manuel cohen

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  • Entrance to Merlin's Cave at low tide, at Tintagel Castle, built by Richard, 1st Earl of Cornwall in the 13th century, Tintagel Island, Cornwall, England. This is a sea cave caused by wave erosion and passes through Tintagel Island from Tintagel Haven on the East to West Cove on the West. In Tennyson's Idylls of the King, he describes waves bringing the infant King Arthur to shore and Merlin carrying him to safety. The ruined castle is also linked with Arthurian Legend, as Geoffrey of Monmouth cited it as the place of conception of King Arthur in his 12th century book, History of the Kings of England. The site is managed by English Heritage. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC17_ENGLAND_MC_103.jpg
  • Lower ward (right) of Tintagel Castle, built by Richard, 1st Earl of Cornwall in the 13th century, and Tintagel Island on the left with the inner ward and great hall, Cornwall, England. The ruined castle is linked with Arthurian Legend, as Geoffrey of Monmouth cited it as the place of conception of King Arthur in his 12th century book, History of the Kings of England. The site is managed by English Heritage. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC17_ENGLAND_MC_087.jpg
  • Inner ward and great hall of Tintagel Castle, built by Richard, 1st Earl of Cornwall in the 13th century, Tintagel Island, Cornwall, England. The ruined castle is linked with Arthurian Legend, as Geoffrey of Monmouth cited it as the place of conception of King Arthur in his 12th century book, History of the Kings of England. The site is managed by English Heritage. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC17_ENGLAND_MC_089.jpg
  • Inner ward and great hall of Tintagel Castle, built by Richard, 1st Earl of Cornwall in the 13th century, Tintagel Island, Cornwall, England. The ruined castle is linked with Arthurian Legend, as Geoffrey of Monmouth cited it as the place of conception of King Arthur in his 12th century book, History of the Kings of England. The site is managed by English Heritage. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC17_ENGLAND_MC_086.jpg
  • Upper ward on the mainland, at Tintagel Castle, built by Richard, 1st Earl of Cornwall in the 13th century, Tintagel, Cornwall, England. The ruined castle is linked with Arthurian Legend, as Geoffrey of Monmouth cited it as the place of conception of King Arthur in his 12th century book, History of the Kings of England. The site is managed by English Heritage. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC17_ENGLAND_MC_084.jpg
  • Spires and clock on the Royal Courts of Justice, or Law Courts, designed in Gothic Revival style by George Edmund Street, 1824-81, built 1873-82 and opened in 1882 by Queen Victoria, seen from the Strand, in Temple, London, England, UK. The building houses the High Court and Court of Appeal of England and Wales. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC17_ENGLAND_MC_141.JPG
  • Inner ward and great hall of Tintagel Castle, built by Richard, 1st Earl of Cornwall in the 13th century, Tintagel Island, Cornwall, England. The ruined castle is linked with Arthurian Legend, as Geoffrey of Monmouth cited it as the place of conception of King Arthur in his 12th century book, History of the Kings of England. The site is managed by English Heritage. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC17_ENGLAND_MC_108.jpg
  • Wall of the lower ward on the mainland, and behind, the inner ward and great hall of Tintagel Castle, built by Richard, 1st Earl of Cornwall in the 13th century, Tintagel Island, Cornwall, England. The ruined castle is linked with Arthurian Legend, as Geoffrey of Monmouth cited it as the place of conception of King Arthur in his 12th century book, History of the Kings of England. The site is managed by English Heritage. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC17_ENGLAND_MC_107.jpg
  • Upper ward (left) of Tintagel Castle, built by Richard, 1st Earl of Cornwall in the 13th century, and Tintagel Island behind, Cornwall, England. The ruined castle is linked with Arthurian Legend, as Geoffrey of Monmouth cited it as the place of conception of King Arthur in his 12th century book, History of the Kings of England. The site is managed by English Heritage. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC17_ENGLAND_MC_106.jpg
  • Exhibition in the museum in the visitor centre at Tintagel Castle, built by Richard, 1st Earl of Cornwall in the 13th century, Tintagel Island, Cornwall, England. The ruined castle is linked with Arthurian Legend, as Geoffrey of Monmouth cited it as the place of conception of King Arthur in his 12th century book, History of the Kings of England. The site is managed by English Heritage. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC17_ENGLAND_MC_105.jpg
  • Reconstruction of Tintagel Castle, built by Richard, 1st Earl of Cornwall in the 13th century, Tintagel Island, Cornwall, England, as it may have looked in 1240, illustration by Aaron Watson, in the museum at the castle's visitor centre. The castle had two outer wards, and an inner ward containing lodgings and a great hall. The ruined castle is linked with Arthurian Legend, as Geoffrey of Monmouth cited it as the place of conception of King Arthur in his 12th century book, History of the Kings of England. The site is managed by English Heritage. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC17_ENGLAND_MC_104.jpg
  • Inscription above the door of the entrance of the inner ward of Tintagel Castle, built by Richard, 1st Earl of Cornwall in the 13th century, Tintagel Island, Cornwall, England. The ruined castle is linked with Arthurian Legend, as Geoffrey of Monmouth cited it as the place of conception of King Arthur in his 12th century book, History of the Kings of England. The site is managed by English Heritage. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC17_ENGLAND_MC_102.jpg
  • Chapel of Tintagel Castle, built by Richard, 1st Earl of Cornwall in the 13th century, Tintagel Island, Cornwall, England. A small doorway on this Southern side was blocked when the larger entrance porch was built at the West end. The ruined castle is linked with Arthurian Legend, as Geoffrey of Monmouth cited it as the place of conception of King Arthur in his 12th century book, History of the Kings of England. The site is managed by English Heritage. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC17_ENGLAND_MC_101.jpg
  • Statue entitled Gallos (Cornish for 'power') thought to represent King Arthur with Excalibur, 2016, by Rubin Eynon, at Tintagel Castle, built by Richard, 1st Earl of Cornwall in the 13th century, Tintagel Island, Cornwall, England. The ruined castle is linked with Arthurian Legend, as Geoffrey of Monmouth cited it as the place of conception of King Arthur in his 12th century book, History of the Kings of England. The site is managed by English Heritage. Picture by Manuel Cohen. Further clearances may be requested.
    LC17_ENGLAND_MC_100.jpg
  • Remains of the battlemented curtain wall, built 1240-60, which surrounded the island courtyard of Tintagel Castle, built by Richard, 1st Earl of Cornwall in the 13th century, Tintagel Island, Cornwall, England. The ruined castle is linked with Arthurian Legend, as Geoffrey of Monmouth cited it as the place of conception of King Arthur in his 12th century book, History of the Kings of England. The site is managed by English Heritage. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC17_ENGLAND_MC_096.jpg
  • Statue entitled Gallos (Cornish for 'power') thought to represent King Arthur with Excalibur, 2016, by Rubin Eynon, at Tintagel Castle, built by Richard, 1st Earl of Cornwall in the 13th century, Tintagel Island, Cornwall, England. The ruined castle is linked with Arthurian Legend, as Geoffrey of Monmouth cited it as the place of conception of King Arthur in his 12th century book, History of the Kings of England. The site is managed by English Heritage. Picture by Manuel Cohen. Further clearances may be requested.
    LC17_ENGLAND_MC_099.jpg
  • Statue entitled Gallos (Cornish for 'power') thought to represent King Arthur with Excalibur, 2016, by Rubin Eynon, at Tintagel Castle, built by Richard, 1st Earl of Cornwall in the 13th century, Tintagel Island, Cornwall, England. The ruined castle is linked with Arthurian Legend, as Geoffrey of Monmouth cited it as the place of conception of King Arthur in his 12th century book, History of the Kings of England. The site is managed by English Heritage. Picture by Manuel Cohen. Further clearances may be requested.
