manuel cohen

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  • Lycian tombs at Tepecik Necropolis on Tepecik Hill, Patara, Antalya, Turkey. The necropolis sits on a Neolithic mound dating to the 7th century BC and contains a whole range of tomb types dating from the 5th century BC, including temple tombs, monumental tombs, temenos tombs, U-shaped altar tombs, chamber tombs, rock-cut tombs, underground chamber tombs, pithos burials, simple burials and sarcophagi. Patara was a maritime Greek and Roman city on the South West Mediterranean coast of Lycia near modern-day Gelemis. It was said to be founded by Patarus, son of Apollo, and was famous for its temple and oracle of Apollo. It was a leading city of the Lycian League. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC13_Turkey_MC636.jpg
  • Lycian tombs at Tepecik Necropolis on Tepecik Hill, with the Arch of Mettius Modestus in the distance, Patara, Antalya, Turkey. The necropolis sits on a Neolithic mound dating to the 7th century BC and contains a whole range of tomb types dating from the 5th century BC, including temple tombs, monumental tombs, temenos tombs, U-shaped altar tombs, chamber tombs, rock-cut tombs, underground chamber tombs, pithos burials, simple burials and sarcophagi. The triple-vaulted triumphal Arch of Mettius Modestus is composed of 4 massive piers connected by 3 arches. It functioned as the final part of the aqueduct built by Trebonius Proculus Mettius Modestus, governor under the emperor Trajan. Patara was a maritime Greek and Roman city on the South West Mediterranean coast of Lycia near modern-day Gelemis. It was said to be founded by Patarus, son of Apollo, and was famous for its temple and oracle of Apollo. It was a leading city of the Lycian League. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC13_Turkey_MC580.jpg
  • Lycian tombs at Tepecik Necropolis on Tepecik Hill, with the Arch of Mettius Modestus in the distance, Patara, Antalya, Turkey. The necropolis sits on a Neolithic mound dating to the 7th century BC and contains a whole range of tomb types dating from the 5th century BC, including temple tombs, monumental tombs, temenos tombs, U-shaped altar tombs, chamber tombs, rock-cut tombs, underground chamber tombs, pithos burials, simple burials and sarcophagi. The triple-vaulted triumphal Arch of Mettius Modestus is composed of 4 massive piers connected by 3 arches. It functioned as the final part of the aqueduct built by Trebonius Proculus Mettius Modestus, governor under the emperor Trajan. Patara was a maritime Greek and Roman city on the South West Mediterranean coast of Lycia near modern-day Gelemis. It was said to be founded by Patarus, son of Apollo, and was famous for its temple and oracle of Apollo. It was a leading city of the Lycian League. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC13_Turkey_MC579.jpg
  • Entrance to the Roman Theatre, dating from the 2nd century AD, built on the same site as an earlier Hellenistic one, and behind, the Greek Harpy monument (right), 470-460 BC, a 7.5m high pillar tomb with burial chamber on top with relief carvings of sirens taking the souls of the dead to heaven, and the unusual Lycian pillar tomb (left), thought to date from the 4th century BC, a Lycian sarcophagus on top of a short pillar tomb, Xanthos, Antalya, Turkey. Xanthos was a centre of culture and commerce for the Lycians, and later for the Persians, Greeks and Romans, and was listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1988. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC13_Turkey_MC669.jpg
  • Entrance to the Roman Theatre, dating from the 2nd century AD, built on the same site as an earlier Hellenistic one, and behind, the Greek Harpy monument (right), 470-460 BC, a 7.5m high pillar tomb with burial chamber on top with relief carvings of sirens taking the souls of the dead to heaven, and the unusual Lycian pillar tomb (left), thought to date from the 4th century BC, a Lycian sarcophagus on top of a short pillar tomb, Xanthos, Antalya, Turkey. Xanthos was a centre of culture and commerce for the Lycians, and later for the Persians, Greeks and Romans, and was listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1988. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC13_Turkey_MC698.jpg
  • Inside the Roman Theatre, dating from the 2nd century AD, built on the same site as an earlier Hellenistic one, with one of its arched tunnel entrances, and behind, the Greek Harpy monument (right), 470-460 BC, a 7.5m high pillar tomb with burial chamber on top with relief carvings of sirens taking the souls of the dead to heaven, and the unusual Lycian pillar tomb (left), thought to date from the 4th century BC, a Lycian sarcophagus on top of a short pillar tomb, Xanthos, Antalya, Turkey. Xanthos was a centre of culture and commerce for the Lycians, and later for the Persians, Greeks and Romans, and was listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1988. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC13_Turkey_MC646.jpg
  • Inside the Roman Theatre, dating from the 2nd century AD, built on the same site as an earlier Hellenistic one, with one of its arched tunnel entrances, and behind, the Greek Harpy monument (right), 470-460 BC, a 7.5m high pillar tomb with burial chamber on top with relief carvings of sirens taking the souls of the dead to heaven, and the unusual Lycian pillar tomb (left), thought to date from the 4th century BC, a Lycian sarcophagus on top of a short pillar tomb, Xanthos, Antalya, Turkey. Xanthos was a centre of culture and commerce for the Lycians, and later for the Persians, Greeks and Romans, and was listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1988. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC13_Turkey_MC654.jpg
  • Inside the Roman Theatre, dating from the 2nd century AD, built on the same site as an earlier Hellenistic one, with one of its arched tunnel entrances, and behind, the Greek Harpy monument (right), 470-460 BC, a 7.5m high pillar tomb with burial chamber on top with relief carvings of sirens taking the souls of the dead to heaven, and the unusual Lycian pillar tomb (left), thought to date from the 4th century BC, a Lycian sarcophagus on top of a short pillar tomb, Xanthos, Antalya, Turkey. Xanthos was a centre of culture and commerce for the Lycians, and later for the Persians, Greeks and Romans, and was listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1988. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC13_Turkey_MC696.jpg
  • The Roman agora or town square, built in the 2nd or 3rd century AD to replace the old agora, and the Theatre, dating from the 2nd century AD, built on the same site as an earlier Hellenistic one. On the right, the Greek Harpy monument (right), 470-460 BC, a 7.5m high pillar tomb with burial chamber on top with relief carvings of sirens taking the souls of the dead to heaven, and the unusual Lycian pillar tomb (left), thought to date from the 4th century BC, a Lycian sarcophagus on top of a short pillar tomb, Xanthos, Antalya, Turkey. Xanthos was a centre of culture and commerce for the Lycians, and later for the Persians, Greeks and Romans, and was listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1988. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC13_Turkey_MC677.jpg
  • Entrance to the Roman Theatre, dating from the 2nd century AD, built on the same site as an earlier Hellenistic one, and behind, the Greek Harpy monument (right), 470-460 BC, a 7.5m high pillar tomb with burial chamber on top with relief carvings of sirens taking the souls of the dead to heaven, and the unusual Lycian pillar tomb (left), thought to date from the 4th century BC, a Lycian sarcophagus on top of a short pillar tomb, Xanthos, Antalya, Turkey. Xanthos was a centre of culture and commerce for the Lycians, and later for the Persians, Greeks and Romans, and was listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1988. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC13_Turkey_MC668.jpg
  • The Lycian pillar tomb, thought to date from the 4th century BC, a Lycian sarcophagus on top of a short pillar tomb, Xanthos, Antalya, Turkey. This is the only tomb of its kind in Lycia. Xanthos was a centre of culture and commerce for the Lycians, and later for the Persians, Greeks and Romans, and was listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1988. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC13_Turkey_MC741.jpg
  • The Roman Theatre, dating from the 2nd century AD, built on the same site as an earlier Hellenistic one, and on the right, the Greek Harpy monument (right), 470-460 BC, a 7.5m high pillar tomb with burial chamber on top with relief carvings of sirens taking the souls of the dead to heaven, and the unusual Lycian pillar tomb (left), thought to date from the 4th century BC, a Lycian sarcophagus on top of a short pillar tomb, Xanthos, Antalya, Turkey. In the foreground is another Lycian tomb. Xanthos was a centre of culture and commerce for the Lycians, and later for the Persians, Greeks and Romans, and was listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1988. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC13_Turkey_MC703.jpg
