manuel cohen

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  • Detail of niche in Prayer Hall, Pahlavan Mahmud Mausoleum, Khiva, Uzbekistan, pictured on July 6, 2010, in the afternoon. The mausoleum centres on the two-cupola shrine of Pahlavan Mahmud, Khiva's  patron saint (said to have been a poet, soldier, furrier, wrestler and healer of diseases), and is also the burial complex of the Qungrat Khans. 19th and 20th century remodeling extended the complex adding tombs, an iwan and summer mosque, Quran reading halls, a Madrasah, and three small chambers, the middle one accommodating a prayer hall entered from the shrine's central hall. The interior of the mausoleum is richly decorated with traditional woodcarving, ceramics and metalwork, including majolica tiles commissioned in 1825 by Allah Quli Khan. Khiva, ancient and remote, is the most intact Silk Road city. Ichan Kala, its old town, was the first site in Uzbekistan to become a World Heritage Site(1991). Picture by Manuel Cohen.
    LC_UZBEKISTAN_0710_MC208.jpg
  • Detail of ceiling decorations of central hall of the mausoleum which contains several symbolical gravestones of the timurids,  Gur-Emir Mausoleum, 1417-20, Samarkand, Uzbekistan, pictured on July 14, 2010. Gur-Emir Mausoleum, or Tomb of the Ruler, was built by Timur in 1404 for his favourite grandson, Mohammed Sultan, and became the mausoleum for the Timurid dynasty. Samarkand, a city on the Silk Road, founded as Afrosiab in the 7th century BC, is a meeting point for the world's cultures. Its most important development was in the Timurid period, 14th to 15th centuries. Picture by Manuel Cohen.
    LC_UZBEKISTAN_0710_MC054.jpg
  • Detail of ceiling decorations of central hall of the mausoleum which contains several symbolical gravestones of the timurids,  Gur-Emir Mausoleum, 1417-20, Samarkand, Uzbekistan, pictured on July 14, 2010. Gur-Emir Mausoleum, or Tomb of the Ruler, was built by Timur in 1404 for his favourite grandson, Mohammed Sultan, and became the mausoleum for the Timurid dynasty. Samarkand, a city on the Silk Road, founded as Afrosiab in the 7th century BC, is a meeting point for the world's cultures. Its most important development was in the Timurid period, 14th to 15th centuries. Picture by Manuel Cohen.
    LC_UZBEKISTAN_0710_MC052.jpg
  • Low angle view of decorations of central hall of the mausoleum which contains several symbolical gravestones of the timurids,  Gur-Emir Mausoleum, 1417-20, Samarkand, Uzbekistan, pictured on July 14, 2010. Gur-Emir Mausoleum, or Tomb of the Ruler, was built by Timur in 1404 for his favourite grandson, Mohammed Sultan, and became the mausoleum for the Timurid dynasty. Samarkand, a city on the Silk Road, founded as Afrosiab in the 7th century BC, is a meeting point for the world's cultures. Its most important development was in the Timurid period, 14th to 15th centuries. Picture by Manuel Cohen.
    LC_UZBEKISTAN_0710_MC051.jpg
  • Aerial view Ichan Kala, showing Madrasah of Muhammad Rakhim-khan II, 1871, on the left, with Islam Hodja Minaret, 1910, to its right, Juma Mosque and Minaret plus dome of Pahlavan Mahmud Mausoleum, 14th-16th century, on the right in the background, Khiva, Uzbekistan, pictured on July 5, 2010, in the afternoon. The Muhammad Rakhim-khan II Madrasah is one of the biggest Madrasahs in Khiva and was commissioned by Muhammad-Rahim II (1863-1910), it has a two tiered celled facade, with a massive central portal, and small towers at the corners.  Khiva, ancient and remote, is the most intact Silk Road city. Ichan Kala, its old town, was the first site in Uzbekistan to become a World Heritage Site(1991). Picture by Manuel Cohen.
    LC_UZBEKISTAN_0710_MC246.jpg
  • General view of Matniyaz Divan-begi madrasah (right) 1871, Kalta Minor (centre) 1855, and Juma minaret, 10th-13th centuries, Khiva, Uzbekistan, pictured on July 7, 2010, at sunset. The Kalta Minor or Short Minaret was commissioned by Mohammed Amin Khan in 1852 to stand 70 m. high, but was abandoned when he died in 1855, and remains only 26 m. high. Commissioned by Muhammad Niyaz, the rectangular Matniyaz Divan-begi madrasah has a traditional main facade, its high portal, decorated with majolica, having a central pentahedral niche and corner guldastas which are geometrically patterned in blue, white and green, with green brick domes. The Juma minaret, oldest in Khiva, has a tapering brick trunk decorated with seven narrow belts of small turquoise bricks. Khiva, ancient and remote, is the most intact Silk Road city. Ichan Kala, its old town, was the first site in Uzbekistan to become a World Heritage Site(1991). Picture by Manuel Cohen.
    LC_UZBEKISTAN_0710_MC239.jpg
  • Oblique view of entrance to Pahlavan Mahmud Mausoleum, 14th-16th centuries, Khiva, Uzbekistan, pictured on July 7, 2010, at dawn. The mausoleum centres on the two-cupola shrine of Pahlavan Mahmud, Khiva's  patron saint (said to have been a poet, soldier, furrier, wrestler and healer of diseases), and is also the burial complex of the Qungrat Khans. 19th and 20th century remodeling extended the complex adding tombs, an iwan and summer mosque, Quran reading halls, a Madrasah, and three small chambers, the middle one accommodating a prayer hall entered from the shrine's central hall. Khiva, ancient and remote, is the most intact Silk Road city. Ichan Kala, its old town, was the first site in Uzbekistan to become a World Heritage Site(1991). Picture by Manuel Cohen.
    LC_UZBEKISTAN_0710_MC217.jpg
  • View from below of interior of dome, Pahlavan Mahmud Mausoleum, Khiva, Uzbekistan, pictured on July 6, 2010, in the afternoon. The mausoleum centres on the two-cupola shrine of Pahlavan Mahmud, Khiva's  patron saint (said to have been a poet, soldier, furrier, wrestler and healer of diseases), and is also the burial complex of the Qungrat Khans. 19th and 20th century remodeling extended the complex adding tombs, an iwan and summer mosque, Quran reading halls, a Madrasah, and three small chambers, the middle one accommodating a prayer hall entered from the shrine's central hall. The interior of the mausoleum is richly decorated with traditional woodcarving, ceramics and metalwork, including majolica tiles commissioned in 1825 by Allah Quli Khan. Khiva, ancient and remote, is the most intact Silk Road city. Ichan Kala, its old town, was the first site in Uzbekistan to become a World Heritage Site(1991). Picture by Manuel Cohen.
    LC_UZBEKISTAN_0710_MC209.jpg
  • Detail of bridge between the Matniyaz Divan-begi Madrasah (right), 1871, and Kalta Minor (left), 1855, Khiva, Uzbekistan, pictured on July 6, 2010 at sunrise. Commissioned by Muhammad Niyaz the rectangular, Madrasah has a traditional main facade, its high portal, decorated with majolica, having a central pentahedral niche and corner guldastas which are geometrically patterned in blue, white and green, with green brick domes. The Kalta Minor or Short Minaret was commissioned by Mohammed Amin Khan in 1852 to stand 70 m. high, but was abandoned when he died in 1855, and remains only 26 m. high. Khiva, ancient and remote, is the most intact Silk Road city. Ichan Kala, its old town, was the first site in Uzbekistan to become a World Heritage Site(1991). Picture by Manuel Cohen.