    LC17_ENGLAND_MC_098.jpg
  • Remains of the battlemented curtain wall, built 1240-60, which surrounded the island courtyard of Tintagel Castle, built by Richard, 1st Earl of Cornwall in the 13th century, Tintagel Island, Cornwall, England. The ruined castle is linked with Arthurian Legend, as Geoffrey of Monmouth cited it as the place of conception of King Arthur in his 12th century book, History of the Kings of England. The site is managed by English Heritage. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC17_ENGLAND_MC_097.jpg
  • Remains of the battlemented curtain wall, built 1240-60, which surrounded the island courtyard of Tintagel Castle, built by Richard, 1st Earl of Cornwall in the 13th century, Tintagel Island, Cornwall, England. The ruined castle is linked with Arthurian Legend, as Geoffrey of Monmouth cited it as the place of conception of King Arthur in his 12th century book, History of the Kings of England. The site is managed by English Heritage. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC17_ENGLAND_MC_095.jpg
  • Remains of the battlemented curtain wall, built 1240-60, which surrounded the island courtyard of Tintagel Castle, built by Richard, 1st Earl of Cornwall in the 13th century, Tintagel Island, Cornwall, England. The ruined castle is linked with Arthurian Legend, as Geoffrey of Monmouth cited it as the place of conception of King Arthur in his 12th century book, History of the Kings of England. The site is managed by English Heritage. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC17_ENGLAND_MC_093.jpg
  • Great hall, 1272, of Tintagel Castle, built by Richard, 1st Earl of Cornwall in the 13th century, Tintagel Island, Cornwall, England. The ruins are of a series of halls and service buildings which once stood at the centre of the castle. The last structure to be built here was a small 2 roomed lodging, probably connected with the use of at the castle as a prison in the 1380s. The ruined castle is linked with Arthurian Legend, as Geoffrey of Monmouth cited it as the place of conception of King Arthur in his 12th century book, History of the Kings of England. The site is managed by English Heritage. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC17_ENGLAND_MC_094.jpg
  • Inner ward and great hall of Tintagel Castle, built by Richard, 1st Earl of Cornwall in the 13th century, Tintagel Island, Cornwall, England. The ruined castle is linked with Arthurian Legend, as Geoffrey of Monmouth cited it as the place of conception of King Arthur in his 12th century book, History of the Kings of England. The site is managed by English Heritage. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC17_ENGLAND_MC_090.jpg
  • Great hall, 1272, of Tintagel Castle, built by Richard, 1st Earl of Cornwall in the 13th century, Tintagel Island, Cornwall, England. The ruins are of a series of halls and service buildings which once stood at the centre of the castle. The last structure to be built here was a small 2 roomed lodging, probably connected with the use of at the castle as a prison in the 1380s. The ruined castle is linked with Arthurian Legend, as Geoffrey of Monmouth cited it as the place of conception of King Arthur in his 12th century book, History of the Kings of England. The site is managed by English Heritage. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC17_ENGLAND_MC_092.jpg
  • Inner ward and great hall of Tintagel Castle, built by Richard, 1st Earl of Cornwall in the 13th century, Tintagel Island, Cornwall, England. The ruined castle is linked with Arthurian Legend, as Geoffrey of Monmouth cited it as the place of conception of King Arthur in his 12th century book, History of the Kings of England. The site is managed by English Heritage. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC17_ENGLAND_MC_091.jpg
  • Lower ward (right) of Tintagel Castle, built by Richard, 1st Earl of Cornwall in the 13th century, and Tintagel Island on the left with the inner ward and great hall, Cornwall, England. The ruined castle is linked with Arthurian Legend, as Geoffrey of Monmouth cited it as the place of conception of King Arthur in his 12th century book, History of the Kings of England. The site is managed by English Heritage. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC17_ENGLAND_MC_088.jpg
  • Path on the mainland to the main gate of Tintagel Castle, built by Richard, 1st Earl of Cornwall in the 13th century, Tintagel, Cornwall, England. The ruined castle is linked with Arthurian Legend, as Geoffrey of Monmouth cited it as the place of conception of King Arthur in his 12th century book, History of the Kings of England. The site is managed by English Heritage. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC17_ENGLAND_MC_085.jpg
  • Lower ward of Tintagel Castle (centre), built by Richard, 1st Earl of Cornwall in the 13th century, and Tintagel Island on the left, Cornwall, England. The ruined castle is linked with Arthurian Legend, as Geoffrey of Monmouth cited it as the place of conception of King Arthur in his 12th century book, History of the Kings of England. The site is managed by English Heritage. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC17_ENGLAND_MC_083.jpg
  • View of the Tintagel Island from the upper ward<br />
of Tintagel Castle, built by Richard, 1st Earl of Cornwall in the 13th century, at Tintagel Island, Cornwall, England. The ruined castle is linked with Arthurian Legend, as Geoffrey of Monmouth cited it as the place of conception of King Arthur in his 12th century book, History of the Kings of England. The site is managed by English Heritage. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC17_ENGLAND_MC_082.jpg
  • Remains of a construction in the lower ward on the mainland close to the main gate of Tintagel Castle, built by Richard, 1st Earl of Cornwall in the 13th century, Tintagel, Cornwall, England. The ruined castle is linked with Arthurian Legend, as Geoffrey of Monmouth cited it as the place of conception of King Arthur in his 12th century book, History of the Kings of England. The site is managed by English Heritage. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC17_ENGLAND_MC_081.jpg
  • Section of Hadrian's Wall East of Cawfields Wall and South of Cawburn, Northumberland, England. Hadrian's Wall was built 73 miles across Britannia, now England, 122-128 AD, under the reign of Emperor Hadrian, ruled 117-138, to mark the Northern extent of the Roman Empire and guard against barbarian attacks from the Picts to the North. The wall was fortified with milecastles with 2 turrets in between, and a fort about every 5 Roman miles. This section of the Wall is in the Northumberland National Park, managed by English Heritage, and the Hadrian's Wall Path, an 84-mile coast to coast long distance footpath, runs alongside it, along with the Pennine Way. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC16_ENGLAND_MC_117.jpg
  • Roman leather carbatina shoe (made from a single piece of leather) with decorative lace holes, thrown away into the ditches surrounding the fort at Vindolanda, in the Vindolanda Museum, Hadrian's Wall, Northumberland, England. Over 4000 pieces of footwear have been excavated here. The fort ditches were used as a rubbish dump, where the soft black ditch silt covered by water created a perfect environment for preservation. Hadrian's Wall was built 73 miles across Britannia, now England, 122-128 AD, under the reign of Emperor Hadrian, ruled 117-138, to mark the Northern extent of the Roman Empire and guard against barbarian attacks from the Picts to the North. The Vindolanda Museum is run by the Vindolanda Charitable Trust and forms part of the Hadrian's Wall UNESCO World Heritage Site. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC16_ENGLAND_MC_156.jpg
  • Model of a Roman legionary infantry soldier wearing plate armour with a shield, dagger, spear and helmet, in the Roman Army Museum, Hadrian's Wall, Northumberland, England. A legionary would wear a woollen tunic and iron body armour, with rim around his helmet to protect the head from sword blows. Hadrian's Wall was built 73 miles across Britannia, now England, 122-128 AD, under the reign of Emperor Hadrian, ruled 117-138, to mark the Northern extent of the Roman Empire and guard against barbarian attacks from the Picts to the North. The Roman Army Museum at Carvoran fort is run by the Vindolanda Charitable Trust and forms part of the Hadrian's Wall UNESCO World Heritage Site. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC16_ENGLAND_MC_151.jpg
  • Model of a Roman centurion, an army officer in charge of the manoeuvres, conduct and training of a century of 80 men, wearing a plumed helmet and chainmail, in the Roman Army Museum, Hadrian's Wall, Northumberland, England. A centurion would wear a sideways horsehair crest on his helmet, a chainmail shirt over a leather doublet and a cloak on his back, with a sword and dagger at his belt. Hadrian's Wall was built 73 miles across Britannia, now England, 122-128 AD, under the reign of Emperor Hadrian, ruled 117-138, to mark the Northern extent of the Roman Empire and guard against barbarian attacks from the Picts to the North. The Roman Army Museum at Carvoran fort is run by the Vindolanda Charitable Trust and forms part of the Hadrian's Wall UNESCO World Heritage Site. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC16_ENGLAND_MC_150.jpg
