manuel cohen

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  • Roman stone statue of the winged goddess Victory, found at the East gateway to Housesteads Roman Fort in 1852, at Chesters Roman Fort Museum, at Chesters Roman Fort or Cilurnum, managed by English Heritage, Northumberland, England. Hadrian's Wall was built 73 miles across Britannia, now England, 122-128 AD, under the reign of Emperor Hadrian, ruled 117-138, to mark the Northern extent of the Roman Empire and guard against barbarian attacks from the Picts to the North. The wall was fortified with milecastles with 2 turrets in between, and a fort about every 5 Roman miles. The Hadrian's Wall Path, an 84-mile coast to coast long distance footpath, runs alongside it at his point. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC16_ENGLAND_MC_047.jpg
  • Illustration of a Roman auxiliary soldier from the Hadrian era, 125 AD, by Nick Hardcastle, at the Housesteads Roman Fort Museum, Hadrian's Wall, Northumberland, England. An auxiliary would wear a chainmail coat and iron helmet, with a long sword and spear and oval wooden shield, enclosed boots like those found at Vindolanda, and close-fitting trousers. 10 centuries of auxiliary soldiers were based at Housesteads Fort. Hadrian's Wall was built 73 miles across Britannia, now England, 122-128 AD, under the reign of Emperor Hadrian, ruled 117-138, to mark the Northern extent of the Roman Empire and guard against barbarian attacks from the Picts to the North. The Housesteads Roman Fort Museum is run by English Heritage and forms part of the Hadrian's Wall UNESCO World Heritage Site. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC16_ENGLAND_MC_145.jpg
  • Roman window head carved with stylised wheels or rosettes, at the Housesteads Roman Fort Museum, Hadrian's Wall, Northumberland, England. Many decorative window heads have been found at Housesteads, with abstract and geometric designs aswell as classical motifs. Housesteads Fort was built in 124 AD and is the most complete Roman fort in Britain, built by legionaries to house 10 centuries of auxiliary soldiers based on the frontier. Hadrian's Wall was built 73 miles across Britannia, now England, 122-128 AD, under the reign of Emperor Hadrian, ruled 117-138, to mark the Northern extent of the Roman Empire and guard against barbarian attacks from the Picts to the North. The Housesteads Roman Fort Museum is run by English Heritage and forms part of the Hadrian's Wall UNESCO World Heritage Site. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC16_ENGLAND_MC_143.jpg
  • Roman stone with carving of Mercury, god of trade, commerce and thieves, in a classical pose, with a cloak draped over his arm, a winged hat or petasus, staff or caduceus and money bag in his right hand, at the Housesteads Roman Fort Museum, Hadrian's Wall, Northumberland, England. Housesteads Fort was built in 124 AD and is the most complete Roman fort in Britain, built by legionaries to house 10 centuries of auxiliary soldiers based on the frontier. Hadrian's Wall was built 73 miles across Britannia, now England, 122-128 AD, under the reign of Emperor Hadrian, ruled 117-138, to mark the Northern extent of the Roman Empire and guard against barbarian attacks from the Picts to the North. The Housesteads Roman Fort Museum is run by English Heritage and forms part of the Hadrian's Wall UNESCO World Heritage Site. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC16_ENGLAND_MC_140.jpg
  • Roman stone with a carved fragment of a larger inscription, recording a measurement of length in Roman feet '(PE) DATVRA (…) VCI', built by an unknown unit, at the Housesteads Roman Fort Museum, Hadrian's Wall, Northumberland, England. Housesteads Fort was built in 124 AD and is the most complete Roman fort in Britain, built by legionaries to house 10 centuries of auxiliary soldiers based on the frontier. Hadrian's Wall was built 73 miles across Britannia, now England, 122-128 AD, under the reign of Emperor Hadrian, ruled 117-138, to mark the Northern extent of the Roman Empire and guard against barbarian attacks from the Picts to the North. The Housesteads Roman Fort Museum is run by English Heritage and forms part of the Hadrian's Wall UNESCO World Heritage Site. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC16_ENGLAND_MC_136.jpg
  • Roman building stone carved with a relief of a running boar, at Chesters Roman Fort Museum, at Chesters Roman Fort or Cilurnum, managed by English Heritage, Northumberland, England. Hadrian's Wall was built 73 miles across Britannia, now England, 122-128 AD, under the reign of Emperor Hadrian, ruled 117-138, to mark the Northern extent of the Roman Empire and guard against barbarian attacks from the Picts to the North. The wall was fortified with milecastles with 2 turrets in between, and a fort about every 5 Roman miles. The Hadrian's Wall Path, an 84-mile coast to coast long distance footpath, runs alongside it at his point. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC16_ENGLAND_MC_049.jpg
  • Roman statue of a river god, probably personifying the North Tyne, found in the commanding officer's bath house at Chesters Roman Fort or Cilurnum in 1843, at Chesters Roman Fort Museum, managed by English Heritage, Northumberland, England. Hadrian's Wall was built 73 miles across Britannia, now England, 122-128 AD, under the reign of Emperor Hadrian, ruled 117-138, to mark the Northern extent of the Roman Empire and guard against barbarian attacks from the Picts to the North. The wall was fortified with milecastles with 2 turrets in between, and a fort about every 5 Roman miles. The Hadrian's Wall Path, an 84-mile coast to coast long distance footpath, runs alongside it at his point. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC16_ENGLAND_MC_048.jpg
  • Roman stone relief of 3 water nymphs, holding beakers and pouring water from pitchers, set within arched niches with carved columns and capitals, at Chesters Roman Fort Museum, at Chesters Roman Fort or Cilurnum, managed by English Heritage, Northumberland, England. This relief may originally have come from the shrine dedicated to the nymphs. Hadrian's Wall was built 73 miles across Britannia, now England, 122-128 AD, under the reign of Emperor Hadrian, ruled 117-138, to mark the Northern extent of the Roman Empire and guard against barbarian attacks from the Picts to the North. The wall was fortified with milecastles with 2 turrets in between, and a fort about every 5 Roman miles. The Hadrian's Wall Path, an 84-mile coast to coast long distance footpath, runs alongside it at his point. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC16_ENGLAND_MC_042.jpg
  • Model of a Roman legionary infantry soldier wearing plate armour with a shield, dagger, spear and helmet, in the Roman Army Museum, Hadrian's Wall, Northumberland, England. A legionary would wear a woollen tunic and iron body armour, with rim around his helmet to protect the head from sword blows. Hadrian's Wall was built 73 miles across Britannia, now England, 122-128 AD, under the reign of Emperor Hadrian, ruled 117-138, to mark the Northern extent of the Roman Empire and guard against barbarian attacks from the Picts to the North. The Roman Army Museum at Carvoran fort is run by the Vindolanda Charitable Trust and forms part of the Hadrian's Wall UNESCO World Heritage Site. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC16_ENGLAND_MC_151.jpg
  • Model of a Roman centurion, an army officer in charge of the manoeuvres, conduct and training of a century of 80 men, wearing a plumed helmet and chainmail, in the Roman Army Museum, Hadrian's Wall, Northumberland, England. A centurion would wear a sideways horsehair crest on his helmet, a chainmail shirt over a leather doublet and a cloak on his back, with a sword and dagger at his belt. Hadrian's Wall was built 73 miles across Britannia, now England, 122-128 AD, under the reign of Emperor Hadrian, ruled 117-138, to mark the Northern extent of the Roman Empire and guard against barbarian attacks from the Picts to the North. The Roman Army Museum at Carvoran fort is run by the Vindolanda Charitable Trust and forms part of the Hadrian's Wall UNESCO World Heritage Site. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC16_ENGLAND_MC_149.jpg
  • Roman cavalryman's leather shoe with lace holes, used to give grip when riding at high speed, in the Roman Army Museum, Hadrian's Wall, Northumberland, England. Hadrian's Wall was built 73 miles across Britannia, now England, 122-128 AD, under the reign of Emperor Hadrian, ruled 117-138, to mark the Northern extent of the Roman Empire and guard against barbarian attacks from the Picts to the North. The Roman Army Museum at Carvoran fort is run by the Vindolanda Charitable Trust and forms part of the Hadrian's Wall UNESCO World Heritage Site. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC16_ENGLAND_MC_148.jpg
  • Illustration of the chalet barracks at Housesteads Roman fort on Hadrian's Wall in the 4th century AD, by Philip Corke, at the Housesteads Roman Fort Museum, Hadrian's Wall, Northumberland, England. Housesteads Fort was built in 124 AD and is the most complete Roman fort in Britain, built by legionaries to house 10 centuries of auxiliary soldiers based on the frontier. Around 300 AD, the communal barracks at the fort were demolished and replaced with chalet style houses for each soldier. Hadrian's Wall was built 73 miles across Britannia, now England, 122-128 AD, under the reign of Emperor Hadrian, ruled 117-138, to mark the Northern extent of the Roman Empire and guard against barbarian attacks from the Picts to the North. The Housesteads Roman Fort Museum is run by English Heritage and forms part of the Hadrian's Wall UNESCO World Heritage Site. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC16_ENGLAND_MC_147.jpg