    LC_UZBEKISTAN_0710_MC166.jpg
  • Detail of decoration of main facade of the Matniyaz Divan-begi Madrasah, 1871, Khiva, Uzbekistan, pictured on July 6, 2010, at sunrise. Commissioned by Muhammad Niyaz the rectangular, Madrasah has a traditional main facade, its high portal, decorated with majolica, having a central pentahedral niche and corner guldastas which are geometrically patterned in blue, white and green, with green brick domes. It currently houses a restaurant and the Khiva tourist agency. Khiva, ancient and remote, is the most intact Silk Road city. Ichan Kala, its old town, was the first site in Uzbekistan to become a World Heritage Site(1991). Picture by Manuel Cohen.
    LC_UZBEKISTAN_0710_MC165.jpg
  • Low angle view of Kalta Minor, 1855, and detail of the Matniyaz Divan-begi Madrasah (left), 1871, Khiva, Uzbekistan, pictured on July 6, 2010, at dawn. The Kalta Minor or Short Minaret was commissioned by Mohammed Amin Khan in 1852 to stand 70 m. high, but was abandoned when he died in 1855, and remains only 26 m. high. Commissioned by Muhammad Niyaz the rectangular, Madrasah has a traditional main facade, its high portal, decorated with majolica, having a central pentahedral niche and corner guldastas which are geometrically patterned in blue, white and green, with green brick domes. Khiva, ancient and remote, is the most intact Silk Road city. Ichan Kala, its old town, was the first site in Uzbekistan to become a World Heritage Site(1991). Picture by Manuel Cohen.
    LC_UZBEKISTAN_0710_MC164.jpg
  • General view of Matniyaz Divan-begi madrasah (right) 1871, Kalta Minor (centre) 1855, and Ota Darvoza (Father Gate) (left), Khiva, Uzbekistan, pictured on July 5, 2010, at sunset. Khiva's old city, Ichan Kala, is surrounded by 2.2 kilometres of crenellated and bastioned city walls. Some sections may be 5th century, but the strongest sections were built 1686-88 by Arang Khan. The main gate today is the restored western Ota Darvoza (Father Gate). Commissioned by Muhammad Niyaz the rectangular, Madrasah has a traditional main facade, its high portal, decorated with majolica, having a central pentahedral niche and corner guldastas which are geometrically patterned in blue, white and green, with green brick domes. The Kalta Minor or Short Minaret was commissioned by Mohammed Amin Khan in 1852 to stand 70 m. high, but was abandoned when he died in 1855, and remains only 26 m. high. Khiva, ancient and remote, is the most intact Silk Road city. Ichan Kala, its old town, was the first site in Uzbekistan to become a World Heritage Site(1991). Picture by Manuel Cohen.
    LC_UZBEKISTAN_0710_MC154.jpg
  • High angle view of Muhammad Rakhim-khan II Madrasah, 1871, seen  from a terrace of Ichan Kala, Khiva, Uzbekistan, pictured on July 5, 2010, in the afternoon. Just inside the Kun Ark Citadel, the Muhammad Rakhim-khan II Madrasah is one of the biggest Madrasahs in Khiva. Commissioned by Muhammad-Rahim II (1863-1910), it has a two tiered celled facade, with a massive central portal, and small towers at the corners. Khiva, ancient and remote, is the most intact Silk Road city. Ichan Kala, its old town, was the first site in Uzbekistan to become a World Heritage Site(1991). Picture by Manuel Cohen.
    LC_UZBEKISTAN_0710_MC142.jpg
  • Detail of ceiling decorations of central hall of the mausoleum which contains several symbolical gravestones of the timurids,  Gur-Emir Mausoleum, 1417-20, Samarkand, Uzbekistan, pictured on July 14, 2010. Gur-Emir Mausoleum, or Tomb of the Ruler, was built by Timur in 1404 for his favourite grandson, Mohammed Sultan, and became the mausoleum for the Timurid dynasty. Samarkand, a city on the Silk Road, founded as Afrosiab in the 7th century BC, is a meeting point for the world's cultures. Its most important development was in the Timurid period, 14th to 15th centuries. Picture by Manuel Cohen.
    LC_UZBEKISTAN_0710_MC055.jpg
  • Detail of ceiling decorations of central hall of the mausoleum which contains several symbolical gravestones of the timurids,  Gur-Emir Mausoleum, 1417-20, Samarkand, Uzbekistan, pictured on July 14, 2010. Gur-Emir Mausoleum, or Tomb of the Ruler, was built by Timur in 1404 for his favourite grandson, Mohammed Sultan, and became the mausoleum for the Timurid dynasty. Samarkand, a city on the Silk Road, founded as Afrosiab in the 7th century BC, is a meeting point for the world's cultures. Its most important development was in the Timurid period, 14th to 15th centuries. Picture by Manuel Cohen.
    LC_UZBEKISTAN_0710_MC053.jpg
  • Samite silk textile with bird with halo in a medallion on a yellow floral background, made in Central Asia, 7th - 8th century AD, from the exhibition 'Sur la Route de la Soie: Etoffes, Luxe et Pouvoir', June-October 2022, about the manufacture and trade of silk along the Silk Road, at the Musee d'Art et d'Archeologie de Cluny, Abbaye de Cluny, Cluny, Saone-et-Loire, France. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC22_FRANCE_MC_1630.jpg
  • Detail of carved wooden column in central patio of entrance to Tellya Sheikh Mosque, founded 16th century, restored 19th century, Khast Imam Square, Tashkent, Uzbekistan, seen in the late afternoon summer light on July 4, 2010. Tashkent's main Friday mosque holds the Osman Koran, claimed to be the world's oldest, in its library. Tashkent, 2000 year old capital city of Uzbekistan, a Silk Road city whose name means "Stone Fortress", is now very modern due to a disastrous earthquake in 1966, after which it was greatly rebuilt. However, some of the old buildings still stand in the glittering modern city. Picture by Manuel Cohen.
    LC_UZBEKISTAN_0710_MC329.jpg
  • Low angle view of altar, old Buhara'nin Yehudi Synagogue, circa 1620, Bukhara, Uzbekistan, pictured on July 12, 2010 in the afternoon. Central Asian Jewish people are often referred to as Bukharan, though many now reside in Israel or the USA. This is one of two remaining synagogues in Bukhara. Bukhara, a city on the Silk Route is about 2500 years old. Its long history is displayed both through the impressive monuments and the overall town planning and architecture. Picture by Manuel Cohen.
    LC_UZBEKISTAN_0710_MC308.jpg
  • Low angle view of octagonal pavilion, Kalyan Mosque, 1514, Bukhara, Uzbekistan, pictured on July 9, 2010 in the morning. Built on the site of several predecessors (the original mosque dated from 795), the Kalyan Mosque is Bukhara's Friday mosque. Its plan is an open rectangle with four courtyards and seven entrances. A colonnaded arcade and 288 domes surround the vast central courtyard and one huge blue dome rises from the West side of the building. In front of the portal of the Main Building is an octahedral pavilion-rotunda which is use as a minbar for preaching. Bukhara, a city on the Silk Route is about 2500 years old. Its long history is displayed both through the impressive monuments and the overall town planning and architecture. Picture by Manuel Cohen.
    LC_UZBEKISTAN_0710_MC277.jpg
  • Detail of octagonal pavilion, Kalyan Mosque, 1514, Bukhara, Uzbekistan, pictured on July 9, 2010 in the morning. Built on the site of several predecessors (the original mosque dated from 795), the Kalyan Mosque is Bukhara's Friday mosque. Its plan is an open rectangle with four courtyards and seven entrances. A colonnaded arcade and 288 domes surround the vast central courtyard and one huge blue dome rises from the West side of the building. In front of the portal of the Main Building is an octahedral pavilion-rotunda which is use as a minbar for preaching. Bukhara, a city on the Silk Route is about 2500 years old. Its long history is displayed both through the impressive monuments and the overall town planning and architecture. Picture by Manuel Cohen.