  • Roman cavalryman's leather shoe with lace holes, used to give grip when riding at high speed, in the Roman Army Museum, Hadrian's Wall, Northumberland, England. Hadrian's Wall was built 73 miles across Britannia, now England, 122-128 AD, under the reign of Emperor Hadrian, ruled 117-138, to mark the Northern extent of the Roman Empire and guard against barbarian attacks from the Picts to the North. The Roman Army Museum at Carvoran fort is run by the Vindolanda Charitable Trust and forms part of the Hadrian's Wall UNESCO World Heritage Site. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC16_ENGLAND_MC_148.jpg
  • Illustration of a Roman auxiliary soldier from the Hadrian era, 125 AD, by Nick Hardcastle, at the Housesteads Roman Fort Museum, Hadrian's Wall, Northumberland, England. An auxiliary would wear a chainmail coat and iron helmet, with a long sword and spear and oval wooden shield, enclosed boots like those found at Vindolanda, and close-fitting trousers. 10 centuries of auxiliary soldiers were based at Housesteads Fort. Hadrian's Wall was built 73 miles across Britannia, now England, 122-128 AD, under the reign of Emperor Hadrian, ruled 117-138, to mark the Northern extent of the Roman Empire and guard against barbarian attacks from the Picts to the North. The Housesteads Roman Fort Museum is run by English Heritage and forms part of the Hadrian's Wall UNESCO World Heritage Site. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC16_ENGLAND_MC_145.jpg
  • Detail of a Roman carved stone depicting the genii cucullati, 3 spirits wearing hooded cloaks, commonly worshipped across Northern Europe, possibly in connection with fertility, found in the alcove of a small family shrine in the vicus, the civilian settlement outside of the fort, at the Housesteads Roman Fort Museum, Hadrian's Wall, Northumberland, England. Hadrian's Wall was built 73 miles across Britannia, now England, 122-128 AD, under the reign of Emperor Hadrian, ruled 117-138, to mark the Northern extent of the Roman Empire and guard against barbarian attacks from the Picts to the North. The Housesteads Roman Fort Museum is run by English Heritage and forms part of the Hadrian's Wall UNESCO World Heritage Site. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC16_ENGLAND_MC_132.jpg
  • Housesteads Roman Fort (right), built in 124 AD, and Hadrian's Wall looking East, Northumberland, England. Housesteads is the most complete Roman fort in Britain, built by legionaries to house 10 centuries of auxiliary soldiers based on the frontier. Hadrian's Wall was built 73 miles across Britannia, now England, 122-128 AD, under the reign of Emperor Hadrian, ruled 117-138, to mark the Northern extent of the Roman Empire and guard against barbarian attacks from the Picts to the North. The wall was fortified with milecastles with 2 turrets in between, and a fort about every 5 Roman miles. This section of the Wall is in the Northumberland National Park, managed by the National Trust, and the Hadrian's Wall Path, an 84-mile coast to coast long distance footpath, runs alongside it. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC16_ENGLAND_MC_126.jpg
  • Section of Hadrian's Wall East of Cawfields Wall and South of Cawburn, with holes for sheep to pass through, Northumberland, England. Hadrian's Wall was built 73 miles across Britannia, now England, 122-128 AD, under the reign of Emperor Hadrian, ruled 117-138, to mark the Northern extent of the Roman Empire and guard against barbarian attacks from the Picts to the North. The wall was fortified with milecastles with 2 turrets in between, and a fort about every 5 Roman miles. This section of the Wall is in the Northumberland National Park, managed by English Heritage, and the Hadrian's Wall Path, an 84-mile coast to coast long distance footpath, runs alongside it, along with the Pennine Way. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC16_ENGLAND_MC_109.jpg
  • Sycamore Gap on Hadrian's Wall, Northumberland, England, a scene immortalised in the 1991 film, Robin Hood Prince of Thieves. Hadrian's Wall was built 73 miles across Britannia, now England, 122-128 AD, under the reign of Emperor Hadrian, ruled 117-138, to mark the Northern extent of the Roman Empire and guard against barbarian attacks from the Picts to the North. The wall was fortified with milecastles with 2 turrets in between, and a fort about every 5 Roman miles. This section of the Wall is in the Northumberland National Park, managed by the National Trust, and the Hadrian's Wall Path, an 84-mile coast to coast long distance footpath, runs alongside it, together with a section of the Pennine Way. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC16_ENGLAND_MC_107.jpg
  • Hadrian's Wall at Walltown Crags, Northumberland, England. Hadrian's Wall was built 73 miles across Britannia, now England, 122-128 AD, under the reign of Emperor Hadrian, ruled 117-138, to mark the Northern extent of the Roman Empire and guard against barbarian attacks from the Picts to the North. The wall was fortified with milecastles with 2 turrets in between, and a fort about every 5 Roman miles. This section of the Wall is in the Northumberland National Park, managed by English Heritage, and the Hadrian's Wall Path, an 84-mile coast to coast long distance footpath, runs alongside it, together with a section of the Pennine Way. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC16_ENGLAND_MC_100.jpg
  • Hadrian's Wall at Walltown Crags, Northumberland, England. Hadrian's Wall was built 73 miles across Britannia, now England, 122-128 AD, under the reign of Emperor Hadrian, ruled 117-138, to mark the Northern extent of the Roman Empire and guard against barbarian attacks from the Picts to the North. The wall was fortified with milecastles with 2 turrets in between, and a fort about every 5 Roman miles. This section of the Wall is in the Northumberland National Park, managed by English Heritage, and the Hadrian's Wall Path, an 84-mile coast to coast long distance footpath, runs alongside it, together with a section of the Pennine Way. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC16_ENGLAND_MC_098.jpg
  • Hadrian's Wall at Walltown Crags, Northumberland, England. Hadrian's Wall was built 73 miles across Britannia, now England, 122-128 AD, under the reign of Emperor Hadrian, ruled 117-138, to mark the Northern extent of the Roman Empire and guard against barbarian attacks from the Picts to the North. The wall was fortified with milecastles with 2 turrets in between, and a fort about every 5 Roman miles. This section of the Wall is in the Northumberland National Park, managed by English Heritage, and the Hadrian's Wall Path, an 84-mile coast to coast long distance footpath, runs alongside it, together with a section of the Pennine Way. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC16_ENGLAND_MC_095.jpg
  • Section of Hadrian’s Wall rebuilt in stone from Birdoswald Roman Fort to Harrow’s Scar, Cumbria, England. Hadrian's Wall was built 73 miles across Britannia, now England, 122-128 AD, under the reign of Emperor Hadrian, ruled 117-138, to mark the Northern extent of the Roman Empire and guard against barbarian attacks from the Picts to the North. The wall was fortified with milecastles with 2 turrets in between, and a fort about every 5 Roman miles. This section of the Wall is managed by English Heritage, and the Hadrian's Wall Path, an 84-mile coast to coast long distance footpath, runs alongside it. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC16_ENGLAND_MC_092.jpg
  • Section of Hadrian’s Wall rebuilt in stone from Birdoswald Roman Fort to Harrow’s Scar, Cumbria, England. Hadrian's Wall was built 73 miles across Britannia, now England, 122-128 AD, under the reign of Emperor Hadrian, ruled 117-138, to mark the Northern extent of the Roman Empire and guard against barbarian attacks from the Picts to the North. The wall was fortified with milecastles with 2 turrets in between, and a fort about every 5 Roman miles. This section of the Wall is managed by English Heritage, and the Hadrian's Wall Path, an 84-mile coast to coast long distance footpath, runs alongside it. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC16_ENGLAND_MC_089.jpg
  • Granaries or Horrea, built 205-8 AD by Hadrian’s own first cohort of Dacians under commanding officer Aurelius Julianus, at Birdoswald Roman Fort, on Hadrian's Wall, Cumbria, England. Hadrian's Wall was built 73 miles across Britannia, now England, 122-128 AD, under the reign of Emperor Hadrian, ruled 117-138, to mark the Northern extent of the Roman Empire and guard against barbarian attacks from the Picts to the North. The wall was fortified with milecastles with 2 turrets in between, and a fort about every 5 Roman miles. This fort is managed by English Heritage, and the Hadrian's Wall Path, an 84-mile coast to coast long distance footpath, runs alongside the Wall. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC16_ENGLAND_MC_087.jpg
  • Section of Hadrian's Wall between Steel Rigg Car Park and Windshields wall, Northumberland, England. Hadrian's Wall was built 73 miles across Britannia, now England, 122-128 AD, under the reign of Emperor Hadrian, ruled 117-138, to mark the Northern extent of the Roman Empire and guard against barbarian attacks from the Picts to the North. The wall was fortified with milecastles with 2 turrets in between, and a fort about every 5 Roman miles. This section of the Wall is in the Northumberland National Park, managed by the National Trust, and the Hadrian's Wall Path, an 84-mile coast to coast long distance footpath, runs alongside it, together with a section of the Pennine Way. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC16_ENGLAND_MC_083.jpg