  • Model of Housesteads Roman fort on Hadrian's Wall, at the Housesteads Roman Fort Museum, Hadrian's Wall, Northumberland, England. The fort is rectangular, with the main administrative buildings in the centre, and barracks, stables and workshops at either side. Housesteads Fort was built in 124 AD and is the most complete Roman fort in Britain, built by legionaries to house 10 centuries of auxiliary soldiers based on the frontier. Hadrian's Wall was built 73 miles across Britannia, now England, 122-128 AD, under the reign of Emperor Hadrian, ruled 117-138, to mark the Northern extent of the Roman Empire and guard against barbarian attacks from the Picts to the North. The Housesteads Roman Fort Museum is run by English Heritage and forms part of the Hadrian's Wall UNESCO World Heritage Site. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC16_ENGLAND_MC_146.jpg
  • Model of Housesteads Roman fort on Hadrian's Wall, at the Housesteads Roman Fort Museum, Hadrian's Wall, Northumberland, England. The fort is rectangular, with the main administrative buildings in the centre, and barracks, stables and workshops at either side. Housesteads Fort was built in 124 AD and is the most complete Roman fort in Britain, built by legionaries to house 10 centuries of auxiliary soldiers based on the frontier. Hadrian's Wall was built 73 miles across Britannia, now England, 122-128 AD, under the reign of Emperor Hadrian, ruled 117-138, to mark the Northern extent of the Roman Empire and guard against barbarian attacks from the Picts to the North. The Housesteads Roman Fort Museum is run by English Heritage and forms part of the Hadrian's Wall UNESCO World Heritage Site. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC16_ENGLAND_MC_144.jpg
  • Roman sculpture of the Matres or mother-goddesses seated on a bench, wearing tunics and holding cups and possibly fruit, at the Housesteads Roman Fort Museum, Hadrian's Wall, Northumberland, England. Popular on Hadrian’s Wall, the Matres Cult is a military cult originating in Germany. It is thought there was a Matres temple near Knag Burn and 9 Matres sculptures have been found at Housesteads. Housesteads Fort was built in 124 AD and is the most complete Roman fort in Britain, built by legionaries to house 10 centuries of auxiliary soldiers based on the frontier. Hadrian's Wall was built 73 miles across Britannia, now England, 122-128 AD, under the reign of Emperor Hadrian, ruled 117-138, to mark the Northern extent of the Roman Empire and guard against barbarian attacks from the Picts to the North. The Housesteads Roman Fort Museum is run by English Heritage and forms part of the Hadrian's Wall UNESCO World Heritage Site. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC16_ENGLAND_MC_141.jpg
  • Roman stone altar with dedication to Jupiter, the main state deity and embodiment of Imperial Rome, with carved images of a patera (small pan) and jug used to pour libations into the hollow scoops on the altar top, at the Housesteads Roman Fort Museum, Hadrian's Wall, Northumberland, England. An inscription reads, 'to Jupiter best and greatest, and the spirit of the Emperors, the 1st regiment of Hungarians, under the command of Quintus Julius Maximus'. Such dedications of new altars enabled individuals and regiments to record their achievements and document their allegiance. Housesteads Fort was built in 124 AD and is the most complete Roman fort in Britain, built by legionaries to house 10 centuries of auxiliary soldiers based on the frontier. Hadrian's Wall was built 73 miles across Britannia, now England, 122-128 AD, under the reign of Emperor Hadrian, ruled 117-138, to mark the Northern extent of the Roman Empire and guard against barbarian attacks from the Picts to the North. The Housesteads Roman Fort Museum is run by English Heritage and forms part of the Hadrian's Wall UNESCO World Heritage Site. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC16_ENGLAND_MC_142.jpg
  • Roman stone shrine with carving of Diana, goddess of the moon and hunting, reaching for an arrow with her bow poised, with a hunting dog and a stag watching, at the Housesteads Roman Fort Museum, Hadrian's Wall, Northumberland, England. Housesteads Fort was built in 124 AD and is the most complete Roman fort in Britain, built by legionaries to house 10 centuries of auxiliary soldiers based on the frontier. Hadrian's Wall was built 73 miles across Britannia, now England, 122-128 AD, under the reign of Emperor Hadrian, ruled 117-138, to mark the Northern extent of the Roman Empire and guard against barbarian attacks from the Picts to the North. The Housesteads Roman Fort Museum is run by English Heritage and forms part of the Hadrian's Wall UNESCO World Heritage Site. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC16_ENGLAND_MC_139.jpg
  • Roman stone with carving of Mars, god of war and the legions, dressed as a soldier wearing body armour, pleated skirt and greaves or leg protection and a crested helmet, holding a spear and shield with a goose in the foreground, at the Housesteads Roman Fort Museum, Hadrian's Wall, Northumberland, England. An inscription reads, 'To the God Mars, Victory and the Deities of the Emperors'. Housesteads Fort was built in 124 AD and is the most complete Roman fort in Britain, built by legionaries to house 10 centuries of auxiliary soldiers based on the frontier. Hadrian's Wall was built 73 miles across Britannia, now England, 122-128 AD, under the reign of Emperor Hadrian, ruled 117-138, to mark the Northern extent of the Roman Empire and guard against barbarian attacks from the Picts to the North. The Housesteads Roman Fort Museum is run by English Heritage and forms part of the Hadrian's Wall UNESCO World Heritage Site. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC16_ENGLAND_MC_138.jpg
  • Roman stone inscribed with ‘C IVLI CANDID F', meaning 'the century of Julius Candidus made this', found on Hadrian's Wall West of Housesteads, at the Housesteads Roman Fort Museum, Hadrian's Wall, Northumberland, England. There are 3 other stones from the Wall recording this centurion. Housesteads Fort was built in 124 AD and is the most complete Roman fort in Britain, built by legionaries to house 10 centuries of auxiliary soldiers based on the frontier. Hadrian's Wall was built 73 miles across Britannia, now England, 122-128 AD, under the reign of Emperor Hadrian, ruled 117-138, to mark the Northern extent of the Roman Empire and guard against barbarian attacks from the Picts to the North. The Housesteads Roman Fort Museum is run by English Heritage and forms part of the Hadrian's Wall UNESCO World Heritage Site. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC16_ENGLAND_MC_137.jpg
  • Roman stone shrine or aedicula with sculpture of the winged goddess Victory with half folded wings and billowing tunic suggesting she is hovering, about to land her right foot on a globe, at the Housesteads Roman Fort Museum, Hadrian's Wall, Northumberland, England. Her arms probably held a victor’s wreath and a palm branch. Victory symbolised success in battle and protection against death, and Emperor Hadrian’s work in Britan marked and end to fighting in the North and his Wall, a symbol of victory, defined and protected the province of Britannia. 4 statues of Victory have been recovered from Housesteads. Housesteads Fort was built in 124 AD and is the most complete Roman fort in Britain, built by legionaries to house 10 centuries of auxiliary soldiers based on the frontier. Hadrian's Wall was built 73 miles across Britannia, now England, 122-128 AD, under the reign of Emperor Hadrian, ruled 117-138, to mark the Northern extent of the Roman Empire and guard against barbarian attacks from the Picts to the North. The Housesteads Roman Fort Museum is run by English Heritage and forms part of the Hadrian's Wall UNESCO World Heritage Site. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC16_ENGLAND_MC_135.jpg
  • Roman stone carved with a fragment of an inscription, stating the self-government of the vicus, the civilian settlement outside of the fort, at the Housesteads Roman Fort Museum, Hadrian's Wall, Northumberland, England. The inscription refers to ‘D.VICA (NI)’, the decree of the vicuna and is probably referring to a public work carried out by a council of villagers. Hadrian's Wall was built 73 miles across Britannia, now England, 122-128 AD, under the reign of Emperor Hadrian, ruled 117-138, to mark the Northern extent of the Roman Empire and guard against barbarian attacks from the Picts to the North. The Housesteads Roman Fort Museum is run by English Heritage and forms part of the Hadrian's Wall UNESCO World Heritage Site. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC16_ENGLAND_MC_134.jpg
  • Roman carved stone depicting the genii cucullati, 3 spirits wearing hooded cloaks, commonly worshipped across Northern Europe, possibly in connection with fertility, found in the alcove of a small family shrine in the vicus, the civilian settlement outside of the fort, at the Housesteads Roman Fort Museum, Hadrian's Wall, Northumberland, England. Hadrian's Wall was built 73 miles across Britannia, now England, 122-128 AD, under the reign of Emperor Hadrian, ruled 117-138, to mark the Northern extent of the Roman Empire and guard against barbarian attacks from the Picts to the North. The Housesteads Roman Fort Museum is run by English Heritage and forms part of the Hadrian's Wall UNESCO World Heritage Site. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC16_ENGLAND_MC_133.jpg