    LC_UZBEKISTAN_0710_MC276.jpg
  • Detail of octagonal pavilion, Kalyan Mosque, 1514, Bukhara, Uzbekistan, pictured on July 9, 2010 in the morning. Built on the site of several predecessors (the original mosque dated from 795), the Kalyan Mosque is Bukhara's Friday mosque. Its plan is an open rectangle with four courtyards and seven entrances. A colonnaded arcade and 288 domes surround the vast central courtyard and one huge blue dome rises from the West side of the building. In front of the portal of the Main Building is an octahedral pavilion-rotunda which is use as a minbar for preaching. Bukhara, a city on the Silk Route is about 2500 years old. Its long history is displayed both through the impressive monuments and the overall town planning and architecture. Picture by Manuel Cohen.
    LC_UZBEKISTAN_0710_MC275.jpg
  • Low angle view of octagonal pavilion, Kalyan Mosque, 1514, Bukhara, Uzbekistan, pictured on July 9, 2010 in the morning. Built on the site of several predecessors (the original mosque dated from 795), the Kalyan Mosque is Bukhara's Friday mosque. Its plan is an open rectangle with four courtyards and seven entrances. A colonnaded arcade and 288 domes surround the vast central courtyard and one huge blue dome rises from the West side of the building. In front of the portal of the Main Building is an octahedral pavilion-rotunda which is use as a minbar for preaching. Bukhara, a city on the Silk Route is about 2500 years old. Its long history is displayed both through the impressive monuments and the overall town planning and architecture. Picture by Manuel Cohen.
    LC_UZBEKISTAN_0710_MC274.jpg
  • Low angle view of courtyard, Kalyan Mosque, 1514, and Kalyan Minaret,  12th century, Bukhara, Uzbekistan, pictured on July 9, 2010 in the afternoon. Built on the site of several predecessors (the original mosque dated from 795), the Kalyan Mosque is Bukhara's Friday mosque. Its plan is an open rectangle with four courtyards and seven entrances. A colonnaded arcade and 288 domes surround the vast central courtyard and one huge blue dome rises from the West side of the building. The baked brick  minaret, commissioned by Arslan Khan and designed by Bako, is 48 metres high and its diametre is 9 metres at the bottom and 6 metres at the top. Bukhara, a city on the Silk Route is about 2500 years old. Its long history is displayed both through the impressive monuments and the overall town planning and architecture. Picture by Manuel Cohen.
    LC_UZBEKISTAN_0710_MC268.jpg
  • Low angle view of octahedral pavilion-rotunda, Kalyan Mosque, 1514, Bukhara, Uzbekistan, pictured on July 9, 2010 in the morning. Built on the site of several predecessors (the original mosque dated from 795), the Kalyan Mosque is Bukhara's Friday mosque. Its plan is an open rectangle with four courtyards and seven entrances. A colonnaded arcade and 288 domes surround the vast central courtyard and one huge blue dome rises from the West side of the building. In front of the portal of the Main Building is an octahedral pavilion-rotunda which is use as a minbar for preaching. Bukhara, a city on the Silk Route is about 2500 years old. Its long history is displayed both through the impressive monuments and the overall town planning and architecture. Picture by Manuel Cohen.
    LC_UZBEKISTAN_0710_MC259.jpg
  • Low angle view of central patio of Barak-Khan Madrassah, 16th-17th century, Tashkent, Uzbekistan, seen on July 4, 2010, in the late afternoon summer light. Tashkent, 2000 year old capital city of Uzbekistan, a Silk Road city whose name means "Stone Fortress", is now very modern due to a disastrous earthquake in 1966, after which it was greatly rebuilt. However, some of the old buildings still stand in the glittering modern city. Picture by Manuel Cohen.
    LC_UZBEKISTAN_0710_MC330.jpg
  • Low angle view from the side of altar, old Buhara'nin Yehudi Synagogue, 1620, Bukhara, Uzbekistan, pictured on July 12, 2010 in the afternoon. Central Asian Jewish people are often referred to as Bukharan, though many now reside in Israel or the USA. This is one of two remaining synagogues in Bukhara. Bukhara, a city on the Silk Route is about 2500 years old. Its long history is displayed both through the impressive monuments and the overall town planning and architecture. Picture by Manuel Cohen.
    LC_UZBEKISTAN_0710_MC309.jpg
  • General view of the courtyard of the old Buhara'nin Yehudi Synagogue, circa 1620, Bukhara, Uzbekistan, pictured on July 12, 2010 in the morning. Central Asian Jewish people are often referred to as Bukharan, though many now reside in Israel or the USA. This is one of two remaining synagogues in Bukhara. Bukhara, a city on the Silk Route is about 2500 years old. Its long history is displayed both through the impressive monuments and the overall town planning and architecture. Picture by Manuel Cohen.
    LC_UZBEKISTAN_0710_MC303.jpg
  • General view of the courtyard of the old Buhara'nin Yehudi Synagogue, circa 1620, Bukhara, Uzbekistan, pictured on July 12, 2010 in the morning. Central Asian Jewish people are often referred to as Bukharan, though many now reside in Israel or the USA. This is one of two remaining synagogues in Bukhara. Bukhara, a city on the Silk Route is about 2500 years old. Its long history is displayed both through the impressive monuments and the overall town planning and architecture. Picture by Manuel Cohen.
    LC_UZBEKISTAN_0710_MC302.jpg
  • Low angle view of Kalyan Mosque, 1514, Bukhara, Uzbekistan, pictured on July 9, 2010 in the morning. Built on the site of several predecessors (the original mosque dated from 795), the Kalyan Mosque is Bukhara's Friday mosque. Its plan is an open rectangle with four courtyards and seven entrances. A colonnaded arcade and 288 domes surround the vast central courtyard and one huge blue dome rises from the West side of the building. In front of the portal of the Main Building is an octahedral pavilion-rotunda which is use as a minbar for preaching. Bukhara, a city on the Silk Route is about 2500 years old. Its long history is displayed both through the impressive monuments and the overall town planning and architecture. Picture by Manuel Cohen.
    LC_UZBEKISTAN_0710_MC273.jpg
  • Low angle view of Kalyan Mosque, 1514, Bukhara, Uzbekistan, pictured on July 9, 2010 in the morning. Built on the site of several predecessors (the original mosque dated from 795), the Kalyan Mosque is Bukhara's Friday mosque. Its plan is an open rectangle with four courtyards and seven entrances. A colonnaded arcade and 288 domes surround the vast central courtyard and one huge blue dome rises from the West side of the building. In front of the portal of the Main Building is an octahedral pavilion-rotunda which is use as a minbar for preaching. Bukhara, a city on the Silk Route is about 2500 years old. Its long history is displayed both through the impressive monuments and the overall town planning and architecture. Picture by Manuel Cohen.
    LC_UZBEKISTAN_0710_MC258.jpg
  • General view of Tim Abdullah Khan Market, 1577, Bukhara, Uzbekistan, pictured on July 8, 2010 in the afternoon. The one remaining covered market in Bukhara was a centre for the silk trade over the centuries. The facade has three grand street entrances, and the central domed octagonal hall is surrounded by nineteen cupolas. Bukhara, a city on the Silk Route is about 2500 years old. Its long history is displayed both through the impressive monuments and the overall town planning and architecture. Picture by Manuel Cohen.
    LC_UZBEKISTAN_0710_MC251.JPG
  • A low angle view of the Qutligh Murad Inaq madrasah, 1804-1812, Khiva, Uzbekistan, pictured on July 6 2010. The sunrise throws strong shadows across the tiered arches of the facade whose shapes echo that of the central Gate. Minarets stand at the corners of the building.