  • Section of Hadrian's Wall between Steel Rigg Car Park and Windshields wall, Northumberland, England. Hadrian's Wall was built 73 miles across Britannia, now England, 122-128 AD, under the reign of Emperor Hadrian, ruled 117-138, to mark the Northern extent of the Roman Empire and guard against barbarian attacks from the Picts to the North. The wall was fortified with milecastles with 2 turrets in between, and a fort about every 5 Roman miles. This section of the Wall is in the Northumberland National Park, managed by the National Trust, and the Hadrian's Wall Path, an 84-mile coast to coast long distance footpath, runs alongside it, together with a section of the Pennine Way. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC16_ENGLAND_MC_082.jpg
  • Sycamore Gap on Hadrian's Wall, Northumberland, England, a scene immortalised in the 1991 film, Robin Hood Prince of Thieves. Hadrian's Wall was built 73 miles across Britannia, now England, 122-128 AD, under the reign of Emperor Hadrian, ruled 117-138, to mark the Northern extent of the Roman Empire and guard against barbarian attacks from the Picts to the North. The wall was fortified with milecastles with 2 turrets in between, and a fort about every 5 Roman miles. This section of the Wall is in the Northumberland National Park, managed by the National Trust, and the Hadrian's Wall Path, an 84-mile coast to coast long distance footpath, runs alongside it, together with a section of the Pennine Way. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC16_ENGLAND_MC_077.jpg
  • Section of Hadrian's Wall East of Cawfields Wall, Northumberland, England. Hadrian's Wall was built 73 miles across Britannia, now England, 122-128 AD, under the reign of Emperor Hadrian, ruled 117-138, to mark the Northern extent of the Roman Empire and guard against barbarian attacks from the Picts to the North. The wall was fortified with milecastles with 2 turrets in between, and a fort about every 5 Roman miles. This section of the Wall is in the Northumberland National Park, managed by English Heritage, and the Hadrian's Wall Path, an 84-mile coast to coast long distance footpath, runs alongside it, along with the Pennine Way. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC16_ENGLAND_MC_074.jpg
  • Section of Hadrian's Wall East of Cawfields Wall, Northumberland, England. Hadrian's Wall was built 73 miles across Britannia, now England, 122-128 AD, under the reign of Emperor Hadrian, ruled 117-138, to mark the Northern extent of the Roman Empire and guard against barbarian attacks from the Picts to the North. The wall was fortified with milecastles with 2 turrets in between, and a fort about every 5 Roman miles. This section of the Wall is in the Northumberland National Park, managed by English Heritage, and the Hadrian's Wall Path, an 84-mile coast to coast long distance footpath, runs alongside it, along with the Pennine Way. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC16_ENGLAND_MC_072.jpg
  • Sycamore Gap, a scene immortalised in the 1991 film, Robin Hood Prince of Thieves, on Hadrian's Wall (looking West to Steel Rigg), Northumberland, England. Hadrian's Wall was built 73 miles across Britannia, now England, 122-128 AD, under the reign of Emperor Hadrian, ruled 117-138, to mark the Northern extent of the Roman Empire and guard against barbarian attacks from the Picts to the North. The wall was fortified with milecastles with 2 turrets in between, and a fort about every 5 Roman miles. This section of the Wall is in the Northumberland National Park, managed by the National Trust, and the Hadrian's Wall Path, an 84-mile coast to coast long distance footpath, runs alongside it, together with a section of the Pennine Way. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC16_ENGLAND_MC_071.jpg
  • Section of Hadrian's Wall East of Cawfields Wall, Northumberland, England. Hadrian's Wall was built 73 miles across Britannia, now England, 122-128 AD, under the reign of Emperor Hadrian, ruled 117-138, to mark the Northern extent of the Roman Empire and guard against barbarian attacks from the Picts to the North. The wall was fortified with milecastles with 2 turrets in between, and a fort about every 5 Roman miles. This section of the Wall is in the Northumberland National Park, managed by English Heritage, and the Hadrian's Wall Path, an 84-mile coast to coast long distance footpath, runs alongside it, along with the Pennine Way. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC16_ENGLAND_MC_069.jpg
  • Section of Hadrian's Wall between Steel Rigg Car Park and Windshields wall, Northumberland, England. Hadrian's Wall was built 73 miles across Britannia, now England, 122-128 AD, under the reign of Emperor Hadrian, ruled 117-138, to mark the Northern extent of the Roman Empire and guard against barbarian attacks from the Picts to the North. The wall was fortified with milecastles with 2 turrets in between, and a fort about every 5 Roman miles. This section of the Wall is in the Northumberland National Park, managed by the National Trust, and the Hadrian's Wall Path, an 84-mile coast to coast long distance footpath, runs alongside it, together with a section of the Pennine Way. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC16_ENGLAND_MC_064.jpg
  • Section of Hadrian's Wall at Stanegate, and Greenlee Lough National Nature Reserve on the left, Northumberland, England. Hadrian's Wall was built 73 miles across Britannia, now England, 122-128 AD, under the reign of Emperor Hadrian, ruled 117-138, to mark the Northern extent of the Roman Empire and guard against barbarian attacks from the Picts to the North. The wall was fortified with milecastles with 2 turrets in between, and a fort about every 5 Roman miles. This section of the Wall is in the Northumberland National Park, managed by the National Trust, and the Hadrian's Wall Path, an 84-mile coast to coast long distance footpath, runs alongside it, together with a section of the Pennine Way. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC16_ENGLAND_MC_058.jpg
  • Section of Hadrian's Wall between Steel Rigg Car Park and Windshields wall, Northumberland, England. Hadrian's Wall was built 73 miles across Britannia, now England, 122-128 AD, under the reign of Emperor Hadrian, ruled 117-138, to mark the Northern extent of the Roman Empire and guard against barbarian attacks from the Picts to the North. The wall was fortified with milecastles with 2 turrets in between, and a fort about every 5 Roman miles. This section of the Wall is in the Northumberland National Park, managed by the National Trust, and the Hadrian's Wall Path, an 84-mile coast to coast long distance footpath, runs alongside it, together with a section of the Pennine Way. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC16_ENGLAND_MC_038.jpg
  • Roman tombstone with carving of a Roman cavalryman triumphing over a naked barbarian, 1st century AD, in the Roman Frontier Gallery at the Tullie House Museum and Art Gallery, Carlisle, Cumbria, England. This type of tombstone probably originated in the Rhineland and arrived in Britan with the invading army. The tombstone was excavated at Corbridge and commemorates Flavinus, who was a trooper with the Ala Petrine, which was later to become the garrison at Stanwix, just North of Carlisle. This is a replica on loan from the Great North Museum, Newcastle upon Tyne, the original being in Hexham Abbey. This gallery houses a permanent exhibition entitled 'The Roman Frontier: stories beyond Hadrian's Wall', with exhibits excavated along the Wall and others on loan from the British Museum. Hadrian's Wall was built 73 miles across Britannia, now England, 122-128 AD, under the reign of Emperor Hadrian, ruled 117-138, to mark the Northern extent of the Roman Empire and guard against barbarian attacks from the Picts to the North. The wall was fortified with milecastles with 2 turrets in between, and a fort about every 5 Roman miles. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC16_ENGLAND_MC_023.jpg
  • Section of Hadrian's Wall to the West of Windshields Wall, looking towards Crag Lough and Highshield Crags, Northumberland, England. Hadrian's Wall was built 73 miles across Britannia, now England, 122-128 AD, under the reign of Emperor Hadrian, ruled 117-138, to mark the Northern extent of the Roman Empire and guard against barbarian attacks from the Picts to the North. The wall was fortified with milecastles with 2 turrets in between, and a fort about every 5 Roman miles. This section of the Wall is in the Northumberland National Park, managed by the National Trust, and the Hadrian's Wall Path, an 84-mile coast to coast long distance footpath, runs alongside it, together with a section of the Pennine Way. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC16_ENGLAND_MC_013.jpg