  • The Roman agora or town square, built in the 2nd or 3rd century AD to replace the old agora, and the Theatre, dating from the 2nd century AD, built on the same site as an earlier Hellenistic one. On the right, the Greek Harpy monument (right), 470-460 BC, a 7.5m high pillar tomb with burial chamber on top with relief carvings of sirens taking the souls of the dead to heaven, and the unusual Lycian pillar tomb (left), thought to date from the 4th century BC, a Lycian sarcophagus on top of a short pillar tomb, Xanthos, Antalya, Turkey. Xanthos was a centre of culture and commerce for the Lycians, and later for the Persians, Greeks and Romans, and was listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1988. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC13_Turkey_MC701.jpg
  • The Lycian pillar tomb, thought to date from the 4th century BC, a Lycian sarcophagus on top of a short pillar tomb, Xanthos, Antalya, Turkey. This is the only tomb of its kind in Lycia. Xanthos was a centre of culture and commerce for the Lycians, and later for the Persians, Greeks and Romans, and was listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1988. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC13_Turkey_MC681.jpg
  • The Roman Theatre, dating from the 2nd century AD with a capacity of 2200, built on the same site as an earlier Hellenistic one, with remains of the stage building, and behind, the Greek Harpy monument (right), 470-460 BC, a 7.5m high pillar tomb with burial chamber on top with relief carvings of sirens taking the souls of the dead to heaven, and the unusual Lycian pillar tomb (left), thought to date from the 4th century BC, a Lycian sarcophagus on top of a short pillar tomb, Xanthos, Antalya, Turkey. Xanthos was a centre of culture and commerce for the Lycians, and later for the Persians, Greeks and Romans, and was listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1988. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC13_Turkey_MC648.jpg
  • The Roman Theatre, dating from the 2nd century AD with a capacity of 2200, built on the same site as an earlier Hellenistic one, with remains of the stage building, and behind, the Greek Harpy monument (right), 470-460 BC, a 7.5m high pillar tomb with burial chamber on top with relief carvings of sirens taking the souls of the dead to heaven, and the unusual Lycian pillar tomb (left), thought to date from the 4th century BC, a Lycian sarcophagus on top of a short pillar tomb, Xanthos, Antalya, Turkey. Xanthos was a centre of culture and commerce for the Lycians, and later for the Persians, Greeks and Romans, and was listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1988. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC13_Turkey_MC647.jpg
  • The Roman Theatre, dating from the 2nd century AD, built on the same site as an earlier Hellenistic one, and on the right, the Greek Harpy monument (right), 470-460 BC, a 7.5m high pillar tomb with burial chamber on top with relief carvings of sirens taking the souls of the dead to heaven, and the unusual Lycian pillar tomb (left), thought to date from the 4th century BC, a Lycian sarcophagus on top of a short pillar tomb, Xanthos, Antalya, Turkey. Xanthos was a centre of culture and commerce for the Lycians, and later for the Persians, Greeks and Romans, and was listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1988. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC13_Turkey_MC700.jpg
  • The Roman agora or town square, built in the 2nd or 3rd century AD to replace the old agora, and the Theatre, dating from the 2nd century AD, built on the same site as an earlier Hellenistic one. On the left, a Lycian tomb, and on the right, the Greek Harpy monument (right), 470-460 BC, a 7.5m high pillar tomb with burial chamber on top with relief carvings of sirens taking the souls of the dead to heaven, and the unusual Lycian pillar tomb (left), thought to date from the 4th century BC, a Lycian sarcophagus on top of a short pillar tomb, Xanthos, Antalya, Turkey. Xanthos was a centre of culture and commerce for the Lycians, and later for the Persians, Greeks and Romans, and was listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1988. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC13_Turkey_MC702.jpg
  • Inside the Roman Theatre, dating from the 2nd century AD, built on the same site as an earlier Hellenistic one, with one of its arched tunnel entrances, and behind, the Greek Harpy monument (right), 470-460 BC, a 7.5m high pillar tomb with burial chamber on top with relief carvings of sirens taking the souls of the dead to heaven, and the unusual Lycian pillar tomb (left), thought to date from the 4th century BC, a Lycian sarcophagus on top of a short pillar tomb, Xanthos, Antalya, Turkey. Xanthos was a centre of culture and commerce for the Lycians, and later for the Persians, Greeks and Romans, and was listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1988. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC13_Turkey_MC699.jpg
  • Inside the Roman Theatre, dating from the 2nd century AD, built on the same site as an earlier Hellenistic one, with one of its arched tunnel entrances, and behind, the Greek Harpy monument (right), 470-460 BC, a 7.5m high pillar tomb with burial chamber on top with relief carvings of sirens taking the souls of the dead to heaven, and the unusual Lycian pillar tomb (left), thought to date from the 4th century BC, a Lycian sarcophagus on top of a short pillar tomb, Xanthos, Antalya, Turkey. Xanthos was a centre of culture and commerce for the Lycians, and later for the Persians, Greeks and Romans, and was listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1988. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC13_Turkey_MC651.jpg
  • Inside the Roman Theatre, dating from the 2nd century AD, built on the same site as an earlier Hellenistic one, with one of its arched tunnel entrances, and behind, the Greek Harpy monument (right), 470-460 BC, a 7.5m high pillar tomb with burial chamber on top with relief carvings of sirens taking the souls of the dead to heaven, and the unusual Lycian pillar tomb (left), thought to date from the 4th century BC, a Lycian sarcophagus on top of a short pillar tomb, Xanthos, Antalya, Turkey. Xanthos was a centre of culture and commerce for the Lycians, and later for the Persians, Greeks and Romans, and was listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1988. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC13_Turkey_MC649.jpg
  • Inside the Roman Theatre, dating from the 2nd century AD, built on the same site as an earlier Hellenistic one, with one of its arched tunnel entrances, and behind, the Greek Harpy monument (right), 470-460 BC, a 7.5m high pillar tomb with burial chamber on top with relief carvings of sirens taking the souls of the dead to heaven, and the unusual Lycian pillar tomb (left), thought to date from the 4th century BC, a Lycian sarcophagus on top of a short pillar tomb, Xanthos, Antalya, Turkey. Xanthos was a centre of culture and commerce for the Lycians, and later for the Persians, Greeks and Romans, and was listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1988. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC13_Turkey_MC650.jpg
  • Looking through the entrance to the Roman Theatre, dating from the 2nd century AD, built on the same site as an earlier Hellenistic one, and in the distance, the unusual Lycian pillar tomb, thought to date from the 4th century BC, a Lycian sarcophagus on top of a short pillar tomb, Xanthos, Antalya, Turkey. Xanthos was a centre of culture and commerce for the Lycians, and later for the Persians, Greeks and Romans, and was listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1988. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC13_Turkey_MC653.jpg
  • The Roman Theatre, dating from the 2nd century AD, built on the same site as an earlier Hellenistic one, and behind, the Greek Harpy monument (right), 470-460 BC, a 7.5m high pillar tomb with burial chamber on top with relief carvings of sirens taking the souls of the dead to heaven, and the unusual Lycian pillar tomb(left), thought to date from the 4th century BC, a Lycian sarcophagus on top of a short pillar tomb, Xanthos, Antalya, Turkey. Xanthos was a centre of culture and commerce for the Lycians, and later for the Persians, Greeks and Romans, and was listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1988. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC13_Turkey_MC645.jpg
  • The Lycian pillar tomb, thought to date from the 4th century BC, a Lycian sarcophagus on top of a short pillar tomb, Xanthos, Antalya, Turkey. This is the only tomb of its kind in Lycia. Xanthos was a centre of culture and commerce for the Lycians, and later for the Persians, Greeks and Romans, and was listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1988. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC13_Turkey_MC644.jpg
  • Inside the Roman Theatre, dating from the 2nd century AD, built on the same site as an earlier Hellenistic one, with one of its arched tunnel entrances, and behind, the Greek Harpy monument (right), 470-460 BC, a 7.5m high pillar tomb with burial chamber on top with relief carvings of sirens taking the souls of the dead to heaven, and the unusual Lycian pillar tomb (left), thought to date from the 4th century BC, a Lycian sarcophagus on top of a short pillar tomb, Xanthos, Antalya, Turkey. Xanthos was a centre of culture and commerce for the Lycians, and later for the Persians, Greeks and Romans, and was listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1988. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC13_Turkey_MC697.jpg