  • Detail of a Roman carved stone depicting the genii cucullati, 3 spirits wearing hooded cloaks, commonly worshipped across Northern Europe, possibly in connection with fertility, found in the alcove of a small family shrine in the vicus, the civilian settlement outside of the fort, at the Housesteads Roman Fort Museum, Hadrian's Wall, Northumberland, England. Hadrian's Wall was built 73 miles across Britannia, now England, 122-128 AD, under the reign of Emperor Hadrian, ruled 117-138, to mark the Northern extent of the Roman Empire and guard against barbarian attacks from the Picts to the North. The Housesteads Roman Fort Museum is run by English Heritage and forms part of the Hadrian's Wall UNESCO World Heritage Site. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC16_ENGLAND_MC_132.jpg
  • Roman carved stone depicting the genii cucullati, 3 spirits wearing hooded cloaks, commonly worshipped across Northern Europe, possibly in connection with fertility, found in the alcove of a small family shrine in the vicus, the civilian settlement outside of the fort, at the Housesteads Roman Fort Museum, Hadrian's Wall, Northumberland, England. Hadrian's Wall was built 73 miles across Britannia, now England, 122-128 AD, under the reign of Emperor Hadrian, ruled 117-138, to mark the Northern extent of the Roman Empire and guard against barbarian attacks from the Picts to the North. The Housesteads Roman Fort Museum is run by English Heritage and forms part of the Hadrian's Wall UNESCO World Heritage Site. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC16_ENGLAND_MC_130.jpg
  • Roman stone with carved inscription reading, 'The 6th cohert, the century of Lousius suavis (built this) near Chesters', at Chesters Roman Fort Museum, at Chesters Roman Fort or Cilurnum, managed by English Heritage, Northumberland, England. Hadrian's Wall was built 73 miles across Britannia, now England, 122-128 AD, under the reign of Emperor Hadrian, ruled 117-138, to mark the Northern extent of the Roman Empire and guard against barbarian attacks from the Picts to the North. The wall was fortified with milecastles with 2 turrets in between, and a fort about every 5 Roman miles. The Hadrian's Wall Path, an 84-mile coast to coast long distance footpath, runs alongside it at his point. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC16_ENGLAND_MC_051.jpg
  • Roman stone carved altar to Fortuna conservatrix, goddess of fate and good luck, holding a wheel and horn of plenty or cornucopia, set up by Venenus, a German, found in the bath house of Chesters Roman Fort or Cilurnum in 1884, at Chesters Roman Fort Museum, managed by English Heritage, Northumberland, England. Hadrian's Wall was built 73 miles across Britannia, now England, 122-128 AD, under the reign of Emperor Hadrian, ruled 117-138, to mark the Northern extent of the Roman Empire and guard against barbarian attacks from the Picts to the North. The wall was fortified with milecastles with 2 turrets in between, and a fort about every 5 Roman miles. The Hadrian's Wall Path, an 84-mile coast to coast long distance footpath, runs alongside it at his point. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC16_ENGLAND_MC_050.jpg
  • Roman carved stone arch depicting Mars, god of war, flanked by 2 male attendants holding wreaths, at Chesters Roman Fort Museum, at Chesters Roman Fort or Cilurnum, managed by English Heritage, Northumberland, England. This arch may have framed a cult statue of Mars Thincsus. Hadrian's Wall was built 73 miles across Britannia, now England, 122-128 AD, under the reign of Emperor Hadrian, ruled 117-138, to mark the Northern extent of the Roman Empire and guard against barbarian attacks from the Picts to the North. The wall was fortified with milecastles with 2 turrets in between, and a fort about every 5 Roman miles. The Hadrian's Wall Path, an 84-mile coast to coast long distance footpath, runs alongside it at his point. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC16_ENGLAND_MC_046.jpg
  • Roman altar with an inscription dedicated to the alaisiagae, gods of war worshipped by Germanic tribes, at Chesters Roman Fort Museum, at Chesters Roman Fort or Cilurnum, managed by English Heritage, Northumberland, England. Hadrian's Wall was built 73 miles across Britannia, now England, 122-128 AD, under the reign of Emperor Hadrian, ruled 117-138, to mark the Northern extent of the Roman Empire and guard against barbarian attacks from the Picts to the North. The wall was fortified with milecastles with 2 turrets in between, and a fort about every 5 Roman miles. The Hadrian's Wall Path, an 84-mile coast to coast long distance footpath, runs alongside it at his point. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC16_ENGLAND_MC_040.jpg
  • Roman statue of Juno Regina or Queen Juno, standing on a heifer, probably the work of a master craftsman, at Chesters Roman Fort Museum, at Chesters Roman Fort or Cilurnum, managed by English Heritage, Northumberland, England. Hadrian's Wall was built 73 miles across Britannia, now England, 122-128 AD, under the reign of Emperor Hadrian, ruled 117-138, to mark the Northern extent of the Roman Empire and guard against barbarian attacks from the Picts to the North. The wall was fortified with milecastles with 2 turrets in between, and a fort about every 5 Roman miles. The Hadrian's Wall Path, an 84-mile coast to coast long distance footpath, runs alongside it at his point. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC16_ENGLAND_MC_039.jpg
  • Roman tombstone with carving of a Roman cavalryman triumphing over a naked barbarian, 1st century AD, in the Roman Frontier Gallery at the Tullie House Museum and Art Gallery, Carlisle, Cumbria, England. This type of tombstone probably originated in the Rhineland and arrived in Britan with the invading army. The tombstone was excavated at Corbridge and commemorates Flavinus, who was a trooper with the Ala Petrine, which was later to become the garrison at Stanwix, just North of Carlisle. This is a replica on loan from the Great North Museum, Newcastle upon Tyne, the original being in Hexham Abbey. This gallery houses a permanent exhibition entitled 'The Roman Frontier: stories beyond Hadrian's Wall', with exhibits excavated along the Wall and others on loan from the British Museum. Hadrian's Wall was built 73 miles across Britannia, now England, 122-128 AD, under the reign of Emperor Hadrian, ruled 117-138, to mark the Northern extent of the Roman Empire and guard against barbarian attacks from the Picts to the North. The wall was fortified with milecastles with 2 turrets in between, and a fort about every 5 Roman miles. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC16_ENGLAND_MC_023.jpg
  • Granary or horreum, used to store the huge quantities of food required by hundreds of soldiers, with strong buttressed stone walls with air vents, an overhanging roof to keep rain away and raised floors to allow air circulation, at Housesteads Roman Fort, on Hadrian's Wall, Northumberland, England. The granary is on the highest, driest part of the fort, and had 2 storeys with a roof supported on a row of 6 pillars. 2 entrances faced an open area for easy unloading and turning of carts. This building was later modified into 2, visible today, each with its own roof. Housesteads Fort was built in 124 AD and is the most complete Roman fort in Britain, built by legionaries to house 10 centuries of auxiliary soldiers based on the frontier. Hadrian's Wall was built 73 miles across Britannia, now England, 122-128 AD, under the reign of Emperor Hadrian, ruled 117-138, to mark the Northern extent of the Roman Empire and guard against barbarian attacks from the Picts to the North. The wall was fortified with milecastles with 2 turrets in between, and a fort about every 5 Roman miles. This section of the Wall is in the Northumberland National Park, managed by the National Trust, and the Hadrian's Wall Path, an 84-mile coast to coast long distance footpath, runs alongside it. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC16_ENGLAND_MC_120.jpg
  • Communal Latrine for up to 800 men, with a deep sewer, originally covered with a wooden floor and benches with holes to form multiple toilet seats, at Housesteads Roman Fort, on Hadrian's Wall, Northumberland, England. The sewer was flushed by rainwater via drains, and out via a culvert under the fort wall. In dry weather, rainwater was collected from roofs of nearby buildings and stored in stone tanks seen here. The central platform has a channel along which water flowed for washing. For toilet paper, the soldiers may have used moss, bracken or rags. Housesteads Fort was built in 124 AD and is the most complete Roman fort in Britain, built by legionaries to house 10 centuries of auxiliary soldiers based on the frontier. Hadrian's Wall was built 73 miles across Britannia, now England, 122-128 AD, under the reign of Emperor Hadrian, ruled 117-138, to mark the Northern extent of the Roman Empire and guard against barbarian attacks from the Picts to the North. The wall was fortified with milecastles with 2 turrets in between, and a fort about every 5 Roman miles. This section of the Wall is in the Northumberland National Park, managed by the National Trust, and the Hadrian's Wall Path, an 84-mile coast to coast long distance footpath, runs alongside it. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC16_ENGLAND_MC_119.jpg
  • Model of a Roman auxiliary soldier, a non-citizen from conquered lands recruited and fighting for Rome, in the Roman Army Museum, Hadrian's Wall, Northumberland, England. Auxiliaries were often hired due to specific fighting skills and were employed to fight in countries other than their homeland. Auxiliaries wore a chainmail shirt over a tunic, leather or woollen trousers, a helmet and a large oval shield made from leather or wood. Hadrian's Wall was built 73 miles across Britannia, now England, 122-128 AD, under the reign of Emperor Hadrian, ruled 117-138, to mark the Northern extent of the Roman Empire and guard against barbarian attacks from the Picts to the North. The Roman Army Museum at Carvoran fort is run by the Vindolanda Charitable Trust and forms part of the Hadrian's Wall UNESCO World Heritage Site. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC16_ENGLAND_MC_152.jpg