  • Roman stone tombstone of Titus Annius, with carved inscriptions, in the Vindolanda Museum, Hadrian's Wall, Northumberland, England. Inscriptions on objects found at Vindolanda are deciphered by Dr Robin Birley and Prof Anthony Birley, before Dr Tomlin produces an official recording in the next volume of 'Britannia'. Hadrian's Wall was built 73 miles across Britannia, now England, 122-128 AD, under the reign of Emperor Hadrian, ruled 117-138, to mark the Northern extent of the Roman Empire and guard against barbarian attacks from the Picts to the North. The Vindolanda Museum is run by the Vindolanda Charitable Trust and forms part of the Hadrian's Wall UNESCO World Heritage Site. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC16_ENGLAND_MC_011.jpg
  • Section of Hadrian's Wall to the West of Windshields Wall, Northumberland, England. Hadrian's Wall was built 73 miles across Britannia, now England, 122-128 AD, under the reign of Emperor Hadrian, ruled 117-138, to mark the Northern extent of the Roman Empire and guard against barbarian attacks from the Picts to the North. The wall was fortified with milecastles with 2 turrets in between, and a fort about every 5 Roman miles. This section of the Wall is in the Northumberland National Park, managed by the National Trust, and the Hadrian's Wall Path, an 84-mile coast to coast long distance footpath, runs alongside it, together with a section of the Pennine Way. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC16_ENGLAND_MC_008.jpg
  • Roman stone carving of a running animal, possibly a dog, in the Vindolanda Museum, Hadrian's Wall, Northumberland, England. The Roman army at Vindolanda included many skilled stonemasons amongst its troops, who had ample work given the regular demolition and rebuilding of the fort. They constructed buildings from locally quarried stone, including the headquarters or principia and commanding officer’s house or praetorian. Hadrian's Wall was built 73 miles across Britannia, now England, 122-128 AD, under the reign of Emperor Hadrian, ruled 117-138, to mark the Northern extent of the Roman Empire and guard against barbarian attacks from the Picts to the North. The Vindolanda Museum is run by the Vindolanda Charitable Trust and forms part of the Hadrian's Wall UNESCO World Heritage Site. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC16_ENGLAND_MC_004.jpg
  • Section of Hadrian's Wall to the West of Windshields Wall, Northumberland, England. Hadrian's Wall was built 73 miles across Britannia, now England, 122-128 AD, under the reign of Emperor Hadrian, ruled 117-138, to mark the Northern extent of the Roman Empire and guard against barbarian attacks from the Picts to the North. The wall was fortified with milecastles with 2 turrets in between, and a fort about every 5 Roman miles. This section of the Wall is in the Northumberland National Park, managed by the National Trust, and the Hadrian's Wall Path, an 84-mile coast to coast long distance footpath, runs alongside it, together with a section of the Pennine Way. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC16_ENGLAND_MC_006.jpg
  • Roman cavalryman trampling Caledonians, detail from the Bridgeness Stone, or Bridgeness Distance Slab, c. 142 AD, a Roman carved stone with inscription recording the section of the Antonine Wall (built across the width of Scotland) built by the Second Augustan Legion, found in 1868 at Bo'Ness, at the Tullie House Museum and Art Gallery, Carlisle, Cumbria, England. This is a copy of the original stone, which is in the National Museum of Antiquities of Scotland. Carlisle sits at the Western end of Hadrian's Wall. Hadrian's Wall was built 73 miles across Britannia, now England, 122-128 AD, under the reign of Emperor Hadrian, ruled 117-138, to mark the Northern extent of the Roman Empire and guard against barbarian attacks from the Picts to the North. The wall was fortified with milecastles with 2 turrets in between, and a fort about every 5 Roman miles. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC17_ENGLAND_MC_228.JPG
  • Sacrifice of a bull, ram and boar by the legion to the Roman gods for their victory, with a musician playing the aulos and a man pouring libation on an altar, detail from the Bridgeness Stone, or Bridgeness Distance Slab, c. 142 AD, a Roman carved stone with inscription recording the section of the Antonine Wall (built across the width of Scotland) built by the Second Augustan Legion, found in 1868 at Bo'Ness, at the Tullie House Museum and Art Gallery, Carlisle, Cumbria, England. This is a copy of the original stone, which is in the National Museum of Antiquities of Scotland. Carlisle sits at the Western end of Hadrian's Wall. Hadrian's Wall was built 73 miles across Britannia, now England, 122-128 AD, under the reign of Emperor Hadrian, ruled 117-138, to mark the Northern extent of the Roman Empire and guard against barbarian attacks from the Picts to the North. The wall was fortified with milecastles with 2 turrets in between, and a fort about every 5 Roman miles. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC17_ENGLAND_MC_227.JPG
  • Royal Courts of Justice, or Law Courts, designed in Gothic Revival style by George Edmund Street, 1824-81, built 1873-82 and opened in 1882 by Queen Victoria, seen from the Strand, in Temple, London, England, UK. The building houses the High Court and Court of Appeal of England and Wales. On the left is the statue of Samuel Johnson, 1709-84, by Percy Hetherington Fitzgerald, 1834-1925. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC17_ENGLAND_MC_142.jpg
  • Spires and pinnacles of the Royal Courts of Justice, or Law Courts, designed in Gothic Revival style by George Edmund Street, 1824-81, built 1873-82 and opened in 1882 by Queen Victoria, seen from the Strand, in Temple, London, England, UK. The building houses the High Court and Court of Appeal of England and Wales. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC17_ENGLAND_MC_143.jpg
  • Royal Courts of Justice, or Law Courts, designed in Gothic Revival style by George Edmund Street, 1824-81, built 1873-82 and opened in 1882 by Queen Victoria, seen from the Strand, in Temple, London, England, UK. The building houses the High Court and Court of Appeal of England and Wales. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC17_ENGLAND_MC_146.jpg
  • Royal Courts of Justice, or Law Courts, designed in Gothic Revival style by George Edmund Street, 1824-81, built 1873-82 and opened in 1882 by Queen Victoria, seen from the Strand, in Temple, London, England, UK. The building houses the High Court and Court of Appeal of England and Wales. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC17_ENGLAND_MC_169.jpg
  • Royal Courts of Justice, or Law Courts, designed in Gothic Revival style by George Edmund Street, 1824-81, built 1873-82 and opened in 1882 by Queen Victoria, seen from the Strand, in Temple, London, England, UK. The building houses the High Court and Court of Appeal of England and Wales. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC17_ENGLAND_MC_170.JPG
  • Granary or horreum, used to store the huge quantities of food required by hundreds of soldiers, with strong buttressed stone walls with air vents, an overhanging roof to keep rain away and raised floors to allow air circulation, at Housesteads Roman Fort, on Hadrian's Wall, Northumberland, England. The granary is on the highest, driest part of the fort, and had 2 storeys with a roof supported on a row of 6 pillars. 2 entrances faced an open area for easy unloading and turning of carts. This building was later modified into 2, visible today, each with its own roof. Housesteads Fort was built in 124 AD and is the most complete Roman fort in Britain, built by legionaries to house 10 centuries of auxiliary soldiers based on the frontier. Hadrian's Wall was built 73 miles across Britannia, now England, 122-128 AD, under the reign of Emperor Hadrian, ruled 117-138, to mark the Northern extent of the Roman Empire and guard against barbarian attacks from the Picts to the North. The wall was fortified with milecastles with 2 turrets in between, and a fort about every 5 Roman miles. This section of the Wall is in the Northumberland National Park, managed by the National Trust, and the Hadrian's Wall Path, an 84-mile coast to coast long distance footpath, runs alongside it. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC16_ENGLAND_MC_120.jpg
  • Communal Latrine for up to 800 men, with a deep sewer, originally covered with a wooden floor and benches with holes to form multiple toilet seats, at Housesteads Roman Fort, on Hadrian's Wall, Northumberland, England. The sewer was flushed by rainwater via drains, and out via a culvert under the fort wall. In dry weather, rainwater was collected from roofs of nearby buildings and stored in stone tanks seen here. The central platform has a channel along which water flowed for washing. For toilet paper, the soldiers may have used moss, bracken or rags. Housesteads Fort was built in 124 AD and is the most complete Roman fort in Britain, built by legionaries to house 10 centuries of auxiliary soldiers based on the frontier. Hadrian's Wall was built 73 miles across Britannia, now England, 122-128 AD, under the reign of Emperor Hadrian, ruled 117-138, to mark the Northern extent of the Roman Empire and guard against barbarian attacks from the Picts to the North. The wall was fortified with milecastles with 2 turrets in between, and a fort about every 5 Roman miles. This section of the Wall is in the Northumberland National Park, managed by the National Trust, and the Hadrian's Wall Path, an 84-mile coast to coast long distance footpath, runs alongside it. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC16_ENGLAND_MC_119.jpg