  • The Greek Harpy monument (left), 470-460 BC, a 7.5m high pillar tomb with burial chamber on top with relief carvings of sirens taking the souls of the dead to heaven, and the unusual Lycian pillar tomb (right), thought to date from the 4th century BC, a Lycian sarcophagus on top of a short pillar tomb, Xanthos, Antalya, Turkey. The reliefs on the Harpy monument, thought to be a gift to the sarcophagus owner and his wife from other family members, were taken by Charles Fellows to the British Museum in 1842 and replaced with plaster copies. Xanthos was a centre of culture and commerce for the Lycians, and later for the Persians, Greeks and Romans, and was listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1988. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC13_Turkey_MC682.jpg
  • Entrance to the Roman Theatre, dating from the 2nd century AD, built on the same site as an earlier Hellenistic one, and behind, the Greek Harpy monument (right), 470-460 BC, a 7.5m high pillar tomb with burial chamber on top with relief carvings of sirens taking the souls of the dead to heaven, and the unusual Lycian pillar tomb (left), thought to date from the 4th century BC, a Lycian sarcophagus on top of a short pillar tomb, Xanthos, Antalya, Turkey. Xanthos was a centre of culture and commerce for the Lycians, and later for the Persians, Greeks and Romans, and was listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1988. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC13_Turkey_MC660.jpg
  • The Greek Harpy monument (right), 470-460 BC, a 7.5m high pillar tomb with burial chamber on top with relief carvings of sirens taking the souls of the dead to heaven, and the unusual Lycian pillar tomb (left), thought to date from the 4th century BC, a Lycian sarcophagus on top of a short pillar tomb, Xanthos, Antalya, Turkey. The reliefs on the Harpy monument, thought to be a gift to the sarcophagus owner and his wife from other family members, were taken by Charles Fellows to the British Museum in 1842 and replaced with copies. Xanthos was a centre of culture and commerce for the Lycians, and later for the Persians, Greeks and Romans, and was listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1988. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC13_Turkey_MC655.jpg
  • Looking through the entrance to the Roman Theatre, dating from the 2nd century AD, built on the same site as an earlier Hellenistic one, and in the distance, the unusual Lycian pillar tomb, thought to date from the 4th century BC, a Lycian sarcophagus on top of a short pillar tomb, Xanthos, Antalya, Turkey. Xanthos was a centre of culture and commerce for the Lycians, and later for the Persians, Greeks and Romans, and was listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1988. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC13_Turkey_MC710.jpg
  • The Roman Theatre, dating from the 2nd century AD with a capacity of 2200, built on the same site as an earlier Hellenistic one, with remains of the stage building, and behind, the Greek Harpy monument (right), 470-460 BC, a 7.5m high pillar tomb with burial chamber on top with relief carvings of sirens taking the souls of the dead to heaven, and the unusual Lycian pillar tomb (left), thought to date from the 4th century BC, a Lycian sarcophagus on top of a short pillar tomb, Xanthos, Antalya, Turkey. Xanthos was a centre of culture and commerce for the Lycians, and later for the Persians, Greeks and Romans, and was listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1988. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC13_Turkey_MC711.jpg
  • Inside the Roman Theatre, dating from the 2nd century AD, built on the same site as an earlier Hellenistic one, with one of its arched tunnel entrances, and behind, the Greek Harpy monument (right), 470-460 BC, a 7.5m high pillar tomb with burial chamber on top with relief carvings of sirens taking the souls of the dead to heaven, and the unusual Lycian pillar tomb (left), thought to date from the 4th century BC, a Lycian sarcophagus on top of a short pillar tomb, Xanthos, Antalya, Turkey. Xanthos was a centre of culture and commerce for the Lycians, and later for the Persians, Greeks and Romans, and was listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1988. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC13_Turkey_MC695.jpg
  • Rock-hewn Lycian tombs in the necropolis to the east of the acropolis at Xanthos, Antalya, Turkey. Xanthos was a centre of culture and commerce for the Lycians, and later for the Persians, Greeks and Romans, and was listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1988. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC13_Turkey_MC693.jpg
  • Rock-hewn Lycian tomb with a pillar tomb above in the necropolis to the east of the acropolis at Xanthos, Antalya, Turkey. The pillar tomb is a pillar of rock on a 3-stepped krepis with a burial chamber on top, with a hole for the body to enter. Xanthos was a centre of culture and commerce for the Lycians, and later for the Persians, Greeks and Romans, and was listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1988. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC13_Turkey_MC687.jpg
  • Rock-hewn Lycian tombs in the necropolis to the east of the acropolis at Xanthos, Antalya, Turkey. Xanthos was a centre of culture and commerce for the Lycians, and later for the Persians, Greeks and Romans, and was listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1988. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC13_Turkey_MC683.jpg
  • The Roman Theatre, dating from the 2nd century AD with a capacity of 2200, built on the same site as an earlier Hellenistic one, with remains of the stage building, and behind, the Greek Harpy monument (right), 470-460 BC, a 7.5m high pillar tomb with burial chamber on top with relief carvings of sirens taking the souls of the dead to heaven, and the unusual Lycian pillar tomb (left), thought to date from the 4th century BC, a Lycian sarcophagus on top of a short pillar tomb, Xanthos, Antalya, Turkey. Xanthos was a centre of culture and commerce for the Lycians, and later for the Persians, Greeks and Romans, and was listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1988. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC13_Turkey_MC674.jpg
  • The Roman Theatre, dating from the 2nd century AD with a capacity of 2200, built on the same site as an earlier Hellenistic one, and on the right, the Greek Harpy monument (right), 470-460 BC, a 7.5m high pillar tomb with burial chamber on top with relief carvings of sirens taking the souls of the dead to heaven, and the unusual Lycian pillar tomb (left), thought to date from the 4th century BC, a Lycian sarcophagus on top of a short pillar tomb, Xanthos, Antalya, Turkey. Xanthos was a centre of culture and commerce for the Lycians, and later for the Persians, Greeks and Romans, and was listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1988. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC13_Turkey_MC671.jpg
  • Rock-hewn Lycian tombs with a pillar tomb above in the necropolis to the east of the acropolis at Xanthos, Antalya, Turkey. The pillar tomb is a pillar of rock on a 3-stepped krepis with a burial chamber on top, with a hole for the body to enter. Xanthos was a centre of culture and commerce for the Lycians, and later for the Persians, Greeks and Romans, and was listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1988. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC13_Turkey_MC690.JPG
  • Rock-hewn Lycian tombs, with geometric recessed carved shapes, in the necropolis to the east of the acropolis at Xanthos, Antalya, Turkey. Xanthos was a centre of culture and commerce for the Lycians, and later for the Persians, Greeks and Romans, and was listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1988. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC13_Turkey_MC686.jpg
  • Rock-hewn Lycian sarcophagus and the ancient walls surrounding the necropolis to the east of the acropolis at Xanthos, Antalya, Turkey. Xanthos was a centre of culture and commerce for the Lycians, and later for the Persians, Greeks and Romans, and was listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1988. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC13_Turkey_MC692.jpg
  • Inside a rock-hewn Lycian sarcophagus with shelves for the bodies of family members, in the necropolis to the east of the acropolis at Xanthos, Antalya, Turkey. Xanthos was a centre of culture and commerce for the Lycians, and later for the Persians, Greeks and Romans, and was listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1988. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC13_Turkey_MC688.jpg
  • Rock-hewn Lycian tombs, with geometric recessed carved shapes, in the necropolis to the east of the acropolis at Xanthos, Antalya, Turkey. Xanthos was a centre of culture and commerce for the Lycians, and later for the Persians, Greeks and Romans, and was listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1988. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC13_Turkey_MC684.jpg
  • Rock-hewn Lycian sarcophagus in the necropolis to the east of the acropolis at Xanthos, Antalya, Turkey. Xanthos was a centre of culture and commerce for the Lycians, and later for the Persians, Greeks and Romans, and was listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1988. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC13_Turkey_MC691.jpg
  • Rock-hewn Lycian tombs, with geometric recessed carved shapes, in the necropolis to the east of the acropolis at Xanthos, Antalya, Turkey. Xanthos was a centre of culture and commerce for the Lycians, and later for the Persians, Greeks and Romans, and was listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1988. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC13_Turkey_MC685.jpg