    LC_Uzbekistan_0710_MC009.jpg
  • Samite silk textile with birds standing in pairs with haloes, on a red ground, used as a wall hanging, made in Central Asia, 7th - 8th century AD, from the exhibition 'Sur la Route de la Soie: Etoffes, Luxe et Pouvoir', June-October 2022, about the manufacture and trade of silk along the Silk Road, at the Musee d'Art et d'Archeologie de Cluny, Abbaye de Cluny, Cluny, Saone-et-Loire, France. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC22_FRANCE_MC_1631.jpg
  • Samite fragment, silk fabric with lion frieze motif, <br />
from Sogdia in Central Asia, 7th - 8th century AD, from the exhibition 'Sur la Route de la Soie: Etoffes, Luxe et Pouvoir', June-October 2022, about the manufacture and trade of silk along the Silk Road, at the Musee d'Art et d'Archeologie de Cluny, Abbaye de Cluny, Cluny, Saone-et-Loire, France. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC22_FRANCE_MC_1632.jpg
  • Panoramic view of the side of the Matniyaz Divan-begi madrasah (right) 1871, Kalta Minor (centre) 1855, and Ota Darvoza (Father Gate) (left) with the Madrasah of Muhammad Rakhim-khan II, 1871 (background), Khiva, Uzbekistan, pictured on July 6, 2010, at sunset. Juma Mosque Minaret (left), dome of the Pahlavan Mahmud Mausoleum and the Islam Hodja minaret (right) are visible in the distance. Khiva, ancient and remote, is the most intact Silk Road city. Ichan Kala, its old town, was the first site in Uzbekistan to become a World Heritage Site(1991). Picture by Manuel Cohen.
    LC_UZBEKISTAN_0710_MC247.jpg
  • General view of Pahlavan Mahmud Mausoleum, 14th-16th century, Khiva, Uzbekistan, pictured at sunset. Visible are its blue tile-covered dome which commands Khiva's skyline and on the right the Islam Hodja minaret, 1910. Commissioned by the reforming Grand Visier, Islam Khodja, the minaret is 44.8 metres high, tapering towards the top, its ochre brick alternating with bands of decorative blue and white tiles. It is the final architectural achievement of the Khanates. Khiva, ancient and remote, is the most intact Silk Road city. Ichan Kala, its old town, was the first site in Uzbekistan to become a World Heritage Site(1991). Picture by Manuel Cohen.
    LC_UZBEKISTAN_0710_MC243.jpg
  • Low angle view of the  Allah Kuli Khan Madrasah, 1834-35, Khiva, Uzbekistan, pictured on July 7, 2010, in the summer afternoon light. The shadowy walkway contrasts strongly with the sunlit tiered arches of the facade in the background. The Allah Kuli Khan Madrasah, second largest college in the city, has the highest portal in Khiva. Parts of the city wall and adjoining Khojamberdiby Madrasah were demolished to allow space for the 99 celled building. Khiva, ancient and remote, is the most intact Silk Road city. Ichan Kala, its old town, was the first site in Uzbekistan to become a World Heritage Site(1991). Picture by Manuel Cohen.
    LC_UZBEKISTAN_0710_MC238.jpg
  • Detail of tiles on the wall of the Arzkhona, or courtroom, Tash Khauli Palace, 1830-38, Khiva, Uzbekistan, Khiva, Uzbekistan, pictured on July 7, 2010, in the afternoon. Commissioned by Allah Kuli Khan the Tash Kauli palace is a huge complex containing 163 rooms which took its architects, Tajiddin and Kalandar, 10 years to build. Khiva, ancient and remote, is the most intact Silk Road city. Ichan Kala, its old town, was the first site in Uzbekistan to become a World Heritage Site(1991). Picture by Manuel Cohen.
    LC_UZBEKISTAN_0710_MC236.jpg
  • Detail of tiles on the wall of the courtyard of the Mikhmankhana, official reception hall, Tash Khauli Palace, 1830-38, Khiva, Uzbekistan, Khiva, Uzbekistan, pictured on July 7, 2010, in the afternoon. Commissioned by Allah Kuli Khan the Tash Kauli palace is a huge complex containing 163 rooms which took its architects, Tajiddin and Kalandar, 10 years to build. Khiva, ancient and remote, is the most intact Silk Road city. Ichan Kala, its old town, was the first site in Uzbekistan to become a World Heritage Site(1991). Picture by Manuel Cohen.
    LC_UZBEKISTAN_0710_MC235.jpg
  • Detail of tiles on the wall of the Mikhmankhana, official reception hall, Tash Khauli Palace, 1830-38, Khiva, Uzbekistan, Khiva, Uzbekistan, pictured on July 7, 2010, in the afternoon. Commissioned by Allah Kuli Khan the Tash Kauli palace is a huge complex containing 163 rooms which took its architects, Tajiddin and Kalandar, 10 years to build. Khiva, ancient and remote, is the most intact Silk Road city. Ichan Kala, its old town, was the first site in Uzbekistan to become a World Heritage Site(1991). Picture by Manuel Cohen.
    LC_UZBEKISTAN_0710_MC234.jpg
  • General view of Mikhmankhana, official reception area, Tash Khauli Palace, 1830-38, Khiva, Uzbekistan, Khiva, Uzbekistan, pictured on July 7, 2010, in the afternoon. Commissioned by Allah Kuli Khan the Tash Kauli palace is a huge complex containing 163 rooms which took its architects, Tajiddin and Kalandar, 10 years to build. Khiva, ancient and remote, is the most intact Silk Road city. Ichan Kala, its old town, was the first site in Uzbekistan to become a World Heritage Site(1991). Picture by Manuel Cohen.
    LC_UZBEKISTAN_0710_MC231.jpg
  • General view of Mikhmankhana, official reception area, Tash Khauli Palace, 1830-38, Khiva, Uzbekistan, Khiva, Uzbekistan, pictured on July 7, 2010, in the afternoon. Commissioned by Allah Kuli Khan the Tash Kauli palace is a huge complex containing 163 rooms which took its architects, Tajiddin and Kalandar, 10 years to build. Khiva, ancient and remote, is the most intact Silk Road city. Ichan Kala, its old town, was the first site in Uzbekistan to become a World Heritage Site(1991). Picture by Manuel Cohen.
    LC_UZBEKISTAN_0710_MC230.jpg
  • Detail of pillar base, Harem aiwan, Tash Khauli Palace , 1830-38, Khiva, Uzbekistan, Khiva, Uzbekistan, pictured on July 7, 2010, in the afternoon. Commissioned by Allah Kuli Khan the Tash Kauli palace is a huge complex containing 163 rooms which took its architects, Tajiddin and Kalandar, 10 years to build. The harem, occupying about half of the palace has 5 aiwan terraces, with delicately carved wooden pillars,  behind which were the quarters for the khan and his wives. Khiva, ancient and remote, is the most intact Silk Road city. Ichan Kala, its old town, was the first site in Uzbekistan to become a World Heritage Site(1991). Picture by Manuel Cohen.
    LC_UZBEKISTAN_0710_MC229.jpg
  • View from the front of Harem aiwan, Tash Khauli Palace , 1830-38, Khiva, Uzbekistan, Khiva, Uzbekistan, pictured on July 7, 2010, in the afternoon. Commissioned by Allah Kuli Khan the Tash Kauli palace is a huge complex containing 163 rooms which took its architects, Tajiddin and Kalandar, 10 years to build. The harem, occupying about half of the palace has 5 aiwan terraces, with delicately carved wooden pillars,  behind which were the quarters for the khan and his wives. Khiva, ancient and remote, is the most intact Silk Road city. Ichan Kala, its old town, was the first site in Uzbekistan to become a World Heritage Site(1991). Picture by Manuel Cohen.
    LC_UZBEKISTAN_0710_MC228.jpg
  • Low angle view of South Gate, Tash Darvaza (Stone Gates), and walls of the old city, Khiva, Uzbekistan, pictured on July 7, 2010, at dawn. Khiva's old city, Ichan Kala, is surrounded by 2.2 kilometres of crenellated and bastioned city walls. Some sections may be 5th century, but the strongest sections were built 1686-88 by Arang Khan. The Tash Darvaza was built in the 19th century during the reign of Allakulykhan. Khiva, ancient and remote, is the most intact Silk Road city. Ichan Kala, its old town, was the first site in Uzbekistan to become a World Heritage Site(1991). Picture by Manuel Cohen.