  • Section of Hadrian's Wall East of Cawfields Wall and South of Cawburn, Northumberland, England. Hadrian's Wall was built 73 miles across Britannia, now England, 122-128 AD, under the reign of Emperor Hadrian, ruled 117-138, to mark the Northern extent of the Roman Empire and guard against barbarian attacks from the Picts to the North. The wall was fortified with milecastles with 2 turrets in between, and a fort about every 5 Roman miles. This section of the Wall is in the Northumberland National Park, managed by English Heritage, and the Hadrian's Wall Path, an 84-mile coast to coast long distance footpath, runs alongside it, along with the Pennine Way. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC16_ENGLAND_MC_118.jpg
  • Section of Hadrian's Wall East of Cawfields Wall and South of Cawburn, with stone gateposts, Northumberland, England. Hadrian's Wall was built 73 miles across Britannia, now England, 122-128 AD, under the reign of Emperor Hadrian, ruled 117-138, to mark the Northern extent of the Roman Empire and guard against barbarian attacks from the Picts to the North. The wall was fortified with milecastles with 2 turrets in between, and a fort about every 5 Roman miles. This section of the Wall is in the Northumberland National Park, managed by English Heritage, and the Hadrian's Wall Path, an 84-mile coast to coast long distance footpath, runs alongside it, along with the Pennine Way. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC16_ENGLAND_MC_116.jpg
  • Section of Hadrian's Wall East of Cawfields Wall and South of Cawburn, Northumberland, England. Hadrian's Wall was built 73 miles across Britannia, now England, 122-128 AD, under the reign of Emperor Hadrian, ruled 117-138, to mark the Northern extent of the Roman Empire and guard against barbarian attacks from the Picts to the North. The wall was fortified with milecastles with 2 turrets in between, and a fort about every 5 Roman miles. This section of the Wall is in the Northumberland National Park, managed by English Heritage, and the Hadrian's Wall Path, an 84-mile coast to coast long distance footpath, runs alongside it, along with the Pennine Way. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC16_ENGLAND_MC_115.jpg
  • Pair of Roman leather shoes with studded soles, belonging to a man and thrown away in good condition into the ditches surrounding the fort at Vindolanda, in the Vindolanda Museum, Hadrian's Wall, Northumberland, England. Over 4000 pieces of footwear have been excavated here, but this is the only pair. The fort ditches were used as a rubbish dump, where the soft black ditch silt covered by water created a perfect environment for preservation. Hadrian's Wall was built 73 miles across Britannia, now England, 122-128 AD, under the reign of Emperor Hadrian, ruled 117-138, to mark the Northern extent of the Roman Empire and guard against barbarian attacks from the Picts to the North. The Vindolanda Museum is run by the Vindolanda Charitable Trust and forms part of the Hadrian's Wall UNESCO World Heritage Site. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC16_ENGLAND_MC_159.jpg
  • Roman leather shoe with a studded sole, thrown away into the ditches surrounding the fort at Vindolanda, in the Vindolanda Museum, Hadrian's Wall, Northumberland, England. Over 4000 pieces of footwear have been excavated here. The fort ditches were used as a rubbish dump, where the soft black ditch silt covered by water created a perfect environment for preservation. Hadrian's Wall was built 73 miles across Britannia, now England, 122-128 AD, under the reign of Emperor Hadrian, ruled 117-138, to mark the Northern extent of the Roman Empire and guard against barbarian attacks from the Picts to the North. The Vindolanda Museum is run by the Vindolanda Charitable Trust and forms part of the Hadrian's Wall UNESCO World Heritage Site. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC16_ENGLAND_MC_158.jpg
  • Roman carbatina shoe made from a single piece of leather, thrown away into the ditches surrounding the fort at Vindolanda, in the Vindolanda Museum, Hadrian's Wall, Northumberland, England. Over 4000 pieces of footwear have been excavated here. The fort ditches were used as a rubbish dump, where the soft black ditch silt covered by water created a perfect environment for preservation. Hadrian's Wall was built 73 miles across Britannia, now England, 122-128 AD, under the reign of Emperor Hadrian, ruled 117-138, to mark the Northern extent of the Roman Empire and guard against barbarian attacks from the Picts to the North. The Vindolanda Museum is run by the Vindolanda Charitable Trust and forms part of the Hadrian's Wall UNESCO World Heritage Site. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC16_ENGLAND_MC_157.jpg
  • Roman leather carbatina shoe (made from a single piece of leather) with lattice pattern, thrown away into the ditches surrounding the fort at Vindolanda, in the Vindolanda Museum, Hadrian's Wall, Northumberland, England. Over 4000 pieces of footwear have been excavated here. The fort ditches were used as a rubbish dump, where the soft black ditch silt covered by water created a perfect environment for preservation. Hadrian's Wall was built 73 miles Britannia, now England, 122-128 AD, under the reign of Emperor Hadrian, ruled 117-138, to mark the Northern extent of the Roman Empire and guard against barbarian attacks from the Picts to the North. The Vindolanda Museum is run by the Vindolanda Charitable Trust and forms part of the Hadrian's Wall UNESCO World Heritage Site. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC16_ENGLAND_MC_155.jpg
  • Roman leather carbatina shoe (made from a single piece of leather) with decorative lace holes, thrown away into the ditches surrounding the fort at Vindolanda, in the Vindolanda Museum, Hadrian's Wall, Northumberland, England. Over 4000 pieces of footwear have been excavated here. The fort ditches were used as a rubbish dump, where the soft black ditch silt covered by water created a perfect environment for preservation. Hadrian's Wall was built 73 miles across Britannia, now England, 122-128 AD, under the reign of Emperor Hadrian, ruled 117-138, to mark the Northern extent of the Roman Empire and guard against barbarian attacks from the Picts to the North. The Vindolanda Museum is run by the Vindolanda Charitable Trust and forms part of the Hadrian's Wall UNESCO World Heritage Site. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC16_ENGLAND_MC_154.jpg
  • Model of a Roman auxiliary soldier, a non-citizen from conquered lands recruited and fighting for Rome, in the Roman Army Museum, Hadrian's Wall, Northumberland, England. Auxiliaries were often hired due to specific fighting skills and were employed to fight in countries other than their homeland. Auxiliaries wore a chainmail shirt over a tunic, leather or woollen trousers, a helmet and a large oval shield made from leather or wood. Hadrian's Wall was built 73 miles across Britannia, now England, 122-128 AD, under the reign of Emperor Hadrian, ruled 117-138, to mark the Northern extent of the Roman Empire and guard against barbarian attacks from the Picts to the North. The Roman Army Museum at Carvoran fort is run by the Vindolanda Charitable Trust and forms part of the Hadrian's Wall UNESCO World Heritage Site. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC16_ENGLAND_MC_152.jpg
  • Illustration of a Bath House on Hadrian’s Wall, in the Roman Army Museum, Hadrian's Wall, Northumberland, England. Bath houses were places of leisure and entertainment, where soldiers and their families could bathe, meet, take part in games and sports and purchase food and drink. Above the boiler room, the bathing area consists of a changing room or apodyterium, cold room or frigidarium, warm room or tepidarium, hot dry room or laconicum and hot steam room or caldarium. Hadrian's Wall was built 73 miles across Britannia, now England, 122-128 AD, under the reign of Emperor Hadrian, ruled 117-138, to mark the Northern extent of the Roman Empire and guard against barbarian attacks from the Picts to the North. The Roman Army Museum at Carvoran fort is run by the Vindolanda Charitable Trust and forms part of the Hadrian's Wall UNESCO World Heritage Site. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC16_ENGLAND_MC_153.jpg
  • Model of a Roman centurion, an army officer in charge of the manoeuvres, conduct and training of a century of 80 men, wearing a plumed helmet and chainmail, in the Roman Army Museum, Hadrian's Wall, Northumberland, England. A centurion would wear a sideways horsehair crest on his helmet, a chainmail shirt over a leather doublet and a cloak on his back, with a sword and dagger at his belt. Hadrian's Wall was built 73 miles across Britannia, now England, 122-128 AD, under the reign of Emperor Hadrian, ruled 117-138, to mark the Northern extent of the Roman Empire and guard against barbarian attacks from the Picts to the North. The Roman Army Museum at Carvoran fort is run by the Vindolanda Charitable Trust and forms part of the Hadrian's Wall UNESCO World Heritage Site. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC16_ENGLAND_MC_149.jpg