  • Rock-hewn Lycian tombs and the ancient wall surrounding the necropolis to the east of the acropolis at Xanthos, Antalya, Turkey. Xanthos was a centre of culture and commerce for the Lycians, and later for the Persians, Greeks and Romans, and was listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1988. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC13_Turkey_MC694.jpg
  • Inside a rock-hewn Lycian sarcophagus with shelves for the bodies of family members, in the necropolis to the east of the acropolis at Xanthos, Antalya, Turkey. Xanthos was a centre of culture and commerce for the Lycians, and later for the Persians, Greeks and Romans, and was listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1988. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC13_Turkey_MC689.jpg
  • Honorary inscription by the Lycian League for the city of Patara, 1st century AD, from Patara, Antalya, Turkey. The Lycian League was the earliest known democracy. It was formed in 205 BC of 23 member states, each of whom could elect a representative to the senate which met at the Bouleuterion in Patara. The inscription reads, "The Lycian League has honoured again the people of Patara with a golden wreath and a colossal bronze statue because from the beginning they have been working in the best way for the political advantage of the Lycian League and made an important contribution towards achieving the goodwill of the divine Augusti." Patara was a maritime Greek and Roman city on the South West Mediterranean coast of Lycia near modern-day Gelemis. It was said to be founded by Patarus, son of Apollo, and was famous for its temple and oracle of Apollo. It was a leading city of the Lycian League. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC13_Turkey_MC613.jpg
  • Bouleuterion, originally built in the Hellenistic age but rebuilt by the Romans and recently reconstructed, Patara, Antalya, Turkey. The Bouleuterion or Assembly Hall housed the meetings of the elected members of the Synedrion or Assembly of the Lycian League. The interior resembles a theatre and seats 1000 and was decorated with statues donated by the member states of the League. In the 2nd century AD a Lycian architect named Dionysus built a roof over the building. Patara was a maritime Greek and Roman city on the South West Mediterranean coast of Lycia near modern-day Gelemis. It was said to be founded by Patarus, son of Apollo, and was famous for its temple and oracle of Apollo. It was a leading city of the Lycian League. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC13_Turkey_MC612.jpg
  • Lycian inscription from the Lighthouse, erected by Emperor Nero in 64-65 AD, on the western edge of the now silted harbour of Patara, Antalya, Turkey. The inscription was originally set in gold-plated bronze lettering and circled the lighthouse at the top of the tower so that it could be read from a distance. It states that Emperor Nero erected the lighthouse for the safety of sailors. The lighthouse consists of a square podium 20x20m and a tower rising from the middle. The podium walls were cut from the bedrock and filled with rubble to resist earthquakes. The tower was 26m high and consists of 2 nested cylindrical structures connected through a spiral staircase. The cylindrical exterior wall, 6m in diameter, was built as a double-hulled structure using concavo-convex stone blocks. The staircases were connected to each other so as to increase the static resistance of the tower. On top of the lighthouse was a dome on an octagonal base created by arches on piers. The tower is accessed through a wooden gate to the West. This is believed to be the oldest lighthouse in the world. Patara was a maritime Greek and Roman city on the South West Mediterranean coast of Lycia near modern-day Gelemis. It was said to be founded by Patarus, son of Apollo, and was famous for its temple and oracle of Apollo. It was a leading city of the Lycian League. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC13_Turkey_MC623.jpg
  • Main street, connecting the inner harbour to the agora in front of the bouleuterion, looking towards the Southern Gate, Hellenistic period, Patara, Antalya, Turkey. This is a Cardo (North-South street) which intersects with the Decumanus (East-West street). It is 12.6m wide and has a colonnade of granite Ionic columns on its East side and one of marble columns on the West, behind which we can see shops of varying sizes. This colonnaded wide avenue was completely flooded after the earthquakes in the region, and so far, it has been unearthed over 100m. The lack of wheel marks suggests that it functioned as a pedestrian street. There is a sewer system running underneath the street. Patara was a maritime Greek and Roman city on the South West Mediterranean coast of Lycia near modern-day Gelemis. It was said to be founded by Patarus, son of Apollo, and was famous for its temple and oracle of Apollo. It was a leading city of the Lycian League. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC13_Turkey_MC619.jpg
  • Detail of inscription on the Xanthian Obelisk, 425-400 BC, a large monolithic block on a 2-stepped krepis, with a trilingual inscription on all 4 sides, in Ancient Greek, Lycian and Milyan (the last two are Anatolian languages), giving important information about the period‚??s history. At 250 lines, the Lycian inscription is the longest known. The  monument was erected in memory of the wars fought by the Lycian prince Kherei and originally topped a funerary chamber (now in the Istanbul Archaeological Museum), and had a projecting horizontal roof and a crowning. It is behind the north portico of the agora, Xanthos, Antalya, Turkey. Xanthos was a centre of culture and commerce for the Lycians, and later for the Persians, Greeks and Romans, and was listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1988. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC13_Turkey_MC657.jpg
  • Special seats on the diazoma and vaulted access passage at the Theatre, originally built in the 2nd century BC and restored under Emperor Tiberius, Kursunlutepe Hill, Patara, Antalya, Turkey. The auditorium or koilon seats 6000 in 38 rows of seats, 23 in the upper section and 14 in the lower, and a diazoma contains seats reserved for prominent and privileged spectators, seen here. A removable awning called a velarium provided the spectators with shade from the sun. There are 9 radial stairways and the upper section is also accessible through vaulted corridors ascended by stairs on each side. Above the top row of seats is a temple dedicated to Dionysus. Patara was a maritime Greek and Roman city on the South West Mediterranean coast of Lycia near modern-day Gelemis. It was said to be founded by Patarus, son of Apollo, and was famous for its temple and oracle of Apollo. It was a leading city of the Lycian League. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC13_Turkey_MC611.jpg
  • Entrance to the Lighthouse, erected by Emperor Nero in 64-65 AD, on the western edge of the now silted harbour of Patara, Antalya, Turkey. It consists of a square podium 20x20m and a tower rising from the middle. The podium walls were cut from the bedrock and filled with rubble to resist earthquakes. The tower was 26m high and consists of 2 nested cylindrical structures connected through a spiral staircase. The cylindrical exterior wall, 6m in diameter, was built as a double-hulled structure using concavo-convex stone blocks. The staircases were connected to each other so as to increase the static resistance of the tower. On top of the lighthouse was a dome on an octagonal base created by arches on piers. The tower is accessed through a wooden gate to the West. A monumental inscription, originally set in gold-plated bronze lettering, circled the lighthouse at the top of the tower so that it could be read from a distance, stating that Emperor Nero erected the lighthouse for the safety of sailors. This is believed to be the oldest lighthouse in the world. Patara was a maritime Greek and Roman city on the South West Mediterranean coast of Lycia near modern-day Gelemis. It was said to be founded by Patarus, son of Apollo, and was famous for its temple and oracle of Apollo. It was a leading city of the Lycian League. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC13_Turkey_MC627.jpg
  • Theatre, originally built in the 2nd century BC and restored under Emperor Tiberius, Kursunlutepe Hill, Patara, Antalya, Turkey. The auditorium or koilon seats 6000 in 38 rows of seats, 23 in the upper section and 14 in the lower, and a diazoma contains seats reserved for prominent and privileged spectators. The stage building was built in the 2nd century AD. A removable awning called a velarium provided the spectators with shade from the sun. There are 9 radial stairways and the upper section is also accessible through vaulted corridors ascended by stairs on each side. Above the top row of seats is a temple dedicated to Dionysus. Patara was a maritime Greek and Roman city on the South West Mediterranean coast of Lycia near modern-day Gelemis. It was said to be founded by Patarus, son of Apollo, and was famous for its temple and oracle of Apollo. It was a leading city of the Lycian League. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC13_Turkey_MC643.jpg