  • Model of a Roman centurion, an army officer in charge of the manoeuvres, conduct and training of a century of 80 men, wearing a plumed helmet and chainmail, in the Roman Army Museum, Hadrian's Wall, Northumberland, England. A centurion would wear a sideways horsehair crest on his helmet, a chainmail shirt over a leather doublet and a cloak on his back, with a sword and dagger at his belt. Hadrian's Wall was built 73 miles across Britannia, now England, 122-128 AD, under the reign of Emperor Hadrian, ruled 117-138, to mark the Northern extent of the Roman Empire and guard against barbarian attacks from the Picts to the North. The Roman Army Museum at Carvoran fort is run by the Vindolanda Charitable Trust and forms part of the Hadrian's Wall UNESCO World Heritage Site. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC16_ENGLAND_MC_150.jpg
  • Detail of a Roman carved stone depicting the genii cucullati, 3 spirits wearing hooded cloaks, commonly worshipped across Northern Europe, possibly in connection with fertility, found in the alcove of a small family shrine in the vicus, the civilian settlement outside of the fort, at the Housesteads Roman Fort Museum, Hadrian's Wall, Northumberland, England. Hadrian's Wall was built 73 miles across Britannia, now England, 122-128 AD, under the reign of Emperor Hadrian, ruled 117-138, to mark the Northern extent of the Roman Empire and guard against barbarian attacks from the Picts to the North. The Housesteads Roman Fort Museum is run by English Heritage and forms part of the Hadrian's Wall UNESCO World Heritage Site. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC16_ENGLAND_MC_131.JPG
  • Housesteads Roman Fort (right), built in 124 AD, and Hadrian's Wall looking East, Northumberland, England. Housesteads is the most complete Roman fort in Britain, built by legionaries to house 10 centuries of auxiliary soldiers based on the frontier. Hadrian's Wall was built 73 miles across Britannia, now England, 122-128 AD, under the reign of Emperor Hadrian, ruled 117-138, to mark the Northern extent of the Roman Empire and guard against barbarian attacks from the Picts to the North. The wall was fortified with milecastles with 2 turrets in between, and a fort about every 5 Roman miles. This section of the Wall is in the Northumberland National Park, managed by the National Trust, and the Hadrian's Wall Path, an 84-mile coast to coast long distance footpath, runs alongside it. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC16_ENGLAND_MC_126.jpg
  • Chalet barracks, built 4th century AD, at Housesteads Roman Fort, on Hadrian's Wall, Northumberland, England. Around 300 AD, the communal barracks at the fort were demolished and replaced with chalet style houses for each soldier. A reconstruction of these has been made by Philip Corke in the Housesteads Roman Fort Museum. Housesteads Fort was built in 124 AD and is the most complete Roman fort in Britain, built by legionaries to house 10 centuries of auxiliary soldiers based on the frontier. Hadrian's Wall was built 73 miles across Britannia, now England, 122-128 AD, under the reign of Emperor Hadrian, ruled 117-138, to mark the Northern extent of the Roman Empire and guard against barbarian attacks from the Picts to the North. The wall was fortified with milecastles with 2 turrets in between, and a fort about every 5 Roman miles. This section of the Wall is in the Northumberland National Park, managed by the National Trust, and the Hadrian's Wall Path, an 84-mile coast to coast long distance footpath, runs alongside it. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC16_ENGLAND_MC_123.jpg
  • Roman relief of a Winged Victory, with the inscription, 'To the Victory of the Emperor', found in Castlesteads, or Camboglanna Roman Fort, on Hadrian's Wall, at the Tullie House Museum and Art Gallery, Carlisle, Cumbria, England. The goddess Victory has one foot resting on a globe, is holding a wreath in one hand and a palm branch in the other. Carlisle sits at the Western end of Hadrian's Wall. Hadrian's Wall was built 73 miles across Britannia, now England, 122-128 AD, under the reign of Emperor Hadrian, ruled 117-138, to mark the Northern extent of the Roman Empire and guard against barbarian attacks from the Picts to the North. The wall was fortified with milecastles with 2 turrets in between, and a fort about every 5 Roman miles. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC16_ENGLAND_MC_036.jpg
  • Roman Frontier Gallery at the Tullie House Museum and Art Gallery, Carlisle, Cumbria, England. This gallery houses a permanent exhibition entitled 'The Roman Frontier: stories beyond Hadrian's Wall', with exhibits excavated along the Wall and others on loan from the British Museum. Hadrian's Wall was built 73 miles across Britannia, now England, 122-128 AD, under the reign of Emperor Hadrian, ruled 117-138, to mark the Northern extent of the Roman Empire and guard against barbarian attacks from the Picts to the North. The wall was fortified with milecastles with 2 turrets in between, and a fort about every 5 Roman miles. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC16_ENGLAND_MC_030.jpg
  • Illustration of a Bath House on Hadrian’s Wall, in the Roman Army Museum, Hadrian's Wall, Northumberland, England. Bath houses were places of leisure and entertainment, where soldiers and their families could bathe, meet, take part in games and sports and purchase food and drink. Above the boiler room, the bathing area consists of a changing room or apodyterium, cold room or frigidarium, warm room or tepidarium, hot dry room or laconicum and hot steam room or caldarium. Hadrian's Wall was built 73 miles across Britannia, now England, 122-128 AD, under the reign of Emperor Hadrian, ruled 117-138, to mark the Northern extent of the Roman Empire and guard against barbarian attacks from the Picts to the North. The Roman Army Museum at Carvoran fort is run by the Vindolanda Charitable Trust and forms part of the Hadrian's Wall UNESCO World Heritage Site. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC16_ENGLAND_MC_153.jpg
  • Granary or horreum, used to store the huge quantities of food required by hundreds of soldiers, with strong buttressed stone walls with air vents, an overhanging roof to keep rain away and raised floors to allow air circulation, at Housesteads Roman Fort, on Hadrian's Wall, Northumberland, England. The granary is on the highest, driest part of the fort, and had 2 storeys with a roof supported on a row of 6 pillars. 2 entrances faced an open area for easy unloading and turning of carts. This building was later modified into 2, visible today, each with its own roof. Housesteads Fort was built in 124 AD and is the most complete Roman fort in Britain, built by legionaries to house 10 centuries of auxiliary soldiers based on the frontier. Hadrian's Wall was built 73 miles across Britannia, now England, 122-128 AD, under the reign of Emperor Hadrian, ruled 117-138, to mark the Northern extent of the Roman Empire and guard against barbarian attacks from the Picts to the North. The wall was fortified with milecastles with 2 turrets in between, and a fort about every 5 Roman miles. This section of the Wall is in the Northumberland National Park, managed by the National Trust, and the Hadrian's Wall Path, an 84-mile coast to coast long distance footpath, runs alongside it. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC16_ENGLAND_MC_125.jpg
  • Granary or horreum, used to store the huge quantities of food required by hundreds of soldiers, with strong buttressed stone walls with air vents, an overhanging roof to keep rain away and raised floors to allow air circulation, at Housesteads Roman Fort, on Hadrian's Wall, Northumberland, England. The granary is on the highest, driest part of the fort, and had 2 storeys with a roof supported on a row of 6 pillars. 2 entrances faced an open area for easy unloading and turning of carts. This building was later modified into 2, visible today, each with its own roof. Housesteads Fort was built in 124 AD and is the most complete Roman fort in Britain, built by legionaries to house 10 centuries of auxiliary soldiers based on the frontier. Hadrian's Wall was built 73 miles across Britannia, now England, 122-128 AD, under the reign of Emperor Hadrian, ruled 117-138, to mark the Northern extent of the Roman Empire and guard against barbarian attacks from the Picts to the North. The wall was fortified with milecastles with 2 turrets in between, and a fort about every 5 Roman miles. This section of the Wall is in the Northumberland National Park, managed by the National Trust, and the Hadrian's Wall Path, an 84-mile coast to coast long distance footpath, runs alongside it. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC16_ENGLAND_MC_124.jpg
  • Granary or horreum, used to store the huge quantities of food required by hundreds of soldiers, with strong buttressed stone walls with air vents, an overhanging roof to keep rain away and raised floors to allow air circulation, at Housesteads Roman Fort, on Hadrian's Wall, Northumberland, England. The granary is on the highest, driest part of the fort, and had 2 storeys with a roof supported on a row of 6 pillars, the bases of which are seen here. 2 entrances faced an open area for easy unloading and turning of carts. This building was later modified into 2, visible today, each with its own roof. Housesteads Fort was built in 124 AD and is the most complete Roman fort in Britain, built by legionaries to house 10 centuries of auxiliary soldiers based on the frontier. Hadrian's Wall was built 73 miles across Britannia, now England, 122-128 AD, under the reign of Emperor Hadrian, ruled 117-138, to mark the Northern extent of the Roman Empire and guard against barbarian attacks from the Picts to the North. The wall was fortified with milecastles with 2 turrets in between, and a fort about every 5 Roman miles. This section of the Wall is in the Northumberland National Park, managed by the National Trust, and the Hadrian's Wall Path, an 84-mile coast to coast long distance footpath, runs alongside it. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC16_ENGLAND_MC_122.jpg