    LC_UZBEKISTAN_0710_MC219.jpg
  • Low angle view of Museum of Applied Arts, Khiva, Uzbekistan, pictured on July 6, 2010, at sunset with a boy and his bicycle in front. The Museum of Applied Art and Life of Khorezm is a Madrasah, Kazi and Kalyan housing mainly 18th-19th century and some 20th century works by folk artists including jewellery, carpet weaving, pottery, wood and stone carving and copper coinage. Khiva, ancient and remote, is the most intact Silk Road city. Ichan Kala, its old town, was the first site in Uzbekistan to become a World Heritage Site(1991). Picture by Manuel Cohen.
    LC_UZBEKISTAN_0710_MC216.jpg
  • Low angle view of Museum of Applied Arts, Khiva, Uzbekistan, pictured on July 6, 2010, at sunset. The Museum of Applied Art and Life of Khorezm is a Madrasah, Kazi and Kalyan housing mainly 18th-19th century and some 20th century works by folk artists including jewellery, carpet weaving, pottery, wood and stone carving and copper coinage. Khiva, ancient and remote, is the most intact Silk Road city. Ichan Kala, its old town, was the first site in Uzbekistan to become a World Heritage Site(1991). Picture by Manuel Cohen.
    LC_UZBEKISTAN_0710_MC215.jpg
  • General view of Matniyaz Divan-begi madrasah (right) 1871, Kalta Minor (right) 1855, and Ota Darvoza (Father Gate) (left), with the quayside in the right foreground and the Muhammad Rakhim-khan II Madrasah 1871, in the left background, Khiva, Uzbekistan, pictured on July 6, 2010, in the afternoon. Khiva's old city, Ichan Kala, is surrounded by 2.2 kilometres of crenellated and bastioned city walls. The main gate today is the restored western Ota Darvoza (Father Gate). The Kalta Minor or Short Minaret was commissioned by Mohammed Amin Khan in 1852 to stand 70 m. high, but was abandoned when he died in 1855, and remains only 26 m. high. Khiva, ancient and remote, is the most intact Silk Road city. Ichan Kala, its old town, was the first site in Uzbekistan to become a World Heritage Site(1991). Picture by Manuel Cohen.
    LC_UZBEKISTAN_0710_MC213.jpg
  • Low angle view of Statue of Muhammad ibn Musa Al-Khwarizmi (c.780-c.850), astronomer and mathematician, with main gate of Ichan-Kala, Ota Darvoza (Father Gate), and walls of the old city in the background, Khiva, Uzbekistan, pictured on July 6, 2010, in the afternoon. Khiva's old city, Ichan Kala, is surrounded by 2.2 kilometres of crenellated and bastioned city walls. Some sections may be 5th century, but the strongest sections were built 1686-88 by Arang Khan. The main gate today is the restored western Ota Darvoza (Father Gate). Khiva, ancient and remote, is the most intact Silk Road city. Ichan Kala, its old town, was the first site in Uzbekistan to become a World Heritage Site(1991). Picture by Manuel Cohen.
    LC_UZBEKISTAN_0710_MC210.jpg
  • Detail of ceramics on the main wall, Kurinish Khana or Throne Room, 1804-06, Kukhna Ark, Khiva, Uzbekistan, pictured on July 6, 2010, in the afternoon. The Kukhna Ark is the original home of the Khans. Although its foundations are 5th century, most of the complex is 19th century. Khiva, ancient and remote, is the most intact Silk Road city. Ichan Kala, its old town, was the first site in Uzbekistan to become a World Heritage Site(1991). Picture by Manuel Cohen.
    LC_UZBEKISTAN_0710_MC203.jpg
  • Detail of wall opposite throne, Kurinish Khana or Throne Room, 1804-06, Kukhna Ark, Khiva, Uzbekistan, pictured on July 6, 2010, in the afternoon. The Kukhna Ark is the original home of the Khans. Although its foundations are 5th century, most of the complex is 19th century. Khiva, ancient and remote, is the most intact Silk Road city. Ichan Kala, its old town, was the first site in Uzbekistan to become a World Heritage Site(1991). Picture by Manuel Cohen.
    LC_UZBEKISTAN_0710_MC201.jpg
  • Detail of gilded throne, Kurinish Khana or Throne Room, 1804-06, Kukhna Ark, Khiva, Uzbekistan, pictured on July 6, 2010, in the afternoon. The Kukhna Ark is the original home of the Khans. Although its foundations are 5th century, most of the complex is 19th century. Khiva, ancient and remote, is the most intact Silk Road city. Ichan Kala, its old town, was the first site in Uzbekistan to become a World Heritage Site(1991). Picture by Manuel Cohen.
    LC_UZBEKISTAN_0710_MC200.jpg
  • Detail of majolica tiling, winter mosque, Kukhna Ark, Khiva, Uzbekistan, pictured on July 6, 2010, in the afternoon. The Kukhna Ark is the original home of the Khans. Although its foundations are 5th century, most of the complex is 19th century. Khiva, ancient and remote, is the most intact Silk Road city. Ichan Kala, its old town, was the first site in Uzbekistan to become a World Heritage Site(1991). Picture by Manuel Cohen.
    LC_UZBEKISTAN_0710_MC195.jpg
  • Detail of majolica tiling, winter mosque, Kukhna Ark, Khiva, Uzbekistan, pictured on July 6, 2010, in the afternoon. The Kukhna Ark is the original home of the Khans. Although its foundations are 5th century, most of the complex is 19th century. Khiva, ancient and remote, is the most intact Silk Road city. Ichan Kala, its old town, was the first site in Uzbekistan to become a World Heritage Site(1991). Picture by Manuel Cohen.
    LC_UZBEKISTAN_0710_MC194.jpg
  • Detail of majolica tiling, winter mosque, Kukhna Ark, Khiva, Uzbekistan, pictured on July 6, 2010, in the afternoon. The Kukhna Ark is the original home of the Khans. Although its foundations are 5th century, most of the complex is 19th century. Khiva, ancient and remote, is the most intact Silk Road city. Ichan Kala, its old town, was the first site in Uzbekistan to become a World Heritage Site(1991). Picture by Manuel Cohen.
    LC_UZBEKISTAN_0710_MC191.jpg
  • Detail of majolica tiling, winter mosque, Kukhna Ark, Khiva, Uzbekistan, pictured on July 6, 2010, in the afternoon. The Kukhna Ark is the original home of the Khans. Although its foundations are 5th century, most of the complex is 19th century. Khiva, ancient and remote, is the most intact Silk Road city. Ichan Kala, its old town, was the first site in Uzbekistan to become a World Heritage Site(1991). Picture by Manuel Cohen.
    LC_UZBEKISTAN_0710_MC188.jpg
  • Detail of columns and majolica tiling, winter mosque, Kukhna Ark, Khiva, Uzbekistan, pictured on July 6, 2010, in the afternoon. The Kukhna Ark is the original home of the Khans. Although its foundations are 5th century, most of the complex is 19th century. Khiva, ancient and remote, is the most intact Silk Road city. Ichan Kala, its old town, was the first site in Uzbekistan to become a World Heritage Site(1991). Picture by Manuel Cohen.