  • Detail of inscription on the Xanthian Obelisk, 425-400 BC, a large monolithic block on a 2-stepped krepis, with a trilingual inscription on all 4 sides, in Ancient Greek, Lycian and Milyan (the last two are Anatolian languages), giving important information about the period‚??s history. At 250 lines, the Lycian inscription is the longest known. The  monument was erected in memory of the wars fought by the Lycian prince Kherei and originally topped a funerary chamber (now in the Istanbul Archaeological Museum), and had a projecting horizontal roof and a crowning. It is behind the north portico of the agora, Xanthos, Antalya, Turkey. Xanthos was a centre of culture and commerce for the Lycians, and later for the Persians, Greeks and Romans, and was listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1988. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC13_Turkey_MC658.jpg
  • Arch of Mettius Modestus, built c. 100 AD to celebrate the completion of an aqueduct to bring water to the city, Patara, Antalya, Turkey. This triple-vaulted triumphal arch is composed of 4 massive piers connected by 3 arches. It functioned as the final part of the aqueduct built by Trebonius Proculus Mettius Modestus, governor under the emperor Trajan. It was originally decorated with statues of him and his family on the twelve projecting consoles. Patara was a maritime Greek and Roman city on the South West Mediterranean coast of Lycia near modern-day Gelemis. It was said to be founded by Patarus, son of Apollo, and was famous for its temple and oracle of Apollo. It was a leading city of the Lycian League. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC13_Turkey_MC581.jpg
  • Theatre, originally built in the 2nd century BC and restored under Emperor Tiberius, Kursunlutepe Hill, Patara, Antalya, Turkey. The auditorium or koilon seats 6000 in 38 rows of seats, 23 in the upper section and 14 in the lower, and a diazoma contains seats reserved for prominent and privileged spectators. The stage building was built in the 2nd century AD. A removable awning called a velarium provided the spectators with shade from the sun. There are 9 radial stairways and the upper section is also accessible through vaulted corridors ascended by stairs on each side. Above the top row of seats is a temple dedicated to Dionysus. Patara was a maritime Greek and Roman city on the South West Mediterranean coast of Lycia near modern-day Gelemis. It was said to be founded by Patarus, son of Apollo, and was famous for its temple and oracle of Apollo. It was a leading city of the Lycian League. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC13_Turkey_MC634.jpg
  • Arch of Mettius Modestus, built c. 100 AD to celebrate the completion of an aqueduct to bring water to the city, Patara, Antalya, Turkey. This triple-vaulted triumphal arch is composed of 4 massive piers connected by 3 arches. It functioned as the final part of the aqueduct built by Trebonius Proculus Mettius Modestus, governor under the emperor Trajan. It was originally decorated with statues of him and his family on the twelve projecting consoles. Patara was a maritime Greek and Roman city on the South West Mediterranean coast of Lycia near modern-day Gelemis. It was said to be founded by Patarus, son of Apollo, and was famous for its temple and oracle of Apollo. It was a leading city of the Lycian League. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC13_Turkey_MC578.jpg
  • Spiral staircase of the Lighthouse, erected by Emperor Nero in 64-65 AD, on the western edge of the now silted harbour of Patara, Antalya, Turkey. It consists of a square podium 20x20m and a tower rising from the middle. The podium walls were cut from the bedrock and filled with rubble to resist earthquakes. The tower was 26m high and consists of 2 nested cylindrical structures connected through a spiral staircase. The cylindrical exterior wall, 6m in diameter, was built as a double-hulled structure using concavo-convex stone blocks. The staircases were connected to each other so as to increase the static resistance of the tower. On top of the lighthouse was a dome on an octagonal base created by arches on piers. The tower is accessed through a wooden gate to the West. A monumental inscription, originally set in gold-plated bronze lettering, circled the lighthouse at the top of the tower so that it could be read from a distance, stating that Emperor Nero erected the lighthouse for the safety of sailors. This is believed to be the oldest lighthouse in the world. Patara was a maritime Greek and Roman city on the South West Mediterranean coast of Lycia near modern-day Gelemis. It was said to be founded by Patarus, son of Apollo, and was famous for its temple and oracle of Apollo. It was a leading city of the Lycian League. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC13_Turkey_MC630.jpg
  • The Xanthian Obelisk, 425-400 BC, a large monolithic block on a 2-stepped krepis, with a trilingual inscription on all 4 sides, in Ancient Greek, Lycian and Milyan (the last 2 are Anatolian languages), giving important information about the period‚??s history. At 250 lines, the Lycian inscription is the longest known. The  monument was erected in memory of the wars fought by the Lycian prince Kherei and originally topped a funerary chamber (now in the Istanbul Archaeological Museum), and had a projecting horizontal roof and a crowning. It is behind the north portico of the agora, Xanthos, Antalya, Turkey. Xanthos was a centre of culture and commerce for the Lycians, and later for the Persians, Greeks and Romans, and was listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1988. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC13_Turkey_MC659.jpg
  • Arch of Mettius Modestus, built c. 100 AD to celebrate the completion of an aqueduct to bring water to the city, Patara, Antalya, Turkey. This triple-vaulted triumphal arch is composed of 4 massive piers connected by 3 arches. It functioned as the final part of the aqueduct built by Trebonius Proculus Mettius Modestus, governor under the emperor Trajan. It was originally decorated with statues of him and his family on the twelve projecting consoles. In the background we can see the continuing archaeological excavations. Patara was a maritime Greek and Roman city on the South West Mediterranean coast of Lycia near modern-day Gelemis. It was said to be founded by Patarus, son of Apollo, and was famous for its temple and oracle of Apollo. It was a leading city of the Lycian League. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC13_Turkey_MC574.jpg
  • Main street, connecting the inner harbour to the agora in front of the bouleuterion, looking towards the Southern Gate, Hellenistic period, Patara, Antalya, Turkey. This is a Cardo (North-South street) which intersects with the Decumanus (East-West street). It is 12.6m wide and has a colonnade of granite Ionic columns on its East side and one of marble columns on the West, behind which are shops of varying sizes. This colonnaded wide avenue was completely flooded after the earthquakes in the region, and so far, it has been unearthed over 100m. The lack of wheel marks suggests that it functioned as a pedestrian street. There is a sewer system running underneath the street. Patara was a maritime Greek and Roman city on the South West Mediterranean coast of Lycia near modern-day Gelemis. It was said to be founded by Patarus, son of Apollo, and was famous for its temple and oracle of Apollo. It was a leading city of the Lycian League. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC13_Turkey_MC618.jpg
  • Main street, connecting the inner harbour to the agora in front of the bouleuterion, Hellenistic period, Patara, Antalya, Turkey. This is a Cardo (North-South street) which intersects with the Decumanus (East-West street). It is 12.6m wide and has a colonnade of granite Ionic columns on its East side and one of marble columns on the West, behind which we can see shops of varying sizes. This colonnaded wide avenue was completely flooded after the earthquakes in the region, and so far, it has been unearthed over 100m. The lack of wheel marks suggests that it functioned as a pedestrian street. There is a sewer system running underneath the street. Patara was a maritime Greek and Roman city on the South West Mediterranean coast of Lycia near modern-day Gelemis. It was said to be founded by Patarus, son of Apollo, and was famous for its temple and oracle of Apollo. It was a leading city of the Lycian League. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC13_Turkey_MC632.jpg
  • Main street, connecting the inner harbour to the agora in front of the bouleuterion, looking towards the Southern Gate, Hellenistic period, Patara, Antalya, Turkey. This is a Cardo (North-South street) which intersects with the Decumanus (East-West street). It is 12.6m wide and has a colonnade of granite Ionic columns on its East side and one of marble columns on the West, behind which are shops of varying sizes. This colonnaded wide avenue was completely flooded after the earthquakes in the region, and so far, it has been unearthed over 100m. The lack of wheel marks suggests that it functioned as a pedestrian street. There is a sewer system running underneath the street. Patara was a maritime Greek and Roman city on the South West Mediterranean coast of Lycia near modern-day Gelemis. It was said to be founded by Patarus, son of Apollo, and was famous for its temple and oracle of Apollo. It was a leading city of the Lycian League. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC13_Turkey_MC631.jpg