  • Illustration of the chalet barracks at Housesteads Roman fort on Hadrian's Wall in the 4th century AD, by Philip Corke, at the Housesteads Roman Fort Museum, Hadrian's Wall, Northumberland, England. Housesteads Fort was built in 124 AD and is the most complete Roman fort in Britain, built by legionaries to house 10 centuries of auxiliary soldiers based on the frontier. Around 300 AD, the communal barracks at the fort were demolished and replaced with chalet style houses for each soldier. Hadrian's Wall was built 73 miles across Britannia, now England, 122-128 AD, under the reign of Emperor Hadrian, ruled 117-138, to mark the Northern extent of the Roman Empire and guard against barbarian attacks from the Picts to the North. The Housesteads Roman Fort Museum is run by English Heritage and forms part of the Hadrian's Wall UNESCO World Heritage Site. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC16_ENGLAND_MC_147.jpg
  • Model of Housesteads Roman fort on Hadrian's Wall, at the Housesteads Roman Fort Museum, Hadrian's Wall, Northumberland, England. The fort is rectangular, with the main administrative buildings in the centre, and barracks, stables and workshops at either side. Housesteads Fort was built in 124 AD and is the most complete Roman fort in Britain, built by legionaries to house 10 centuries of auxiliary soldiers based on the frontier. Hadrian's Wall was built 73 miles across Britannia, now England, 122-128 AD, under the reign of Emperor Hadrian, ruled 117-138, to mark the Northern extent of the Roman Empire and guard against barbarian attacks from the Picts to the North. The Housesteads Roman Fort Museum is run by English Heritage and forms part of the Hadrian's Wall UNESCO World Heritage Site. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC16_ENGLAND_MC_146.jpg
  • Model of Housesteads Roman fort on Hadrian's Wall, at the Housesteads Roman Fort Museum, Hadrian's Wall, Northumberland, England. The fort is rectangular, with the main administrative buildings in the centre, and barracks, stables and workshops at either side. Housesteads Fort was built in 124 AD and is the most complete Roman fort in Britain, built by legionaries to house 10 centuries of auxiliary soldiers based on the frontier. Hadrian's Wall was built 73 miles across Britannia, now England, 122-128 AD, under the reign of Emperor Hadrian, ruled 117-138, to mark the Northern extent of the Roman Empire and guard against barbarian attacks from the Picts to the North. The Housesteads Roman Fort Museum is run by English Heritage and forms part of the Hadrian's Wall UNESCO World Heritage Site. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC16_ENGLAND_MC_144.jpg
  • Roman window head carved with stylised wheels or rosettes, at the Housesteads Roman Fort Museum, Hadrian's Wall, Northumberland, England. Many decorative window heads have been found at Housesteads, with abstract and geometric designs aswell as classical motifs. Housesteads Fort was built in 124 AD and is the most complete Roman fort in Britain, built by legionaries to house 10 centuries of auxiliary soldiers based on the frontier. Hadrian's Wall was built 73 miles across Britannia, now England, 122-128 AD, under the reign of Emperor Hadrian, ruled 117-138, to mark the Northern extent of the Roman Empire and guard against barbarian attacks from the Picts to the North. The Housesteads Roman Fort Museum is run by English Heritage and forms part of the Hadrian's Wall UNESCO World Heritage Site. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC16_ENGLAND_MC_143.jpg
  • Roman sculpture of the Matres or mother-goddesses seated on a bench, wearing tunics and holding cups and possibly fruit, at the Housesteads Roman Fort Museum, Hadrian's Wall, Northumberland, England. Popular on Hadrian’s Wall, the Matres Cult is a military cult originating in Germany. It is thought there was a Matres temple near Knag Burn and 9 Matres sculptures have been found at Housesteads. Housesteads Fort was built in 124 AD and is the most complete Roman fort in Britain, built by legionaries to house 10 centuries of auxiliary soldiers based on the frontier. Hadrian's Wall was built 73 miles across Britannia, now England, 122-128 AD, under the reign of Emperor Hadrian, ruled 117-138, to mark the Northern extent of the Roman Empire and guard against barbarian attacks from the Picts to the North. The Housesteads Roman Fort Museum is run by English Heritage and forms part of the Hadrian's Wall UNESCO World Heritage Site. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC16_ENGLAND_MC_141.jpg
  • Roman stone altar with dedication to Jupiter, the main state deity and embodiment of Imperial Rome, with carved images of a patera (small pan) and jug used to pour libations into the hollow scoops on the altar top, at the Housesteads Roman Fort Museum, Hadrian's Wall, Northumberland, England. An inscription reads, 'to Jupiter best and greatest, and the spirit of the Emperors, the 1st regiment of Hungarians, under the command of Quintus Julius Maximus'. Such dedications of new altars enabled individuals and regiments to record their achievements and document their allegiance. Housesteads Fort was built in 124 AD and is the most complete Roman fort in Britain, built by legionaries to house 10 centuries of auxiliary soldiers based on the frontier. Hadrian's Wall was built 73 miles across Britannia, now England, 122-128 AD, under the reign of Emperor Hadrian, ruled 117-138, to mark the Northern extent of the Roman Empire and guard against barbarian attacks from the Picts to the North. The Housesteads Roman Fort Museum is run by English Heritage and forms part of the Hadrian's Wall UNESCO World Heritage Site. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC16_ENGLAND_MC_142.jpg
  • Roman stone with carving of Mercury, god of trade, commerce and thieves, in a classical pose, with a cloak draped over his arm, a winged hat or petasus, staff or caduceus and money bag in his right hand, at the Housesteads Roman Fort Museum, Hadrian's Wall, Northumberland, England. Housesteads Fort was built in 124 AD and is the most complete Roman fort in Britain, built by legionaries to house 10 centuries of auxiliary soldiers based on the frontier. Hadrian's Wall was built 73 miles across Britannia, now England, 122-128 AD, under the reign of Emperor Hadrian, ruled 117-138, to mark the Northern extent of the Roman Empire and guard against barbarian attacks from the Picts to the North. The Housesteads Roman Fort Museum is run by English Heritage and forms part of the Hadrian's Wall UNESCO World Heritage Site. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC16_ENGLAND_MC_140.jpg
  • Roman stone shrine with carving of Diana, goddess of the moon and hunting, reaching for an arrow with her bow poised, with a hunting dog and a stag watching, at the Housesteads Roman Fort Museum, Hadrian's Wall, Northumberland, England. Housesteads Fort was built in 124 AD and is the most complete Roman fort in Britain, built by legionaries to house 10 centuries of auxiliary soldiers based on the frontier. Hadrian's Wall was built 73 miles across Britannia, now England, 122-128 AD, under the reign of Emperor Hadrian, ruled 117-138, to mark the Northern extent of the Roman Empire and guard against barbarian attacks from the Picts to the North. The Housesteads Roman Fort Museum is run by English Heritage and forms part of the Hadrian's Wall UNESCO World Heritage Site. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC16_ENGLAND_MC_139.jpg
  • Roman stone with carving of Mars, god of war and the legions, dressed as a soldier wearing body armour, pleated skirt and greaves or leg protection and a crested helmet, holding a spear and shield with a goose in the foreground, at the Housesteads Roman Fort Museum, Hadrian's Wall, Northumberland, England. An inscription reads, 'To the God Mars, Victory and the Deities of the Emperors'. Housesteads Fort was built in 124 AD and is the most complete Roman fort in Britain, built by legionaries to house 10 centuries of auxiliary soldiers based on the frontier. Hadrian's Wall was built 73 miles across Britannia, now England, 122-128 AD, under the reign of Emperor Hadrian, ruled 117-138, to mark the Northern extent of the Roman Empire and guard against barbarian attacks from the Picts to the North. The Housesteads Roman Fort Museum is run by English Heritage and forms part of the Hadrian's Wall UNESCO World Heritage Site. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC16_ENGLAND_MC_138.jpg
  • Roman stone inscribed with ‘C IVLI CANDID F', meaning 'the century of Julius Candidus made this', found on Hadrian's Wall West of Housesteads, at the Housesteads Roman Fort Museum, Hadrian's Wall, Northumberland, England. There are 3 other stones from the Wall recording this centurion. Housesteads Fort was built in 124 AD and is the most complete Roman fort in Britain, built by legionaries to house 10 centuries of auxiliary soldiers based on the frontier. Hadrian's Wall was built 73 miles across Britannia, now England, 122-128 AD, under the reign of Emperor Hadrian, ruled 117-138, to mark the Northern extent of the Roman Empire and guard against barbarian attacks from the Picts to the North. The Housesteads Roman Fort Museum is run by English Heritage and forms part of the Hadrian's Wall UNESCO World Heritage Site. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC16_ENGLAND_MC_137.jpg