    LC_UZBEKISTAN_0710_MC186.jpg
  • Detail of mosaic tiling, in a room in the Harem of Tash Khauli Palace, 1830-38, Khiva, Uzbekistan, Khiva, Uzbekistan, pictured on July 6, 2010, in the morning. Commissioned by Allah Kuli Khan the Tash Kauli palace is a huge complex containing 163 rooms which took its architects, Tajiddin and Kalandar, 10 years to build. The harem, occupying about half of the palace has 5 aiwan terraces, with delicately carved wooden pillars,  behind which were the quarters for the khan and his wives. Khiva, ancient and remote, is the most intact Silk Road city. Ichan Kala, its old town, was the first site in Uzbekistan to become a World Heritage Site(1991). Picture by Manuel Cohen.
    LC_UZBEKISTAN_0710_MC183.JPG
  • View from below of ceiling of an aiwan terrace in the Harem, Tash Khauli Palace, 1830-38, Khiva, Uzbekistan, Khiva, Uzbekistan, pictured on July 6, 2010, in the morning. Commissioned by Allah Kuli Khan the Tash Kauli palace is a huge complex containing 163 rooms which took its architects, Tajiddin and Kalandar, 10 years to build. The harem, occupying about half of the palace has 5 aiwan terraces, behind which were the quarters for the khan and his wives. Khiva, ancient and remote, is the most intact Silk Road city. Ichan Kala, its old town, was the first site in Uzbekistan to become a World Heritage Site(1991). Picture by Manuel Cohen.
    LC_UZBEKISTAN_0710_MC179.jpg
  • View from below of column in an aiwan terrace in the Harem, Tash Khauli Palace, 1830-38, Khiva, Uzbekistan, Khiva, Uzbekistan, pictured on July 6, 2010, in the morning. Commissioned by Allah Kuli Khan the Tash Kauli palace is a huge complex containing 163 rooms which took its architects, Tajiddin and Kalandar, 10 years to build. The harem, occupying about half of the palace has 5 aiwan terraces, with delicately carved wooden pillars,  behind which were the quarters for the khan and his wives. Khiva, ancient and remote, is the most intact Silk Road city. Ichan Kala, its old town, was the first site in Uzbekistan to become a World Heritage Site(1991). Picture by Manuel Cohen.
    LC_UZBEKISTAN_0710_MC177.jpg
  • Detail of doorway, Harem, Tash Khauli Palace, 1830-38, Khiva, Uzbekistan, Khiva, Uzbekistan, pictured on July 6, 2010, in the morning. Commissioned by Allah Kuli Khan the Tash Kauli palace is a huge complex containing 163 rooms which took its architects, Tajiddin and Kalandar, 10 years to build. The harem, occupying about half of the palace has 5 aiwan terraces, with delicately carved wooden pillars,  behind which were the quarters for the khan and his wives. Across the courtyard were the  concubines' apartments.  The facades and walls around the courtyards were decorated with traditional blue, ultramarine and white colours majolica made by Abdullah. Khiva, ancient and remote, is the most intact Silk Road city. Ichan Kala, its old town, was the first site in Uzbekistan to become a World Heritage Site(1991). Picture by Manuel Cohen.
    LC_UZBEKISTAN_0710_MC175.jpg
  • General view of Harem courtyard, Tash Khauli Palace, 1830-38, Khiva, Uzbekistan, Khiva, Uzbekistan, pictured on July 6, 2010, in the morning. Commissioned by Allah Kuli Khan the Tash Kauli palace is a huge complex containing 163 rooms which took its architects, Tajiddin and Kalandar, 10 years to build. The harem, occupying about half of the palace has 5 aiwan terraces. Across the courtyard were the  concubines' apartments.  The facades and walls around the courtyards were decorated with traditional blue, ultramarine and white colours majolica made by Abdullah. Khiva, ancient and remote, is the most intact Silk Road city. Ichan Kala, its old town, was the first site in Uzbekistan to become a World Heritage Site(1991). Picture by Manuel Cohen.
    LC_UZBEKISTAN_0710_MC174.jpg
  • General view of Prayer Hall, Juma Mosque, Khiva, Uzbekistan, pictured on July 6, 2010, in the morning. The Juma Mosque, Khiva's main Friday Mosque is, unusally, a single storey building, whose 18th century architects tried to preserve the characteristics of its 10th century predecessor. The 45x55 metre prayer hall contains 212 10th-18th century pillars of varying form and decoration. Some are from the ancient mosque on the same site, others are battle trophies. They are remarkable not only for their fine carving and decoration but also for the  design of the lower sections in the form of a vase with flowering shoots. Khiva, ancient and remote, is the most intact Silk Road city. Ichan Kala, its old town, was the first site in Uzbekistan to become a World Heritage Site(1991). Picture by Manuel Cohen.
    LC_UZBEKISTAN_0710_MC173.jpg
  • Detail of pillar base, of Prayer Hall, Juma Mosque, Khiva, Uzbekistan, pictured on July 6, 2010, in the morning. The Juma Mosque, Khiva's main Friday Mosque is, unusally, a single storey building, whose 18th century architects tried to preserve the characteristics of its 10th century predecessor. The 45x55 metre prayer hall contains 212 10th-18th century pillars of varying form and decoration. Some are from the ancient mosque on the same site, others are battle trophies. They are remarkable not only for their fine carving and decoration but also for the  design of the lower sections in the form of a vase with flowering shoots. Khiva, ancient and remote, is the most intact Silk Road city. Ichan Kala, its old town, was the first site in Uzbekistan to become a World Heritage Site(1991). Picture by Manuel Cohen.
    LC_UZBEKISTAN_0710_MC171.jpg
  • Detail of pillar base, of Prayer Hall, Juma Mosque, Khiva, Uzbekistan, pictured on July 6, 2010, in the morning. The Juma Mosque, Khiva's main Friday Mosque is, unusally, a single storey building, whose 18th century architects tried to preserve the characteristics of its 10th century predecessor. The 45x55 metre prayer hall contains 212 10th-18th century pillars of varying form and decoration. Some are from the ancient mosque on the same site, others are battle trophies. They are remarkable not only for their fine carving and decoration but also for the  design of the lower sections in the form of a vase with flowering shoots. Khiva, ancient and remote, is the most intact Silk Road city. Ichan Kala, its old town, was the first site in Uzbekistan to become a World Heritage Site(1991). Picture by Manuel Cohen.
    LC_UZBEKISTAN_0710_MC170.jpg
  • General view of Prayer Hall, Juma Mosque, Khiva, Uzbekistan, pictured on July 6, 2010, in the morning. The Juma Mosque, Khiva's main Friday Mosque is, unusally, a single storey building, whose 18th century architects tried to preserve the characteristics of its 10th century predecessor. The 45x55 metre prayer hall contains 212 10th-18th century pillars of varying form and decoration. Some are from the ancient mosque on the same site, others are battle trophies. They are remarkable not only for their fine carving and decoration but also for the  design of the lower sections in the form of a vase with flowering shoots. Khiva, ancient and remote, is the most intact Silk Road city. Ichan Kala, its old town, was the first site in Uzbekistan to become a World Heritage Site(1991). Picture by Manuel Cohen.
    LC_UZBEKISTAN_0710_MC169.jpg
  • General view of Prayer Hall, with shrine, Juma Mosque, Khiva, Uzbekistan, pictured on July 6, 2010, in the morning. The Juma Mosque, Khiva's main Friday Mosque is, unusally, a single storey building, whose 18th century architects tried to preserve the characteristics of its 10th century predecessor. The 45x55 metre prayer hall contains 212 10th-18th century pillars of varying form and decoration. Some are from the ancient mosque on the same site, others are battle trophies. They are remarkable not only for their fine carving and decoration but also for the  design of the lower sections in the form of a vase with flowering shoots. Khiva, ancient and remote, is the most intact Silk Road city. Ichan Kala, its old town, was the first site in Uzbekistan to become a World Heritage Site(1991). Picture by Manuel Cohen.