  • Stone carved with military symbols and gladiator armour from the Theatre, originally built in the 2nd century BC and restored under Emperor Tiberius, Kursunlutepe Hill, Patara, Antalya, Turkey. It is believed that gladiator fights took place here after a major Roman reconstruction of the theatre. The auditorium or koilon seats 6000 in 38 rows of seats, 23 in the upper section and 14 in the lower, and a diazoma contains seats reserved for prominent and privileged spectators. The stage building was built in the 2nd century AD. A removable awning called a velarium provided the spectators with shade from the sun. There are 9 radial stairways and the upper section is also accessible through vaulted corridors ascended by stairs on each side. Above the top row of seats is a temple dedicated to Dionysus. Patara was a maritime Greek and Roman city on the South West Mediterranean coast of Lycia near modern-day Gelemis. It was said to be founded by Patarus, son of Apollo, and was famous for its temple and oracle of Apollo. It was a leading city of the Lycian League. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC13_Turkey_MC635.jpg
  • Western colonnade of the Main street, connecting the inner harbour to the agora in front of the bouleuterion, Hellenistic period, Patara, Antalya, Turkey. This is a Cardo (North-South street) which intersects with the Decumanus (East-West street). It is 12.6m wide and has a colonnade of granite Ionic columns on its East side and one of marble columns on the West, behind which we can see shops of varying sizes. This colonnaded wide avenue was completely flooded after the earthquakes in the region, and so far, it has been unearthed over 100m. The lack of wheel marks suggests that it functioned as a pedestrian street. There is a sewer system running underneath the street. Patara was a maritime Greek and Roman city on the South West Mediterranean coast of Lycia near modern-day Gelemis. It was said to be founded by Patarus, son of Apollo, and was famous for its temple and oracle of Apollo. It was a leading city of the Lycian League. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC13_Turkey_MC615.jpg
  • Main street, connecting the inner harbour to the agora in front of the bouleuterion, Hellenistic period, Patara, Antalya, Turkey. This is a Cardo (North-South street) which intersects with the Decumanus (East-West street). It is 12.6m wide and has a colonnade of granite Ionic columns on its East side and one of marble columns on the West, behind which we can see shops of varying sizes. This colonnaded wide avenue was completely flooded after the earthquakes in the region, and so far, it has been unearthed over 100m. The lack of wheel marks suggests that it functioned as a pedestrian street. There is a sewer system running underneath the street. Patara was a maritime Greek and Roman city on the South West Mediterranean coast of Lycia near modern-day Gelemis. It was said to be founded by Patarus, son of Apollo, and was famous for its temple and oracle of Apollo. It was a leading city of the Lycian League. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC13_Turkey_MC616.jpg
  • Eastern Ionic colonnade of the Main Street, connecting the inner harbour to the agora in front of the bouleuterion, Hellenistic period, Patara, Antalya, Turkey. This is a Cardo (North-South street) which intersects with the Decumanus (East-West street). It is 12.6m wide and has a colonnade of granite Ionic columns on its East side and one of marble columns on the West, behind which are shops of varying sizes. This colonnaded wide avenue was completely flooded after the earthquakes in the region, and so far, it has been unearthed over 100m. The lack of wheel marks suggests that it functioned as a pedestrian street. There is a sewer system running underneath the street. Patara was a maritime Greek and Roman city on the South West Mediterranean coast of Lycia near modern-day Gelemis. It was said to be founded by Patarus, son of Apollo, and was famous for its temple and oracle of Apollo. It was a leading city of the Lycian League. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC13_Turkey_MC622.jpg
  • Lighthouse, erected by Emperor Nero in 64-65 AD, on the Western edge of the now silted harbour of Patara, Antalya, Turkey. It consists of a square podium 20x20m and a tower rising from the middle. The podium walls were cut from the bedrock and filled with rubble to resist earthquakes. The tower was 26m high and consists of 2 nested cylindrical structures connected through a spiral staircase. The cylindrical exterior wall, 6m in diameter, was built as a double-hulled structure using concavo-convex stone blocks. The staircases were connected to each other so as to increase the static resistance of the tower. On top of the lighthouse was a dome on an octagonal base created by arches on piers. The tower is accessed through a wooden gate to the West. A monumental inscription, originally set in gold-plated bronze lettering, circled the lighthouse at the top of the tower so that it could be read from a distance, stating that Emperor Nero erected the lighthouse for the safety of sailors. This is believed to be the oldest lighthouse in the world. Patara was a maritime Greek and Roman city on the South West Mediterranean coast of Lycia near modern-day Gelemis. It was said to be founded by Patarus, son of Apollo, and was famous for its temple and oracle of Apollo. It was a leading city of the Lycian League. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC13_Turkey_MC628.jpg
  • Main street, connecting the inner harbour to the agora in front of the bouleuterion, Hellenistic period, Patara, Antalya, Turkey. This is a Cardo (North-South street) which intersects with the Decumanus (East-West street). It is 12.6m wide and has a colonnade of granite Ionic columns on its East side and one of marble columns on the West, behind which we can see shops of varying sizes, here on the left. This colonnaded wide avenue was completely flooded after the earthquakes in the region, and so far, it has been unearthed over 100m. The lack of wheel marks suggests that it functioned as a pedestrian street. There is a sewer system running underneath the street. Patara was a maritime Greek and Roman city on the South West Mediterranean coast of Lycia near modern-day Gelemis. It was said to be founded by Patarus, son of Apollo, and was famous for its temple and oracle of Apollo. It was a leading city of the Lycian League. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC13_Turkey_MC633.jpg
  • Arch of Mettius Modestus, built c. 100 AD to celebrate the completion of an aqueduct to bring water to the city, Patara, Antalya, Turkey. This triple-vaulted triumphal arch is composed of 4 massive piers connected by 3 arches. It functioned as the final part of the aqueduct built by Trebonius Proculus Mettius Modestus, governor under the emperor Trajan. It was originally decorated with statues of him and his family on the twelve projecting consoles. In the background we can see the continuing archaeological excavations. Patara was a maritime Greek and Roman city on the South West Mediterranean coast of Lycia near modern-day Gelemis. It was said to be founded by Patarus, son of Apollo, and was famous for its temple and oracle of Apollo. It was a leading city of the Lycian League. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC13_Turkey_MC573.jpg
  • Theatre, originally built in the 2nd century BC and restored under Emperor Tiberius, Kursunlutepe Hill, Patara, Antalya, Turkey. The auditorium or koilon seats 6000 in 38 rows of seats, 23 in the upper section and 14 in the lower, and a diazoma contains seats reserved for prominent and privileged spectators. The stage building, not seen here, was built in the 2nd century AD. A removable awning called a velarium provided the spectators with shade from the sun. There are 9 radial stairways and the upper section is also accessible through vaulted corridors ascended by stairs on each side. Above the top row of seats is a temple dedicated to Dionysus. Patara was a maritime Greek and Roman city on the South West Mediterranean coast of Lycia near modern-day Gelemis. It was said to be founded by Patarus, son of Apollo, and was famous for its temple and oracle of Apollo. It was a leading city of the Lycian League. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC13_Turkey_MC610.jpg
  • Lighthouse, erected by Emperor Nero in 64-65 AD, on the western edge of the now silted harbour of Patara, Antalya, Turkey. It consists of a square podium 20x20m and a tower rising from the middle. The podium walls were cut from the bedrock and filled with rubble to resist earthquakes. The tower was 26m high and consists of 2 nested cylindrical structures connected through a spiral staircase. The cylindrical exterior wall, 6m in diameter, was built as a double-hulled structure using concavo-convex stone blocks. The staircases were connected to each other so as to increase the static resistance of the tower. On top of the lighthouse was a dome on an octagonal base created by arches on piers. The tower is accessed through a wooden gate to the West. A monumental inscription, originally set in gold-plated bronze lettering, circled the lighthouse at the top of the tower so that it could be read from a distance, stating that Emperor Nero erected the lighthouse for the safety of sailors. This is believed to be the oldest lighthouse in the world. Patara was a maritime Greek and Roman city on the South West Mediterranean coast of Lycia near modern-day Gelemis. It was said to be founded by Patarus, son of Apollo, and was famous for its temple and oracle of Apollo. It was a leading city of the Lycian League. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC13_Turkey_MC625.jpg