  • Granary or horreum, used to store the huge quantities of food required by hundreds of soldiers, with strong buttressed stone walls with air vents, an overhanging roof to keep rain away and raised floors to allow air circulation, at Housesteads Roman Fort, on Hadrian's Wall, Northumberland, England. The granary is on the highest, driest part of the fort, and had 2 storeys with a roof supported on a row of 6 pillars. 2 entrances faced an open area for easy unloading and turning of carts. This building was later modified into 2, visible today, each with its own roof. Housesteads Fort was built in 124 AD and is the most complete Roman fort in Britain, built by legionaries to house 10 centuries of auxiliary soldiers based on the frontier. Hadrian's Wall was built 73 miles across Britannia, now England, 122-128 AD, under the reign of Emperor Hadrian, ruled 117-138, to mark the Northern extent of the Roman Empire and guard against barbarian attacks from the Picts to the North. The wall was fortified with milecastles with 2 turrets in between, and a fort about every 5 Roman miles. This section of the Wall is in the Northumberland National Park, managed by the National Trust, and the Hadrian's Wall Path, an 84-mile coast to coast long distance footpath, runs alongside it. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC16_ENGLAND_MC_121.jpg
  • Granaries or Horrea, built 205-8 AD by Hadrian’s own first cohort of Dacians under commanding officer Aurelius Julianus, at Birdoswald Roman Fort, on Hadrian's Wall, Cumbria, England. Hadrian's Wall was built 73 miles across Britannia, now England, 122-128 AD, under the reign of Emperor Hadrian, ruled 117-138, to mark the Northern extent of the Roman Empire and guard against barbarian attacks from the Picts to the North. The wall was fortified with milecastles with 2 turrets in between, and a fort about every 5 Roman miles. This fort is managed by English Heritage, and the Hadrian's Wall Path, an 84-mile coast to coast long distance footpath, runs alongside the Wall. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC16_ENGLAND_MC_087.jpg
  • The Conquest Stone, a Roman tombstone depicting a cavalryman riding over the body of a native Briton, a common Roman political propaganda motif, 1st century AD, in Hexham Abbey, Northumberland, England. The inscription reads, 'To the venerated departed: here lies Flavinus, a horse soldier of the cavalry regiment of Petriana, standard bearer of the troop of Candidus, aged 25, of 7 years' Service'. Hadrian's Wall was built 73 miles across Britannia, now England, 122-128 AD, under the reign of Emperor Hadrian, ruled 117-138, to mark the Northern extent of the Roman Empire and guard against barbarian attacks from the Picts to the North. The wall was fortified with milecastles with 2 turrets in between, and a fort about every 5 Roman miles. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC16_ENGLAND_MC_084.jpg
  • Granary or horreum, used to store the huge quantities of food required by hundreds of soldiers, with strong buttressed stone walls with air vents, an overhanging roof to keep rain away and raised floors to allow air circulation, at Housesteads Roman Fort, on Hadrian's Wall, Northumberland, England. The granary is on the highest, driest part of the fort, and had 2 storeys with a roof supported on a row of 6 pillars. 2 entrances faced an open area for easy unloading and turning of carts. This building was later modified into 2, visible today, each with its own roof. Housesteads Fort was built in 124 AD and is the most complete Roman fort in Britain, built by legionaries to house 10 centuries of auxiliary soldiers based on the frontier. Hadrian's Wall was built 73 miles across Britannia, now England, 122-128 AD, under the reign of Emperor Hadrian, ruled 117-138, to mark the Northern extent of the Roman Empire and guard against barbarian attacks from the Picts to the North. The wall was fortified with milecastles with 2 turrets in between, and a fort about every 5 Roman miles. This section of the Wall is in the Northumberland National Park, managed by the National Trust, and the Hadrian's Wall Path, an 84-mile coast to coast long distance footpath, runs alongside it. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC16_ENGLAND_MC_056.JPG
  • Ruins of the vicus, a civilian settlement outside of the fort, where soldiers and civilians mixed in trade, leisure and worship, at Housesteads Roman Fort, on Hadrian's Wall, Northumberland, England. Housesteads Fort was built in 124 AD and is the most complete Roman fort in Britain, built by legionaries to house 10 centuries of auxiliary soldiers based on the frontier. Hadrian's Wall was built 73 miles across Britannia, now England, 122-128 AD, under the reign of Emperor Hadrian, ruled 117-138, to mark the Northern extent of the Roman Empire and guard against barbarian attacks from the Picts to the North. The wall was fortified with milecastles with 2 turrets in between, and a fort about every 5 Roman miles. This section of the Wall is in the Northumberland National Park, managed by the National Trust, and the Hadrian's Wall Path, an 84-mile coast to coast long distance footpath, runs alongside it. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC16_ENGLAND_MC_055.jpg
  • Roman Frontier Gallery at the Tullie House Museum and Art Gallery, Carlisle, Cumbria, England. This gallery houses a permanent exhibition entitled 'The Roman Frontier: stories beyond Hadrian's Wall', with exhibits excavated along the Wall and others on loan from the British Museum. Hadrian's Wall was built 73 miles across Britannia, now England, 122-128 AD, under the reign of Emperor Hadrian, ruled 117-138, to mark the Northern extent of the Roman Empire and guard against barbarian attacks from the Picts to the North. The wall was fortified with milecastles with 2 turrets in between, and a fort about every 5 Roman miles. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC16_ENGLAND_MC_032.jpg
  • Model of a Roman tent, called a papilio (butterfly) because it had 2 flat slides ressembling  wings, used by the Roman army while on campaign, at the Tullie House Museum and Art Gallery, Carlisle, Cumbria, England. Tents found in Carlisle were made of goatskin and occupied by 8 soldiers, 2 of whom were always on guard duty. Centurions and other officers had larger, more elaborate tents. Carlisle sits at the Western end of Hadrian's Wall. Hadrian's Wall was built 73 miles across Britannia, now England, 122-128 AD, under the reign of Emperor Hadrian, ruled 117-138, to mark the Northern extent of the Roman Empire and guard against barbarian attacks from the Picts to the North. The wall was fortified with milecastles with 2 turrets in between, and a fort about every 5 Roman miles. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC16_ENGLAND_MC_026.jpg
  • Roman statue of Fortuna, goddess of good fortune, found in the commanding officer’s bath at Birdoswald Roman Fort, Hadrian's Wall, at the Tullie House Museum and Art Gallery, Carlisle, Cumbria, England. This seated statue of the goddess Fortuna is 1 of the most sophisticated works of art from the Wall. She is usually shown with a horn of plenty or cornucopia full of food and flowers and a ship’s rudder, although here we see only the remains of the rudder. Carlisle sits at the Western end of Hadrian's Wall. Hadrian's Wall was built 73 miles across Britannia, now England, 122-128 AD, under the reign of Emperor Hadrian, ruled 117-138, to mark the Northern extent of the Roman Empire and guard against barbarian attacks from the Picts to the North. The wall was fortified with milecastles with 2 turrets in between, and a fort about every 5 Roman miles. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC16_ENGLAND_MC_024.jpg
  • Ruins at Birdoswald Roman Fort, on Hadrian's Wall, Cumbria, England. Hadrian's Wall was built 73 miles across Britannia, now England, 122-128 AD, under the reign of Emperor Hadrian, ruled 117-138, to mark the Northern extent of the Roman Empire and guard against barbarian attacks from the Picts to the North. The wall was fortified with milecastles with 2 turrets in between, and a fort about every 5 Roman miles. This fort is managed by English Heritage, and the Hadrian's Wall Path, an 84-mile coast to coast long distance footpath, runs alongside the Wall. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC16_ENGLAND_MC_091.jpg
  • Roman sculpture of a pine cone and snake, found in Carlisle, at the Tullie House Museum and Art Gallery, Carlisle, Cumbria, England. The coiling snake represents the soul and the pine cone, life after death. Carlisle sits at the Western end of Hadrian's Wall. Hadrian's Wall was built 73 miles across Britannia, now England, 122-128 AD, under the reign of Emperor Hadrian, ruled 117-138, to mark the Northern extent of the Roman Empire and guard against barbarian attacks from the Picts to the North. The wall was fortified with milecastles with 2 turrets in between, and a fort about every 5 Roman miles. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC16_ENGLAND_MC_034.jpg
  • Roman victory relief of a cavalryman holding a shield and trampling the enemy barbarians, at the Tullie House Museum and Art Gallery, Carlisle, Cumbria, England. Carlisle sits at the Western end of Hadrian's Wall. Hadrian's Wall was built 73 miles across Britannia, now England, 122-128 AD, under the reign of Emperor Hadrian, ruled 117-138, to mark the Northern extent of the Roman Empire and guard against barbarian attacks from the Picts to the North. The wall was fortified with milecastles with 2 turrets in between, and a fort about every 5 Roman miles. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC16_ENGLAND_MC_033.jpg