    LC_UZBEKISTAN_0710_MC168.jpg
  • General view of Prayer Hall, Juma Mosque, Khiva, Uzbekistan, pictured on July 6, 2010, in the morning. The Juma Mosque, Khiva's main Friday Mosque is, unusally, a single storey building, whose 18th century architects tried to preserve the characteristics of its 10th century predecessor. The 45x55 metre prayer hall contains 212 10th-18th century pillars of varying form and decoration. Some are from the ancient mosque on the same site, others are battle trophies. They are remarkable not only for their fine carving and decoration but also for the  design of the lower sections in the form of a vase with flowering shoots. Khiva, ancient and remote, is the most intact Silk Road city. Ichan Kala, its old town, was the first site in Uzbekistan to become a World Heritage Site(1991). Picture by Manuel Cohen.
    LC_UZBEKISTAN_0710_MC167.jpg
  • Detail of Matniyaz Divan-begi madrasah (left) 1871, with the decorative tiled brick Kalta Minor, 1855, in the background Khiva, Uzbekistan, pictured on July 6, 2010, at sunrise. Commissioned by Muhammad Niyaz the rectangular, Madrasah has  corner guldastas which are geometrically patterned in blue, white and green, with green brick domes. The Kalta Minor or Short Minaret was commissioned by Mohammed Amin Khan in 1852 to stand 70 m. high, but was abandoned when he died in 1855, and remains only 26 m. high. Khiva, ancient and remote, is the most intact Silk Road city. Ichan Kala, its old town, was the first site in Uzbekistan to become a World Heritage Site(1991). Picture by Manuel Cohen.
    LC_UZBEKISTAN_0710_MC162.jpg
  • Low angle view of walls of the old city, Khiva, Uzbekistan, pictured on July 6, 2010, at sunrise. Khiva's old city, Ichan Kala, is surrounded by 2.2 kilometres of crenellated and bastioned city walls. Some sections may be 5th century, but the strongest sections were built 1686-88 by Arang Khan. Khiva, ancient and remote, is the most intact Silk Road city. Ichan Kala, its old town, was the first site in Uzbekistan to become a World Heritage Site(1991). Picture by Manuel Cohen.
    LC_UZBEKISTAN_0710_MC161.jpg
  • Arab Muhammad Khan (Arabkhan) Madrasah, 1616-1838), Khiva, Uzbekistan, pictured on July 06, 2010, at dawn. The one-yard, two storey Madrasah has a main entrance marked by a strict portal with cylinder-shaped guldasta towers with arched lanterns at the corner. Khiva, ancient and remote, is the most intact Silk Road city. Ichan Kala, its old town, was the first site in Uzbekistan to become a World Heritage Site(1991). Picture by Manuel Cohen.
    LC_UZBEKISTAN_0710_MC160.jpg
  • Detail of decoration, Islam Hodja Minaret, 1910, Khiva, Uzbekistan, pictured on July 5, 2010, at sunset. Commissioned by the reforming Grand Visier, Islam Khodja, the minaret is 44.8 metres high, tapering towards the top, its ochre brick alternating with bands of decorative blue and white tiles. It is the final architectural achievement of the Khanates. Khiva, ancient and remote, is the most intact Silk Road city. Ichan Kala, its old town, was the first site in Uzbekistan to become a World Heritage Site(1991). Picture by Manuel Cohen.
    LC_UZBEKISTAN_0710_MC158.jpg
  • Low angle view of the Wall of the old city, Khiva, Uzbekistan, pictured on July 7, 2010, at sunset. Khiva's old city, Ichan Kala, is surrounded by 2.2 kilometres of crenellated and bastioned city walls. Some sections may be 5th century, but the strongest sections were built 1686-88 by Arang Khan. Khiva, ancient and remote, is the most intact Silk Road city. Ichan Kala, its old town, was the first site in Uzbekistan to become a World Heritage Site(1991). Picture by Manuel Cohen.
    LC_UZBEKISTAN_0710_MC155.jpg
  • Detail of a turret of the main gate of Ichan-Kala, Ota Darvoza (Father Gate), on the left  and walls of the old city on the right distance, Khiva, Uzbekistan, pictured on July 7, 2010, at dawn. Khiva's old city, Ichan Kala, is surrounded by 2.2 kilometres of crenellated and bastioned city walls. Some sections may be 5th century, but the strongest sections were built 1686-88 by Arang Khan. The main gate today is the restored western Ota Darvoza (Father Gate). Khiva, ancient and remote, is the most intact Silk Road city. Ichan Kala, its old town, was the first site in Uzbekistan to become a World Heritage Site(1991). Picture by Manuel Cohen.
    LC_UZBEKISTAN_0710_MC152.jpg
  • Low angle view of Islam Hodja Minaret, 1910,  Khiva, Uzbekistan, pictured on July 5, 2010, in the afternoon. Commissioned by the reforming Grand Visier, Islam Khodja, the minaret is 44.8 metres high, tapering towards the top, its ochre brick alternating with bands of decorative blue and white tiles. It is the final architectural achievement of the Khanates. Khiva, ancient and remote, is the most intact Silk Road city. Ichan Kala, its old town, was the first site in Uzbekistan to become a World Heritage Site(1991). Picture by Manuel Cohen.
    LC_UZBEKISTAN_0710_MC150.JPG
  • Group portrait of children playing in Ichan Kala, the old city, Khiva, Uzbekistan, pictured on July 5, 2010, in the afternoon. Khiva, ancient and remote, is the most intact Silk Road city. Ichan Kala, its old town, was the first site in Uzbekistan to become a World Heritage Site(1991). Picture by Manuel Cohen.
    LC_UZBEKISTAN_0710_MC149.jpg
  • Group portrait of young boys in Ichan Kala, the old city, Khiva, Uzbekistan, pictured on July 5, 2010, in the afternoon. Khiva, ancient and remote, is the most intact Silk Road city. Ichan Kala, its old town, was the first site in Uzbekistan to become a World Heritage Site(1991). Picture by Manuel Cohen.
    LC_UZBEKISTAN_0710_MC148.jpg
  • General view of children playing in Ichan Kala, the old city, Khiva, Uzbekistan, pictured on July 5, 2010, in the afternoon. Khiva, ancient and remote, is the most intact Silk Road city. Ichan Kala, its old town, was the first site in Uzbekistan to become a World Heritage Site(1991). Picture by Manuel Cohen.
    LC_UZBEKISTAN_0710_MC147.jpg
  • Low angle view of Juma Mosque Minaret, 10th-13th century, Uzbekistan, pictured on July 5, 2010, in the late afternoon light. The oldest minaret in Khiva has a tapering brick trunk decorated with seven narrow belts of small turquoise bricks, topped with a stalactite belt and a small blue dome. Khiva, ancient and remote, is the most intact Silk Road city. Ichan Kala, its old town, was the first site in Uzbekistan to become a World Heritage Site(1991). Picture by Manuel Cohen.
    LC_UZBEKISTAN_0710_MC146.jpg
  • General view of semi-open aiwan, tiled in majolica, Kurinish Khana or Throne Room, 1804-06, Kukhna Ark, Khiva, Uzbekistan, pictured on July 5, 2010, in the afternoon. The Kukhna Ark is the original home of the Khans. Although its foundations are 5th century, most of the complex is 19th century. The Kurinish Khana (throne room), 1804-06, with its arcade or iwan, is the place where audiences were held in the open air in summer and enclosed by a yurt in winter. Khiva, ancient and remote, is the most intact Silk Road city. Ichan Kala, its old town, was the first site in Uzbekistan to become a World Heritage Site(1991). Picture by Manuel Cohen.
    LC_UZBEKISTAN_0710_MC143.jpg
  • Low angle view of walls of the old city, Khiva, Uzbekistan, pictured on July 5, 2010, in the afternoon. Khiva's old city, Ichan Kala, is surrounded by 2.2 kilometres of crenellated and bastioned city walls. Some sections may be 5th century, but the strongest sections were built 1686-88 by Arang Khan. Khiva, ancient and remote, is the most intact Silk Road city. Ichan Kala, its old town, was the first site in Uzbekistan to become a World Heritage Site(1991). Picture by Manuel Cohen.