  • Lighthouse, erected by Emperor Nero in 64-65 AD, on the western edge of the now silted harbour of Patara, Antalya, Turkey. It consists of a square podium 20x20m and a tower rising from the middle. The podium walls were cut from the bedrock and filled with rubble to resist earthquakes. The tower was 26m high and consists of 2 nested cylindrical structures connected through a spiral staircase. The cylindrical exterior wall, 6m in diameter, was built as a double-hulled structure using concavo-convex stone blocks. The staircases were connected to each other so as to increase the static resistance of the tower. On top of the lighthouse was a dome on an octagonal base created by arches on piers. The tower is accessed through a wooden gate to the West. A monumental inscription, originally set in gold-plated bronze lettering, circled the lighthouse at the top of the tower so that it could be read from a distance, stating that Emperor Nero erected the lighthouse for the safety of sailors. This is believed to be the oldest lighthouse in the world. Patara was a maritime Greek and Roman city on the South West Mediterranean coast of Lycia near modern-day Gelemis. It was said to be founded by Patarus, son of Apollo, and was famous for its temple and oracle of Apollo. It was a leading city of the Lycian League. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC13_Turkey_MC626.jpg
  • Lighthouse, erected by Emperor Nero in 64-65 AD, on the western edge of the now silted harbour of Patara, Antalya, Turkey. It consists of a square podium 20x20m and a tower rising from the middle. The podium walls were cut from the bedrock and filled with rubble to resist earthquakes. The tower was 26m high and consists of 2 nested cylindrical structures connected through a spiral staircase. The cylindrical exterior wall, 6m in diameter, was built as a double-hulled structure using concavo-convex stone blocks. The staircases were connected to each other so as to increase the static resistance of the tower. On top of the lighthouse was a dome on an octagonal base created by arches on piers. The tower is accessed through a wooden gate to the West. A monumental inscription, originally set in gold-plated bronze lettering, circled the lighthouse at the top of the tower so that it could be read from a distance, stating that Emperor Nero erected the lighthouse for the safety of sailors. This is believed to be the oldest lighthouse in the world. Patara was a maritime Greek and Roman city on the South West Mediterranean coast of Lycia near modern-day Gelemis. It was said to be founded by Patarus, son of Apollo, and was famous for its temple and oracle of Apollo. It was a leading city of the Lycian League. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC13_Turkey_MC629.jpg
  • Main street, connecting the inner harbour to the agora in front of the bouleuterion, Hellenistic period, Patara, Antalya, Turkey. This is a Cardo (North-South street) which intersects with the Decumanus (East-West street). It is 12.6m wide and has a colonnade of granite Ionic columns on its East side and one of marble columns on the West, behind which are shops of varying sizes. This colonnaded wide avenue was completely flooded after the earthquakes in the region, and so far, it has been unearthed over 100m. The lack of wheel marks suggests that it functioned as a pedestrian street. There is a sewer system running underneath the street. Patara was a maritime Greek and Roman city on the South West Mediterranean coast of Lycia near modern-day Gelemis. It was said to be founded by Patarus, son of Apollo, and was famous for its temple and oracle of Apollo. It was a leading city of the Lycian League. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC13_Turkey_MC614.jpg
  • Eastern colonnade of the Main Street, connecting the inner harbour to the agora in front of the bouleuterion, Hellenistic period, Patara, Antalya, Turkey. This is a Cardo (North-South street) which intersects with the Decumanus (East-West street). It is 12.6m wide and has a colonnade of granite Ionic columns on its East side and one of marble columns on the West, behind which are shops of varying sizes. This colonnaded wide avenue was completely flooded after the earthquakes in the region, and so far, it has been unearthed over 100m. The lack of wheel marks suggests that it functioned as a pedestrian street. There is a sewer system running underneath the street. Patara was a maritime Greek and Roman city on the South West Mediterranean coast of Lycia near modern-day Gelemis. It was said to be founded by Patarus, son of Apollo, and was famous for its temple and oracle of Apollo. It was a leading city of the Lycian League. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC13_Turkey_MC621.jpg
  • Detail of inscription on the Xanthian Obelisk, 425-400 BC, a large monolithic block on a 2-stepped krepis, with a trilingual inscription on all 4 sides, in Ancient Greek, Lycian and Milyan (the last two are Anatolian languages), giving important information about the period‚??s history. At 250 lines, the Lycian inscription is the longest known. The  monument was erected in memory of the wars fought by the Lycian prince Kherei and originally topped a funerary chamber (now in the Istanbul Archaeological Museum), and had a projecting horizontal roof and a crowning. It is behind the north portico of the agora, Xanthos, Antalya, Turkey. Xanthos was a centre of culture and commerce for the Lycians, and later for the Persians, Greeks and Romans, and was listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1988. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC13_Turkey_MC656.jpg
  • Main street, connecting the inner harbour to the agora in front of the bouleuterion, looking towards the Southern Gate, Hellenistic period, Patara, Antalya, Turkey. This is a Cardo (North-South street) which intersects with the Decumanus (East-West street). It is 12.6m wide and has a colonnade of granite Ionic columns on its East side and one of marble columns on the West, seen here on the right, behind which are shops of varying sizes. This colonnaded wide avenue was completely flooded after the earthquakes in the region, and so far, it has been unearthed over 100m. The lack of wheel marks suggests that it functioned as a pedestrian street. There is a sewer system running underneath the street. Patara was a maritime Greek and Roman city on the South West Mediterranean coast of Lycia near modern-day Gelemis. It was said to be founded by Patarus, son of Apollo, and was famous for its temple and oracle of Apollo. It was a leading city of the Lycian League. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC13_Turkey_MC617.jpg
  • Main street, connecting the inner harbour to the agora in front of the bouleuterion, looking towards the Southern Gate, Hellenistic period, Patara, Antalya, Turkey. This is a Cardo (North-South street) which intersects with the Decumanus (East-West street). It is 12.6m wide and has a colonnade of granite Ionic columns on its East side and one of marble columns on the West, behind which we can see shops of varying sizes. This colonnaded wide avenue was completely flooded after the earthquakes in the region, and so far, it has been unearthed over 100m. The lack of wheel marks suggests that it functioned as a pedestrian street. There is a sewer system running underneath the street. Patara was a maritime Greek and Roman city on the South West Mediterranean coast of Lycia near modern-day Gelemis. It was said to be founded by Patarus, son of Apollo, and was famous for its temple and oracle of Apollo. It was a leading city of the Lycian League. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC13_Turkey_MC620.jpg
  • Lighthouse, erected by Emperor Nero in 64-65 AD, on the western edge of the now silted harbour of Patara, Antalya, Turkey. It consists of a square podium 20x20m and a tower rising from the middle. The podium walls were cut from the bedrock and filled with rubble to resist earthquakes. The tower was 26m high and consists of 2 nested cylindrical structures connected through a spiral staircase. The cylindrical exterior wall, 6m in diameter, was built as a double-hulled structure using concavo-convex stone blocks. The staircases were connected to each other so as to increase the static resistance of the tower. On top of the lighthouse was a dome on an octagonal base created by arches on piers. The tower is accessed through a wooden gate to the West. A monumental inscription, originally set in gold-plated bronze lettering, circled the lighthouse at the top of the tower so that it could be read from a distance, stating that Emperor Nero erected the lighthouse for the safety of sailors. This is believed to be the oldest lighthouse in the world. Patara was a maritime Greek and Roman city on the South West Mediterranean coast of Lycia near modern-day Gelemis. It was said to be founded by Patarus, son of Apollo, and was famous for its temple and oracle of Apollo. It was a leading city of the Lycian League. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC13_Turkey_MC624.jpg
