpg
  • Arches of the Gothic cloister and Chevaliers' Room, 13th century, Krak des Chevaliers, Qala'at al-Husn, Homs Gap, Syria. Krak des Chevalliers was originally built in 1031 for amir of Aleppo, occupied by Crusader Tancred of Galilee in 1110, and given in 1144 to Knights Hospitaller, who rebuilt it as the largest Crusader castle in the Levant. Finally it was recaptured in 1271 and further modified by Mamluk Sultan Baybars
    LCSYRIA05108.jpg
  • Stone minbar added when Mamluk Sultan Baybars converted the chapel into a mosque in 1271, Krak des Chevaliers, Qala'at al Husn, Crusader castle, 1110-1271, Homs Gap, Syria
    LCSYRIA05107.jpg
  • Gothic cloister and Chevaliers' Room, 13th century, Krak des Chevaliers, Qala'at al-Husn, Homs Gap, Syria. Krak des Chevalliers was originally built in 1031 for amir of Aleppo, occupied by Crusader Tancred of Galilee in 1110, and given in 1144 to Knights Hospitaller, who rebuilt it as the largest Crusader castle in the Levant. Finally it was recaptured in 1271 and further modified by Mamluk Sultan Baybars
    LCSYRIA05104.jpg
  • Stone epigraphic Arabic inscription over main doorway, Krak des Chevaliers, Qala'at al-Husn, Homs Gap, Syria. This Arabic epigraph records the victory of Mamluk Sultan Baybars against the Knights Hospitallers in 1271.
    LCSYRIA05102.jpg
  • Detail of a ruined pediment, Apamea (Afamia), Syria. The city was erected by Trajan (AD 52 - 117) who ordered its complete reconstruction after the earthquake of AD 115.
    LCSYRIA05100.jpg
  • Detail of the Corinthian columns, capitals and the frieze of the ruined colonnade, ordered by Marcus Aurelius (AD 161 - 180), Apamea (Afamia), Syria. The city was erected by Trajan (AD 52 - 117) who ordered its complete reconstruction after the earthquake of AD 115.
    LCSYRIA05099.jpg
  • Detail of the Corinthian columns, capitals and the frieze of the ruined colonnade, ordered by Marcus Aurelius (AD 161 - 180), Apamea (Afamia), Syria. The city was erected by Trajan (AD 52 - 117) who ordered its complete reconstruction after the earthquake of AD 115.
    LCSYRIA05097.jpg
  • Ruined colonnade, ordered by Marcus Aurelius (AD 161 - 180), Apamea (Afamia), Syria. The city was erected by Trajan (AD 52 - 117) who ordered its complete reconstruction after the earthquake of AD 115.
    LCSYRIA05096.jpg
  • Western fortified wall of the Citadel, Aleppo, Syria. Standing on a mound covered in limestone blocks the Citadel is at the heart of Aleppo. Beneath it archaeological remains dating back as far as the 9th century BC have been discovered. Sayf al-Dawla (944-967), the first Hamdanid ruler of Aleppo, built the fortress and used the citadel as a military center. Zangid ruler Nur al-Din (1147-1174) fortified the citadel and added some structures. But during the Ayyubid period and the reign of the Sultan al-Zahir al-Ghazi of Aleppo (1186-1216), the Citadel went through major reconstruction, fortification and addition of new structures that create the complex of the Citadel in its current form.
    LCSYRIA05090.jpg
  • The Entrance Tower to the outer gateway of the Citadel, Aleppo, Syria. Standing on a mound covered in limestone blocks the Citadel is at the heart of Aleppo. Beneath it archaeological remains dating back as far as the 9th century BC have been discovered. Sayf al-Dawla (944-967), the first Hamdanid ruler of Aleppo, built the fortress and used the citadel as a military center. Zangid ruler Nur al-Din (1147-1174) fortified the citadel and added some structures. But during the Ayyubid period and the reign of the Sultan al-Zahir al-Ghazi of Aleppo (1186-1216), the Citadel went through major reconstruction, fortification and addition of new structures that create the complex of the Citadel in its current form.
    LCSYRIA05086.jpg
  • Main courtyard arcades with striped masonry, Umayyad Mosque, 705 AD, Damascus, Syria. The site was long used for worship, of Hadad (by Arameans), Jupiter (by Romans), then it became the cathedral of John the Baptist in 330, and finally a mosque.
    LCSYRIA05084.JPG
  • Polychrome masonry of the facade of the Azem Palace, 1750, Damascus, Syria. Residence of Asad Pasha al-Azem, Ottoman governor of Damascus, the architecture of the Azem Palace is considered as the culmination of Damascene domestic typology at its most extravagant state.
    LCSYRIA05083.JPG
  • Entrance with polychrome masonry of the facade of the Azem Palace, 1750, Damascus, Syria. Residence of Asad Pasha al-Azem, Ottoman governor of Damascus, the architecture of the Azem Palace is considered as the culmination of Damascene domestic typology at its most extravagant state.
    LCSYRIA05081.JPG
  • Main courtyard of the Umayyad Mosque at twilight 705 AD, Damascus, Syria. The ablution fountain (in the middle), the main entraince decorated with a mosaic facade and a gabled roofline (on the left) and the minaret of Jesus in the southeastern corner can be seen on this panoramic view. The site was long used for worship, of Hadad (by Arameans), Jupiter (by Romans), then it became the cathedral of John the Baptist in 330, and finally a mosque.
    LCSYRIA05078.JPG
  • Main entrance with mosaic facade and gabled roofline, the Ablution fountain in the courtyard, Umayyad Mosque, 705 AD, Damascus, Syria. Site long used for worship, of Hadad (by Arameans), Jupiter (Romans), then cathedral of John the Baptist in 330, and finally a mosque
    LCSYRIA05077.JPG
  • Main entrance to the Umayyad Mosque at twilight, 705 AD, Damascus, Syria. Decorated with a mosaic façade and a gabled roofline, the main entrance overlooks the main courtyard of the Great Mosque. The site was long used for worship, of Hadad (by Arameans), Jupiter (by Romans), then it became the cathedral of John the Baptist in 330, and finally a mosque.
    LCSYRIA05075.JPG
  • Minaret of Jesus, Southeast minaret, 13th century, Umayyad Mosque, 705 AD, Damascus, Syria. The minaret is so called because it is believed that Jesus will descend the tower on Judgment Day to fight the anti-Christ. The site was long used for worship, of Hadad (by Arameans), Jupiter (by Romans), then it became the cathedral of John the Baptist in 330, and finally a mosque.
    LCSYRIA05074.jpg
  • Madinet al-Gharbiyeh, Southwest minaret also called Minaret of Qayt Bey, 15th century, Umayyad Mosque, 705 AD, Damascus, Syria. The site was long used for worship, of Hadad (by Arameans), Jupiter (by Romans), then it became the cathedral of John the Baptist in 330, and finally a mosque.
    LCSYRIA05073.jpg
  • Basilica of Nestorian Christian Monk Bahira, 4th century AD, Bosra, Syria. According to Islamic tradition, Bahira was an Assyrian Christian monk who foretold to the adolescent Muhammad his future prophetic career.
    LCSYRIA05071.jpg
  • Storage of archaeological remains, Citadel Museum, Bosra, Syria.
    LCSYRIA05070.jpg
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