  • Roman stone with a carved fragment of a larger inscription, recording a measurement of length in Roman feet '(PE) DATVRA (…) VCI', built by an unknown unit, at the Housesteads Roman Fort Museum, Hadrian's Wall, Northumberland, England. Housesteads Fort was built in 124 AD and is the most complete Roman fort in Britain, built by legionaries to house 10 centuries of auxiliary soldiers based on the frontier. Hadrian's Wall was built 73 miles across Britannia, now England, 122-128 AD, under the reign of Emperor Hadrian, ruled 117-138, to mark the Northern extent of the Roman Empire and guard against barbarian attacks from the Picts to the North. The Housesteads Roman Fort Museum is run by English Heritage and forms part of the Hadrian's Wall UNESCO World Heritage Site. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC16_ENGLAND_MC_136.jpg
  • Roman stone shrine or aedicula with sculpture of the winged goddess Victory with half folded wings and billowing tunic suggesting she is hovering, about to land her right foot on a globe, at the Housesteads Roman Fort Museum, Hadrian's Wall, Northumberland, England. Her arms probably held a victor’s wreath and a palm branch. Victory symbolised success in battle and protection against death, and Emperor Hadrian’s work in Britan marked and end to fighting in the North and his Wall, a symbol of victory, defined and protected the province of Britannia. 4 statues of Victory have been recovered from Housesteads. Housesteads Fort was built in 124 AD and is the most complete Roman fort in Britain, built by legionaries to house 10 centuries of auxiliary soldiers based on the frontier. Hadrian's Wall was built 73 miles across Britannia, now England, 122-128 AD, under the reign of Emperor Hadrian, ruled 117-138, to mark the Northern extent of the Roman Empire and guard against barbarian attacks from the Picts to the North. The Housesteads Roman Fort Museum is run by English Heritage and forms part of the Hadrian's Wall UNESCO World Heritage Site. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC16_ENGLAND_MC_135.jpg
  • Roman stone carved with a fragment of an inscription, stating the self-government of the vicus, the civilian settlement outside of the fort, at the Housesteads Roman Fort Museum, Hadrian's Wall, Northumberland, England. The inscription refers to ‘D.VICA (NI)’, the decree of the vicuna and is probably referring to a public work carried out by a council of villagers. Hadrian's Wall was built 73 miles across Britannia, now England, 122-128 AD, under the reign of Emperor Hadrian, ruled 117-138, to mark the Northern extent of the Roman Empire and guard against barbarian attacks from the Picts to the North. The Housesteads Roman Fort Museum is run by English Heritage and forms part of the Hadrian's Wall UNESCO World Heritage Site. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC16_ENGLAND_MC_134.jpg
  • Roman carved stone depicting the genii cucullati, 3 spirits wearing hooded cloaks, commonly worshipped across Northern Europe, possibly in connection with fertility, found in the alcove of a small family shrine in the vicus, the civilian settlement outside of the fort, at the Housesteads Roman Fort Museum, Hadrian's Wall, Northumberland, England. Hadrian's Wall was built 73 miles across Britannia, now England, 122-128 AD, under the reign of Emperor Hadrian, ruled 117-138, to mark the Northern extent of the Roman Empire and guard against barbarian attacks from the Picts to the North. The Housesteads Roman Fort Museum is run by English Heritage and forms part of the Hadrian's Wall UNESCO World Heritage Site. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC16_ENGLAND_MC_133.jpg
  • Detail of a Roman carved stone depicting the genii cucullati, 3 spirits wearing hooded cloaks, commonly worshipped across Northern Europe, possibly in connection with fertility, found in the alcove of a small family shrine in the vicus, the civilian settlement outside of the fort, at the Housesteads Roman Fort Museum, Hadrian's Wall, Northumberland, England. Hadrian's Wall was built 73 miles across Britannia, now England, 122-128 AD, under the reign of Emperor Hadrian, ruled 117-138, to mark the Northern extent of the Roman Empire and guard against barbarian attacks from the Picts to the North. The Housesteads Roman Fort Museum is run by English Heritage and forms part of the Hadrian's Wall UNESCO World Heritage Site. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC16_ENGLAND_MC_131.JPG
  • Roman carved stone depicting the genii cucullati, 3 spirits wearing hooded cloaks, commonly worshipped across Northern Europe, possibly in connection with fertility, found in the alcove of a small family shrine in the vicus, the civilian settlement outside of the fort, at the Housesteads Roman Fort Museum, Hadrian's Wall, Northumberland, England. Hadrian's Wall was built 73 miles across Britannia, now England, 122-128 AD, under the reign of Emperor Hadrian, ruled 117-138, to mark the Northern extent of the Roman Empire and guard against barbarian attacks from the Picts to the North. The Housesteads Roman Fort Museum is run by English Heritage and forms part of the Hadrian's Wall UNESCO World Heritage Site. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC16_ENGLAND_MC_130.jpg
  • Altars in the Temple of Mithras, built c. 200 AD by soldiers based at the nearby Carrawburgh Roman Fort, on Hadrian's Wall, Northumberland, England. The temple is dedicated to the god Mithras, who captured and killed a bull in a cave, the 1st creature created on earth, and all other creatures sprang to life from his blood. Mithraic temples are small and confined to represent the cave. The 3 altars are all dedicated by commanding officers of the unit stationed here, the First Cohort of Batavians from the Rhineland. In 1 of the altars a series of pierced holes form Mithras' crown, through which a lamp would have been shone at a high point of the ritual. A curtain would have been drawn back, allowing sunlight to stream in, illuminating the backdrop of Mithras slaying the bull, the triumph of light over darkness. Hadrian's Wall was built 73 miles across Britannia, now England, 122-128 AD, under the reign of Emperor Hadrian, ruled 117-138, to mark the Northern extent of the Roman Empire and guard against barbarian attacks from the Picts to the North. The wall was fortified with milecastles with 2 turrets in between, and a fort about every 5 Roman miles. This section of the Wall is in the Northumberland National Park, managed by English Heritage, and the Hadrian's Wall Path, an 84-mile coast to coast long distance footpath, runs alongside it. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC16_ENGLAND_MC_129.jpg
  • Temple of Mithras, built c. 200 AD by soldiers based at the nearby Carrawburgh Roman Fort, on Hadrian's Wall, Northumberland, England. The temple is dedicated to the god Mithras, who captured and killed a bull in a cave, the 1st creature created on earth, and all other creatures sprang to life from his blood. Mithraic temples are small and confined to represent the cave. The 3 altars are all dedicated by commanding officers of the unit stationed here, the First Cohort of Batavians from the Rhineland. In 1 of the altars a series of pierced holes form Mithras' crown, through which a lamp would have been shone at a high point of the ritual. A curtain would have been drawn back, allowing sunlight to stream in, illuminating the backdrop of Mithras slaying the bull, the triumph of light over darkness. Hadrian's Wall was built 73 miles across Britannia, now England, 122-128 AD, under the reign of Emperor Hadrian, ruled 117-138, to mark the Northern extent of the Roman Empire and guard against barbarian attacks from the Picts to the North. The wall was fortified with milecastles with 2 turrets in between, and a fort about every 5 Roman miles. This section of the Wall is in the Northumberland National Park, managed by English Heritage, and the Hadrian's Wall Path, an 84-mile coast to coast long distance footpath, runs alongside it. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC16_ENGLAND_MC_128.jpg
  • Temple of Mithras, built c. 200 AD by soldiers based at the nearby Carrawburgh Roman Fort, on Hadrian's Wall, Northumberland, England. The temple is dedicated to the god Mithras, who captured and killed a bull in a cave, the 1st creature created on earth, and all other creatures sprang to life from his blood. Mithraic temples are small and confined to represent the cave. The 3 altars are all dedicated by commanding officers of the unit stationed here, the First Cohort of Batavians from the Rhineland. In 1 of the altars a series of pierced holes form Mithras' crown, through which a lamp would have been shone at a high point of the ritual. A curtain would have been drawn back, allowing sunlight to stream in, illuminating the backdrop of Mithras slaying the bull, the triumph of light over darkness. Hadrian's Wall was built 73 miles across Britannia, now England, 122-128 AD, under the reign of Emperor Hadrian, ruled 117-138, to mark the Northern extent of the Roman Empire and guard against barbarian attacks from the Picts to the North. The wall was fortified with milecastles with 2 turrets in between, and a fort about every 5 Roman miles. This section of the Wall is in the Northumberland National Park, managed by English Heritage, and the Hadrian's Wall Path, an 84-mile coast to coast long distance footpath, runs alongside it. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC16_ENGLAND_MC_127.jpg
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