  • Roman dagger, in the Vindolanda Museum, Hadrian's Wall, Northumberland, England. Daggers were standard Roman army equipment, although few have been found during excavation despite the survival of fragments of sheath. Hadrian's Wall was built 73 miles across Britannia, now England, 122-128 AD, under the reign of Emperor Hadrian, ruled 117-138, to mark the Northern extent of the Roman Empire and guard against barbarian attacks from the Picts to the North. The Vindolanda Museum is run by the Vindolanda Charitable Trust and forms part of the Hadrian's Wall UNESCO World Heritage Site. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC16_ENGLAND_MC_016.jpg
  • Portrait from a Roman stone tombstone of an unknown wealthy female, thought to be 3rd century AD, but reused in repairs to the 4th century fort wall, in the Vindolanda Museum, Hadrian's Wall, Northumberland, England. The Roman stonemason has produced an unflattering image of the deceased. Fragments of other female tombstones have also been found at Vindolanda. Hadrian's Wall was built 73 miles across Britannia, now England, 122-128 AD, under the reign of Emperor Hadrian, ruled 117-138, to mark the Northern extent of the Roman Empire and guard against barbarian attacks from the Picts to the North. The Vindolanda Museum is run by the Vindolanda Charitable Trust and forms part of the Hadrian's Wall UNESCO World Heritage Site. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC16_ENGLAND_MC_007.jpg
  • Roman stone carving of a running animal, possibly a dog, in the Vindolanda Museum, Hadrian's Wall, Northumberland, England. The Roman army at Vindolanda included many skilled stonemasons amongst its troops, who had ample work given the regular demolition and rebuilding of the fort. They constructed buildings from locally quarried stone, including the headquarters or principia and commanding officer’s house or praetorian. Hadrian's Wall was built 73 miles across Britannia, now England, 122-128 AD, under the reign of Emperor Hadrian, ruled 117-138, to mark the Northern extent of the Roman Empire and guard against barbarian attacks from the Picts to the North. The Vindolanda Museum is run by the Vindolanda Charitable Trust and forms part of the Hadrian's Wall UNESCO World Heritage Site. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC16_ENGLAND_MC_004.jpg
  • Roman stone carving of a phallus, in the Vindolanda Museum, Hadrian's Wall, Northumberland, England. The Roman army at Vindolanda included many skilled stonemasons amongst its troops, who had ample work given the regular demolition and rebuilding of the fort. They constructed buildings from locally quarried stone, including the headquarters or principia and commanding officer’s house or praetorian. Hadrian's Wall was built 73 miles across Britannia, now England, 122-128 AD, under the reign of Emperor Hadrian, ruled 117-138, to mark the Northern extent of the Roman Empire and guard against barbarian attacks from the Picts to the North. The Vindolanda Museum is run by the Vindolanda Charitable Trust and forms part of the Hadrian's Wall UNESCO World Heritage Site. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC16_ENGLAND_MC_005.jpg
  • Roman bronze military standard of a cavalry troop, in the form of a walking horse, Severan Vindolanda period 200-212 AD, in the Vindolanda Museum, Hadrian's Wall, Northumberland, England. Mounted on a tall pole, the flag would have been attached to the bars at the foot of the stand. Hadrian's Wall was built 73 miles across Britannia, now England, 122-128 AD, under the reign of Emperor Hadrian, ruled 117-138, to mark the Northern extent of the Roman Empire and guard against barbarian attacks from the Picts to the North. The Vindolanda Museum is run by the Vindolanda Charitable Trust and forms part of the Hadrian's Wall UNESCO World Heritage Site. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC16_ENGLAND_MC_017.jpg
  • Roman stone tombstone of Titus Annius, with carved inscriptions, in the Vindolanda Museum, Hadrian's Wall, Northumberland, England. Inscriptions on objects found at Vindolanda are deciphered by Dr Robin Birley and Prof Anthony Birley, before Dr Tomlin produces an official recording in the next volume of 'Britannia'. Hadrian's Wall was built 73 miles across Britannia, now England, 122-128 AD, under the reign of Emperor Hadrian, ruled 117-138, to mark the Northern extent of the Roman Empire and guard against barbarian attacks from the Picts to the North. The Vindolanda Museum is run by the Vindolanda Charitable Trust and forms part of the Hadrian's Wall UNESCO World Heritage Site. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC16_ENGLAND_MC_011.jpg
  • Roman stone relief carving of Maponos, the Celtic god of eternal youth, with a short beard and small pointed cap, with the Roman god Apollo and goddess Diana in niches either side of his head, in the Vindolanda Museum, Hadrian's Wall, Northumberland, England. Maponos was worshipped in the North of Britan, with a possible cult centre near Gretna Green. Hadrian's Wall was built 73 miles across Britannia, now England, 122-128 AD, under the reign of Emperor Hadrian, ruled 117-138, to mark the Northern extent of the Roman Empire and guard against barbarian attacks from the Picts to the North. The Vindolanda Museum is run by the Vindolanda Charitable Trust and forms part of the Hadrian's Wall UNESCO World Heritage Site. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC16_ENGLAND_MC_012.jpg
  • Roman leather chamfron or ceremonial horse's head mask, for both decorating and protecting the head of a horse, 95-105 AD, in the Vindolanda Museum, Hadrian's Wall, Northumberland, England. The holes once held elaborate metal studs and a rectangular name tag or tabula ansata is just below the eye holes. 3 chamfrons have been excavated at Vindolanda. Hadrian's Wall was built 73 miles across Britannia, now England, 122-128 AD, under the reign of Emperor Hadrian, ruled 117-138, to mark the Northern extent of the Roman Empire and guard against barbarian attacks from the Picts to the North. The Vindolanda Museum is run by the Vindolanda Charitable Trust and forms part of the Hadrian's Wall UNESCO World Heritage Site. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC16_ENGLAND_MC_003.jpg
  • Pair of Roman leather shoes with studded soles, belonging to a man and thrown away in good condition into the ditches surrounding the fort at Vindolanda, in the Vindolanda Museum, Hadrian's Wall, Northumberland, England. Over 4000 pieces of footwear have been excavated here, but this is the only pair. The fort ditches were used as a rubbish dump, where the soft black ditch silt covered by water created a perfect environment for preservation. Hadrian's Wall was built 73 miles across Britannia, now England, 122-128 AD, under the reign of Emperor Hadrian, ruled 117-138, to mark the Northern extent of the Roman Empire and guard against barbarian attacks from the Picts to the North. The Vindolanda Museum is run by the Vindolanda Charitable Trust and forms part of the Hadrian's Wall UNESCO World Heritage Site. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC16_ENGLAND_MC_159.jpg
  • Roman leather shoe with a studded sole, thrown away into the ditches surrounding the fort at Vindolanda, in the Vindolanda Museum, Hadrian's Wall, Northumberland, England. Over 4000 pieces of footwear have been excavated here. The fort ditches were used as a rubbish dump, where the soft black ditch silt covered by water created a perfect environment for preservation. Hadrian's Wall was built 73 miles across Britannia, now England, 122-128 AD, under the reign of Emperor Hadrian, ruled 117-138, to mark the Northern extent of the Roman Empire and guard against barbarian attacks from the Picts to the North. The Vindolanda Museum is run by the Vindolanda Charitable Trust and forms part of the Hadrian's Wall UNESCO World Heritage Site. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC16_ENGLAND_MC_158.jpg
  • Roman carbatina shoe made from a single piece of leather, thrown away into the ditches surrounding the fort at Vindolanda, in the Vindolanda Museum, Hadrian's Wall, Northumberland, England. Over 4000 pieces of footwear have been excavated here. The fort ditches were used as a rubbish dump, where the soft black ditch silt covered by water created a perfect environment for preservation. Hadrian's Wall was built 73 miles across Britannia, now England, 122-128 AD, under the reign of Emperor Hadrian, ruled 117-138, to mark the Northern extent of the Roman Empire and guard against barbarian attacks from the Picts to the North. The Vindolanda Museum is run by the Vindolanda Charitable Trust and forms part of the Hadrian's Wall UNESCO World Heritage Site. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC16_ENGLAND_MC_157.jpg
  • Roman leather carbatina shoe (made from a single piece of leather) with decorative lace holes, thrown away into the ditches surrounding the fort at Vindolanda, in the Vindolanda Museum, Hadrian's Wall, Northumberland, England. Over 4000 pieces of footwear have been excavated here. The fort ditches were used as a rubbish dump, where the soft black ditch silt covered by water created a perfect environment for preservation. Hadrian's Wall was built 73 miles across Britannia, now England, 122-128 AD, under the reign of Emperor Hadrian, ruled 117-138, to mark the Northern extent of the Roman Empire and guard against barbarian attacks from the Picts to the North. The Vindolanda Museum is run by the Vindolanda Charitable Trust and forms part of the Hadrian's Wall UNESCO World Heritage Site. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC16_ENGLAND_MC_156.jpg