  • Relief of 2 women dancing, from the Dancing Maiden Sarcophagus, 4th century BC, a Lycian funerary monument with reliefs of battle and hunting scenes along the long sides and of 2 women dancing on the short sides of the sarcophagus lid, in the necropolis to the east of the acropolis at Xanthos, Antalya, Turkey. Xanthos was a centre of culture and commerce for the Lycians, and later for the Persians, Greeks and Romans, and was listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1988. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC13_Turkey_MC666.jpg
  • Inscription stone on the Decumanus, a colonnaded road running east-west, Xanthos, Antalya, Turkey. Many inscriptions in both Greek and the ancient Lycian language were found at this site. Xanthos was a centre of culture and commerce for the Lycians, and later for the Persians, Greeks and Romans, and was listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1988. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC13_Turkey_MC662.jpg
  • Detail of text from an inscription stone on the Decumanus, a colonnaded road running east-west, Xanthos, Antalya, Turkey. Many inscriptions in both Greek and the ancient Lycian language were found at this site. Xanthos was a centre of culture and commerce for the Lycians, and later for the Persians, Greeks and Romans, and was listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1988. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC13_Turkey_MC661.jpg
  • The Dancing Maiden Sarcophagus, 4th century BC, a Lycian funerary monument with reliefs of battle and hunting scenes along the long sides and of 2 women dancing on the short sides of the sarcophagus lid, in the necropolis to the east of the acropolis at Xanthos, Antalya, Turkey. In the distance are the greenhouses of the Xanthos valley where most of Turkey's tomatoes are grown. Xanthos was a centre of culture and commerce for the Lycians, and later for the Persians, Greeks and Romans, and was listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1988. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC13_Turkey_MC667.jpg
  • The Dancing Maiden Sarcophagus, 4th century BC, a Lycian funerary monument with reliefs of battle and hunting scenes along the long sides and of 2 women dancing on the short sides of the sarcophagus lid, in the necropolis to the east of the acropolis at Xanthos, Antalya, Turkey. In the distance are the greenhouses of the Xanthos valley where most of Turkey's tomatoes are grown. Xanthos was a centre of culture and commerce for the Lycians, and later for the Persians, Greeks and Romans, and was listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1988. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC13_Turkey_MC665.jpg
  • Relief on the side of the Greek Harpy monument, 470-460 BC, showing a seated figure, either a deity or a deified ancestor, receiving a gift of a helmet from a standing figure, and winged harpies carrying the souls of the dead, as babies, to heaven. The Harpy monument is a 7.5m high pillar tomb with burial chamber on top, Xanthos, Antalya, Turkey. The reliefs, thought to be a gift to the sarcophagus owner and his wife from other family members, were taken by Charles Fellows to the British Museum in 1842 and replaced with plaster copies. This relief demonstrates the Greek use of isocephaly, where the heads of the figures are at the same height, whether standing of seated. Xanthos was a centre of culture and commerce for the Lycians, and later for the Persians, Greeks and Romans, and was listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1988. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC13_Turkey_MC652.jpg
  • Frieze from the Roman Theatre depicting an acanthus leaf design. The theatre dates from the 2nd century AD and is built on the same site as an earlier Hellenistic one, Xanthos, Antalya, Turkey. Xanthos was a centre of culture and commerce for the Lycians, and later for the Persians, Greeks and Romans, and was listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1988. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC13_Turkey_MC670.jpg
  • Roman Decumanus, a colonnaded east-west street, 12m wide, which was lined with shops shaded by porticoes, with the beginning of the Cardo, the main north-south street, on the left, and the upper agora and basilica to the right, Xanthos, Antalya, Turkey. Xanthos was a centre of culture and commerce for the Lycians, and later for the Persians, Greeks and Romans, and was listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1988. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC13_Turkey_MC663.jpg
  • The Roman Theatre, dating from the 2nd century AD with a capacity of 2200, built on the same site as an earlier Hellenistic one, with remains of the stage building at the front, Xanthos, Antalya, Turkey. The upper rows of the auditorium are missing, having been used in constructing the northern wall of the acropolis. Xanthos was a centre of culture and commerce for the Lycians, and later for the Persians, Greeks and Romans, and was listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1988. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC13_Turkey_MC672.jpg
  • Roman Decumanus, a colonnaded east-west street, 12m wide, which was lined with shops shaded by porticoes, Xanthos, Antalya, Turkey. Xanthos was a centre of culture and commerce for the Lycians, and later for the Persians, Greeks and Romans, and was listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1988. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC13_Turkey_MC664.jpg
  • Proto-Byzantine villa, c. 6th century AD, possibly with a well in the foreground, within the courtyard, to the south east of the theatre in Xanthos, Antalya, Turkey. Xanthos was a centre of culture and commerce for the Lycians, and later for the Persians, Greeks and Romans, and was listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1988. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC13_Turkey_MC676.jpg
  • Relief on the West side of the Greek Harpy monument, 470-460 BC, showing seated figures, either deities or deified ancestors, receiving gifts from standing figures, and a cow suckling a calf over the hole where the body would be placed into the burial chamber. The Harpy monument is a 7.5m high pillar tomb with burial chamber on top with relief carvings of sirens taking the souls of the dead to heaven (on the sides not shown here), Xanthos, Antalya, Turkey. The reliefs, thought to be a gift to the sarcophagus owner and his wife from other family members, were taken by Charles Fellows to the British Museum in 1842 and replaced with plaster copies. This relief demonstrates the Greek use of isocephaly, where the heads of the figures are at the same height, whether standing of seated. Xanthos was a centre of culture and commerce for the Lycians, and later for the Persians, Greeks and Romans, and was listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1988. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC13_Turkey_MC680.jpg
  • Relief on the side of the Greek Harpy monument, 470-460 BC, showing a seated figure, either a deity or a deified ancestor, receiving a gift of a helmet from a standing figure. The Harpy monument is a 7.5m high pillar tomb with burial chamber on top, Xanthos, Antalya, Turkey. The reliefs, thought to be a gift to the sarcophagus owner and his wife from other family members, were taken by Charles Fellows to the British Museum in 1842 and replaced with plaster copies. This relief demonstrates the Greek use of isocephaly, where the heads of the figures are at the same height, whether standing of seated. Xanthos was a centre of culture and commerce for the Lycians, and later for the Persians, Greeks and Romans, and was listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1988. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC13_Turkey_MC679.jpg
  • The Roman Theatre, dating from the 2nd century AD with a capacity of 2200, built on the same site as an earlier Hellenistic one, Xanthos, Antalya, Turkey. The upper rows of the auditorium are missing, having been used in constructing the northern wall of the acropolis. Xanthos was a centre of culture and commerce for the Lycians, and later for the Persians, Greeks and Romans, and was listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1988. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC13_Turkey_MC673.jpg
  • Relief on the side of the Greek Harpy monument, 470-460 BC, showing a seated figure, either a deity or a deified ancestor, receiving a gift of a helmet from a standing figure, and winged harpies carrying the souls of the dead, as babies, to heaven. The Harpy monument is a 7.5m high pillar tomb with burial chamber on top, Xanthos, Antalya, Turkey. The reliefs, thought to be a gift to the sarcophagus owner and his wife from other family members, were taken by Charles Fellows to the British Museum in 1842 and replaced with plaster copies. This relief demonstrates the Greek use of isocephaly, where the heads of the figures are at the same height, whether standing of seated. Xanthos was a centre of culture and commerce for the Lycians, and later for the Persians, Greeks and Romans, and was listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1988. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC13_Turkey_MC678.jpg
  • Greenhouses in the valley of the river Xanthos, where most of Turkey's tomatoes are grown, Xanthos, Antalya, Turkey. Nearby are the ruins of Xanthos, a centre of culture and commerce for the Lycians, and later for the Persians, Greeks and Romans, listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1988. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC13_Turkey_MC675.jpg
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