  • Roman leather carbatina shoe (made from a single piece of leather) with lattice pattern, thrown away into the ditches surrounding the fort at Vindolanda, in the Vindolanda Museum, Hadrian's Wall, Northumberland, England. Over 4000 pieces of footwear have been excavated here. The fort ditches were used as a rubbish dump, where the soft black ditch silt covered by water created a perfect environment for preservation. Hadrian's Wall was built 73 miles Britannia, now England, 122-128 AD, under the reign of Emperor Hadrian, ruled 117-138, to mark the Northern extent of the Roman Empire and guard against barbarian attacks from the Picts to the North. The Vindolanda Museum is run by the Vindolanda Charitable Trust and forms part of the Hadrian's Wall UNESCO World Heritage Site. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC16_ENGLAND_MC_155.jpg
  • Roman leather carbatina shoe (made from a single piece of leather) with decorative lace holes, thrown away into the ditches surrounding the fort at Vindolanda, in the Vindolanda Museum, Hadrian's Wall, Northumberland, England. Over 4000 pieces of footwear have been excavated here. The fort ditches were used as a rubbish dump, where the soft black ditch silt covered by water created a perfect environment for preservation. Hadrian's Wall was built 73 miles across Britannia, now England, 122-128 AD, under the reign of Emperor Hadrian, ruled 117-138, to mark the Northern extent of the Roman Empire and guard against barbarian attacks from the Picts to the North. The Vindolanda Museum is run by the Vindolanda Charitable Trust and forms part of the Hadrian's Wall UNESCO World Heritage Site. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC16_ENGLAND_MC_154.jpg
  • Example of a Roman potter's stamp, in the Vindolanda Museum, Hadrian's Wall, Northumberland, England. Stamps on metal and leather goods are largely researched by Vindolanda staff, with input from Dr Elise Marlier (amphora), Kay Hartley (mortar) and Jeff Dannell (simian wares), before publication in research reports. Hadrian's Wall was built 73 miles across Britannia, now England, 122-128 AD, under the reign of Emperor Hadrian, ruled 117-138, to mark the Northern extent of the Roman Empire and guard against barbarian attacks from the Picts to the North. The Vindolanda Museum is run by the Vindolanda Charitable Trust and forms part of the Hadrian's Wall UNESCO World Heritage Site. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC16_ENGLAND_MC_022.jpg
  • Roman wooden stylus tablet with recessed surfaces to hold coloured wax, and metal stylus pen with a sharp tip for writing in the wax, in the Vindolanda Museum, Hadrian's Wall, Northumberland, England. 2 or 3 of these wooden trays were bound together with leather thongs through holes bored through the raised edges, then coloured wax filled the tray, to be written into and then reused. Hadrian's Wall was built 73 miles across Britannia, now England, 122-128 AD, under the reign of Emperor Hadrian, ruled 117-138, to mark the Northern extent of the Roman Empire and guard against barbarian attacks from the Picts to the North. The Vindolanda Museum is run by the Vindolanda Charitable Trust and forms part of the Hadrian's Wall UNESCO World Heritage Site. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC16_ENGLAND_MC_019.jpg
  • Roman stone tombstone of an unknown wealthy female, thought to be 3rd century AD, but reused in repairs to the 4th century fort wall, in the Vindolanda Museum, Hadrian's Wall, Northumberland, England. Fragments of other female tombstones have also been found at Vindolanda. Hadrian's Wall was built 73 miles across Britannia, now England, 122-128 AD, under the reign of Emperor Hadrian, ruled 117-138, to mark the Northern extent of the Roman Empire and guard against barbarian attacks from the Picts to the North. The Vindolanda Museum is run by the Vindolanda Charitable Trust and forms part of the Hadrian's Wall UNESCO World Heritage Site. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC16_ENGLAND_MC_009.jpg
  • Roman child's carbatina boot made from a single piece of leather, with studded sole and delicately tooled upper, probably owned by one of the prefect Flavius Cereal's children, thrown away into the ditches surrounding the fort at Vindolanda, in the Vindolanda Museum, Hadrian's Wall, Northumberland, England. Over 4000 pieces of footwear have been excavated here. The fort ditches were used as a rubbish dump, where the soft black ditch silt covered by water created a perfect environment for preservation. Hadrian's Wall was built 73 miles across Britannia, now England, 122-128 AD, under the reign of Emperor Hadrian, ruled 117-138, to mark the Northern extent of the Roman Empire and guard against barbarian attacks from the Picts to the North. The Vindolanda Museum is run by the Vindolanda Charitable Trust and forms part of the Hadrian's Wall UNESCO World Heritage Site. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC16_ENGLAND_MC_002.jpg
  • Roman wooden lock and key from Vindolanda Fort, in the Vindolanda Museum, Hadrian's Wall, Northumberland, England. Guards patrolled the fort walls and turrets, and each day a new password was created to allow access to the fort. The tesserarius was the soldier in charge of the tessera, the token holding the day’s password. Within the fort there were many restricted areas, including the strong room where soldier’s pay and other funds were kept. Elaborate locks and padlocks show that despite the disciplinary regime, precautions had to be taken to protect valuable goods. Hadrian's Wall was built 73 miles across Britannia, now England, 122-128 AD, under the reign of Emperor Hadrian, ruled 117-138, to mark the Northern extent of the Roman Empire and guard against barbarian attacks from the Picts to the North. The Vindolanda Museum is run by the Vindolanda Charitable Trust and forms part of the Hadrian's Wall UNESCO World Heritage Site. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC16_ENGLAND_MC_018.jpg
  • Relief of the head of a Roman man on the walls of Hexham Abbey, which was built almost entirely of reclaimed Roman stones from the local area, Hexham, Northumberland, England. The current abbey was built 1170–1250, although there has been a Christian church on this site since the 7th century. Romans were present in Northumberland from the 1st to 5th centuries, and Hadrian's Wall is situated a few miles to the North of Hexham. Hadrian's Wall was built 73 miles across Britannia, now England, 122-128 AD, under the reign of Emperor Hadrian, ruled 117-138, to mark the Northern extent of the Roman Empire and guard against barbarian attacks from the Picts to the North. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC16_ENGLAND_MC_085.jpg
  • Recreation of a room in Roman house, with floor mosaic and frescoes of framed circus and hunting scenes on a red background, 4th century AD, in the Museo Nacional de Arte Romano, or National Museum of Roman Art, designed by Rafael Moneo and built 1981-86, housing Roman collections from the colony of Emerita Augusta, founded in 25 BC by Emperor Augustus, now modern-day Merida, Extremadura, Spain. The Roman remains in Merida are listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC21_SPAIN_MC_0352.jpg
  • Recreation of a room in Roman house, with floor mosaic and frescoes of framed circus and hunting scenes on a red background, 4th century AD, in the Museo Nacional de Arte Romano, or National Museum of Roman Art, designed by Rafael Moneo and built 1981-86, housing Roman collections from the colony of Emerita Augusta, founded in 25 BC by Emperor Augustus, now modern-day Merida, Extremadura, Spain. The Roman remains in Merida are listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC21_SPAIN_MC_0338.jpg
  • Deer hunt, fresco, from a recreation of a room in Roman house, with floor mosaic and frescoes of framed circus and hunting scenes on a red background, 4th century AD, in the Museo Nacional de Arte Romano, or National Museum of Roman Art, designed by Rafael Moneo and built 1981-86, housing Roman collections from the colony of Emerita Augusta, founded in 25 BC by Emperor Augustus, now modern-day Merida, Extremadura, Spain. The Roman remains in Merida are listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC21_SPAIN_MC_0337.jpg
  • Roman road with large boulder forming a roundabout at an intersection, in the Area Arqueologica de ​​Moreria, an area in the Moreria suburb of Merida which has been excavated to reveal Roman remains including city walls, roads and houses, in Emerita Augusta, founded in 25 BC by Emperor Augustus, now Merida, Extremadura, Spain. In this 12,000m square site, amidst contemporary urban buildings, town planning can be seen through the ages, from Roman, Visigothic, Islamic, medieval Christian, and modern times. It forms part of the Merida UNESCO World Heritage Site. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC21_SPAIN_MC_0362.jpg
  • Inscription on stucco dedicated to the goddess Nemesis, 3rd century AD, in the Museo Nacional de Arte Romano, or National Museum of Roman Art, designed by Rafael Moneo and built 1981-86, housing Roman collections from the colony of Emerita Augusta, founded in 25 BC by Emperor Augustus, now modern-day Merida, Extremadura, Spain. The Roman remains in Merida are listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC21_SPAIN_MC_0332.jpg
  • Roman road with large boulder forming a roundabout at an intersection, aerial view, in the Area Arqueologica de ​​Moreria, an area in the Moreria suburb of Merida which has been excavated to reveal Roman remains including city walls, roads and houses, in Emerita Augusta, founded in 25 BC by Emperor Augustus, now Merida, Extremadura, Spain. In this 12,000m square site, amidst contemporary urban buildings, town planning can be seen through the ages, from Roman, Visigothic, Islamic, medieval Christian, and modern times. It forms part of the Merida UNESCO World Heritage Site. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC21_SPAIN_MC_0363.jpg
  • Birds, Roman fresco fragment, 4th century AD, from the Villa de Santa Lucia, Aguilafuente, Segovia, in the Museo de Segovia, opened 2006 in the Casa del Sol, in Segovia, Castile and Leon, Spain. The old town and aqueduct of Segovia are listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site. Santa Lucia was a late Roman town thriving in the 4th and 5th centuries AD, with over 80 villas so far identified for excavation. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC21_SPAIN_MC_0294.jpg
  • Birds, Roman fresco fragment, 4th century AD, from the Villa de Santa Lucia, Aguilafuente, Segovia, in the Museo de Segovia, opened 2006 in the Casa del Sol, in Segovia, Castile and Leon, Spain. The old town and aqueduct of Segovia are listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site. Santa Lucia was a late Roman town thriving in the 4th and 5th centuries AD, with over 80 villas so far identified for excavation. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC21_SPAIN_MC_0293.jpg
  • Roman bridge over the Guadiana River, built 1st century BC, on the Decumanus maximus at Emerita Augusta, founded in 25 BC by Emperor Augustus, in Merida, Extremadura, Spain. The bridge is in a defensive site, marking the entrance to the city from the south west, has 62 spans and is 790m long in total, and is the oldest ancient bridge in the world. On the left is the Alcazaba of Merida, a Moorish fortification built by emir Abd ar-Rahman II of Cordoba in 835. Both form part of the Merida UNESCO World Heritage Site. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC21_SPAIN_MC_1049.jpg
  • Arch leading to the stage of the Roman amphitheatre, founded 8 BC, with a capacity of 15,000, used for gladiator contests and sports, in Merida, the former Roman colony of Emerita Augusta, founded in 25 BC by Emperor Augustus, Extremadura, Spain. The amphitheatre forms part of the Merida UNESCO World Heritage Site. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC21_SPAIN_MC_1044.jpg
  • Horse, Roman fresco fragment, 4th century AD, from the Villa de Santa Lucia, Aguilafuente, Segovia, in the Museo de Segovia, opened 2006 in the Casa del Sol, in Segovia, Castile and Leon, Spain. The old town and aqueduct of Segovia are listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site. Santa Lucia was a late Roman town thriving in the 4th and 5th centuries AD, with over 80 villas so far identified for excavation. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC21_SPAIN_MC_0295.jpg
  • Roman bridge over the Guadiana River, built 1st century BC, on the Decumanus maximus at Emerita Augusta, founded in 25 BC by Emperor Augustus, in Merida, Extremadura, Spain. The bridge is in a defensive site, marking the entrance to the city from the south west, has 62 spans and is 790m long in total, and is the oldest ancient bridge in the world. It forms part of the Merida UNESCO World Heritage Site. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC21_SPAIN_MC_0361.jpg
  • Roman bridge over the Guadiana River, built 1st century BC, on the Decumanus maximus at Emerita Augusta, founded in 25 BC by Emperor Augustus, in Merida, Extremadura, Spain. The bridge is in a defensive site, marking the entrance to the city from the south west, has 62 spans and is 790m long in total, and is the oldest ancient bridge in the world. It forms part of the Merida UNESCO World Heritage Site. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC21_SPAIN_MC_0360.jpg
  • Roman bridge over the Guadiana River, built 1st century BC, on the Decumanus maximus at Emerita Augusta, founded in 25 BC by Emperor Augustus, in Merida, Extremadura, Spain. The bridge is in a defensive site, marking the entrance to the city from the south west, has 62 spans and is 790m long in total, and is the oldest ancient bridge in the world. It forms part of the Merida UNESCO World Heritage Site. On the right is the Alcazaba of Merida, a Moorish fortification built by emir Abd ar-Rahman II of Cordoba in 835. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC21_SPAIN_MC_0328.jpg
  • Roman bridge over the Guadiana River, built 1st century BC, on the Decumanus maximus at Emerita Augusta, founded in 25 BC by Emperor Augustus, in Merida, Extremadura, Spain. The bridge is in a defensive site, marking the entrance to the city from the south west, has 62 spans and is 790m long in total, and is the oldest ancient bridge in the world. It forms part of the Merida UNESCO World Heritage Site. On the left is the Alcazaba of Merida, a Moorish fortification built by emir Abd ar-Rahman II of Cordoba in 835. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC21_SPAIN_MC_0327.jpg
  • Roman bridge over the Guadiana River, built 1st century BC, on the Decumanus maximus at Emerita Augusta, founded in 25 BC by Emperor Augustus, in Merida, Extremadura, Spain. The bridge is in a defensive site, marking the entrance to the city from the south west, has 62 spans and is 790m long in total, and is the oldest ancient bridge in the world. It forms part of the Merida UNESCO World Heritage Site. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC21_SPAIN_MC_0326.jpg
  • Thermal baths at Los Banales Roman site, founded 1st century BC, at Uncastillo, Zaragoza, Aragon, Spain. The bathhouse was used for centuries as a dwelling and has now been restored. It contains a cold room or frigidarium with a pool or natatio, a warm room or tepidarium, a hot room or caldarium and a sauna or sudity. This was a large urban area with thermal baths built 1st century AD, a forum, a necropolis and an aqueduct bringing water from a reservoir. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    DRN_LC19_SPAIN_MC127.jpg
  • Mosaic fragment with floral designs in geometric shapes with knotwork, from the Villa de Santa Lucia, Aguilafuente, Segovia, limestone, 4th century AD, in the Museo de Segovia, opened 2006 in the Casa del Sol, in Segovia, Castile and Leon, Spain. The old town and aqueduct of Segovia are listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site. Santa Lucia was a late Roman town thriving in the 4th and 5th centuries AD, with over 80 villas so far identified for excavation. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC21_SPAIN_MC_0297.jpg
  • Stele with figure on horseback and inscription dedicated to Uxamense, limestone, 2nd century AD, Roman, in the Museo de Segovia, opened 2006 in the Casa del Sol, in Segovia, Castile and Leon, Spain. The old town and aqueduct of Segovia are listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC21_SPAIN_MC_0300.jpg
  • Female head, relief on a limestone stela, in the Museo de Segovia, opened 2006 in the Casa del Sol, in Segovia, Castile and Leon, Spain. This type of image is rare in Roman Spain but more common in Gaul and Germania. The old town and aqueduct of Segovia are listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC21_SPAIN_MC_0299.jpg
  • Inscription dedicated to Fortuna Balnear on a limestone pedestal from the thermal baths at Fortuna, Roman, 2nd century AD, in the Museo de Segovia, opened 2006 in the Casa del Sol, in Segovia, Castile and Leon, Spain. The old town and aqueduct of Segovia are listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC21_SPAIN_MC_0296.jpg
  • Stele with reliefs including a spiral design, and inscription, limestone, Roman, possibly 2nd century AD, in the Museo de Segovia, opened 2006 in the Casa del Sol, in Segovia, Castile and Leon, Spain. The old town and aqueduct of Segovia are listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC21_SPAIN_MC_0298.jpg
  • Terracota head made in a mould, Imperial period, Roman, mid 1st century AD, in the Museo de Segovia, opened 2006 in the Casa del Sol, in Segovia, Castile and Leon, Spain. The old town and aqueduct of Segovia are listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC21_SPAIN_MC_0292.jpg
  • Castillo de Medellin, or Medellin Castle, built in the 14th century by Pedro I the Cruel, replacing an original 10th century castle, and rebuilt by the Infante Sancho of Castile, on the Cerro del Castillo in Medellin, Badajoz, Extremadura, Spain. The castle has a double walled perimeter with turrets and reinforcing towers and a 12th century underground reservoir. It was extended in the 15th and 16th centuries. Below is the Roman theatre of Metellinum, now modern-day Medellin, built before the 1st century BC, and altered in the 1st and 2nd centuries AD, seating 1700 spectators. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    DRN_LC21_SPAIN_MC_0437.jpg
  • Pillars of the aqueduct at Los Banales Roman site, founded 1st century BC, aerial view, at Uncastillo, Zaragoza, Aragon, Spain. 32 of the 70 pillars remain standing, which have curved recesses to hold the water channel. The aqueduct fed the town with water for the inhabitants and the baths. This was a large urban area with thermal baths built 1st century AD, a forum, a necropolis and an aqueduct bringing water from a reservoir. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    DRN_LC19_SPAIN_MC138.jpg
  • Pillars of the aqueduct at Los Banales Roman site, founded 1st century BC, aerial view, at Uncastillo, Zaragoza, Aragon, Spain. 32 of the 70 pillars remain standing, which have curved recesses to hold the water channel. The aqueduct fed the town with water for the inhabitants and the baths. This was a large urban area with thermal baths built 1st century AD, a forum, a necropolis and an aqueduct bringing water from a reservoir. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    DRN_LC19_SPAIN_MC128.jpg
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