    LC_UZBEKISTAN_0710_MC140.jpg
  • General view of Islam Hodja Minaret, 1910, Khiva, Uzbekistan, pictured on July 5, 2010, in the afternoon. Commissioned by the reforming Grand Visier, Islam Khodja, the minaret is 44.8 metres high, tapering towards the top, its ochre brick alternating with bands of decorative blue and white tiles. It is the final architectural achievement of the Khanates. Khiva, ancient and remote, is the most intact Silk Road city. Ichan Kala, its old town, was the first site in Uzbekistan to become a World Heritage Site(1991). Picture by Manuel Cohen.
    LC_UZBEKISTAN_0710_MC139.jpg
  • Low angle view of the side of the gate of the main building, Bibi-Khanym Mosque, 15th century, Samarkand, Uzbekistan, pictured on July 16, 2010, in the morning. Named after the wife of Amir Timur, 14th century ruler, the mosque was constructed following his 1399 Indian campaign. It collapsed after an earthquake in 1897 and was restored in the late 20th century. Samarkand, a city on the Silk Road, founded as Afrosiab in the 7th century BC, is a meeting point for the world's cultures. Its most important development was in the Timurid period, 14th to 15th centuries. Picture by Manuel Cohen.
    LC_UZBEKISTAN_0710_MC134.jpg
  • View from the front of the Tillyah-Kori Madrasah, 1646-60, Registan, Samarkand, Uzbekistan, pictured on July 16, 2010, in the morning. The Tillyah-Kori (gilded) Madrasah is part of the Registan Ensemble, surrounding a magnificent square. Commissioned by Yalangtush Bakhadur it is not only a school but also the grand mosque whose lavishly gilded main hall in Kundal style justifies the name. The 75 metre main facade is two-storied with corner turrets and  decorated in brilliant mosaic. The dome was only completed during the 20th century Soviet restoration. Samarkand, a city on the Silk Road, founded as Afrosiab in the 7th century BC, is a meeting point for the world's cultures. Its most important development was in the Timurid period, 14th to 15th centuries. Picture by Manuel Cohen.
    LC_UZBEKISTAN_0710_MC133.jpg
  • Panoramic view of the rear side of the Sher Dor Madrasah, 1619-36, (left) and side of the Tillya-Kori Madrasah, 1646-60, Registan, Samarkand, Uzbekistan, pictured on July 16, 2010, at dawn. The Tillyah-Kori (gilded) Madrasah is part of the Registan Ensemble, surrounding a magnificent square. Commissioned by Yalangtush Bakhadur it is not only a school but also the grand mosque whose lavishly gilded main hall in Kundal style justifies the name. The 75 metre main facade is two-storied with corner turrets and  decorated in brilliant mosaic. The dome was only completed during the 20th century Soviet restoration. The Sher-Dor Madrasah, commissioned by Yalangtush Bakhodur as part of the Registan ensemble, and designed by Abdujabor, takes its name, "Having Tigers", from the double mosaic (restored in the 20th century) on the tympans of the portal arch showing suns and tigers attacking deer. Samarkand, a city on the Silk Road, founded as Afrosiab in the 7th century BC, is a meeting point for the world's cultures. Its most important development was in the Timurid period, 14th to 15th centuries. Picture by Manuel Cohen.
    LC_UZBEKISTAN_0710_MC132.jpg
  • Panoramic view of Registan Square, showing the Sher-Dor, 1619-36, (right), Tillya-Kori, 1646-60, (centre) and Ulugh Beg, 1417-20, (left) Madrasahs, Samarkand, Uzbekistan, pictured on July 16, 2010, at dawn. The Tillyah-Kori (gilded) Madrasah is part of the Registan Ensemble, surrounding a magnificent square. Commissioned by Yalangtush Bakhadur it is not only a school but also the grand mosque. The Sher-Dor Madrasah, commissioned by Yalangtush Bakhodur as part of the Registan ensemble, and designed by Abdujabor, takes its name, "Having Tigers", from the double mosaic (restored in the 20th century) on the tympans of the portal arch showing suns and tigers attacking deer. The lancet arched portal of the Ulugh Beg Madradsah, commissioned by the scholarly Ulugh Beg, faces the square and high well-proportioned minarets flank the corners. It was restored in the early twentieth century. Samarkand, a city on the Silk Road, founded as Afrosiab in the 7th century BC, is a meeting point for the world's cultures. Its most important development was in the Timurid period, 14th to 15th centuries. Picture by Manuel Cohen.
    LC_UZBEKISTAN_0710_MC131.jpg
  • Panoramic view of Registan Square, showing the Sher-Dor, 1619-36, (right), Tillya-Kori, 1646-60, (centre) and Ulugh Beg, 1417-20, (left) Madrasahs, Samarkand, Uzbekistan, pictured on July 15, 2010, in the morning. The Tillyah-Kori (gilded) Madrasah is part of the Registan Ensemble, surrounding a magnificent square. Commissioned by Yalangtush Bakhadur it is not only a school but also the grand mosque. The Sher-Dor Madrasah, commissioned by Yalangtush Bakhodur as part of the Registan ensemble, and designed by Abdujabor, takes its name, "Having Tigers", from the double mosaic (restored in the 20th century) on the tympans of the portal arch showing suns and tigers attacking deer. The lancet arched portal of the Ulugh Beg Madradsah, commissioned by the scholarly Ulugh Beg, faces the square and high well-proportioned minarets flank the corners. It was restored in the early twentieth century. Samarkand, a city on the Silk Road, founded as Afrosiab in the 7th century BC, is a meeting point for the world's cultures. Its most important development was in the Timurid period, 14th to 15th centuries. Picture by Manuel Cohen.
    LC_UZBEKISTAN_0710_MC129.jpg
  • General view of Ulugh Begh Madrasah, 1417-20, Registan, Samarkand, Uzbekistan, pictured on July 19, 2010, in the morning. The lancet arched portal of this Madradsah, commissioned by the scholarly Ulugh Beg, faces the square and high well-proportioned minarets flank the corners. Geometrically patterned mosaic surrounds the entrance arch. It was restored in the early twentieth century. Samarkand, a city on the Silk Road, founded as Afrosiab in the 7th century BC, is a meeting point for the world's cultures. Its most important development was in the Timurid period, 14th to 15th centuries. Picture by Manuel Cohen.
    LC_UZBEKISTAN_0710_MC128.jpg
  • Detail of octagonal star decoration, "Nameless 1" Mausoleum, 1380s, Shah-I Zinda ensemble, Samarkand, Uzbekistan, pictured on July 19, 2010, in the morning. The Shah-i-Zinda Complex is a necropolis of mausoleums whose legendary origin dates back to 676 when Kussam-ibn-Abbas arrived to convert the locals to Islam. So successful was he that he was assassinated whilst at prayer. His grave remains the centre of the sacred site which grew over many centuries, especially the 14th and 15th, into an architecturally stunning  example of ceramic art. This Mausoleum, created by Usto Alim Nesefi, is decorated  with relief painted majolica. The portal decorations are notable for the symbol of "octagonal stars". Samarkand, a city on the Silk Road, founded as Afrosiab in the 7th century BC, is a meeting point for the world's cultures. Its most important development was in the Timurid period, 14th to 15th centuries. Picture by Manuel Cohen.
    LC_UZBEKISTAN_0710_MC125.jpg
  • Low angle view of tombs and in the backround, Mausoleums of the middle group, Shah-i-Zinda Complex, Samarkand, Uzbekistan, pictured on July 19, 2010, in the early morning. The Shah-i-Zinda Complex is a necropolis of mausoleums whose legendary origin dates back to 676 when Kussam-ibn-Abbas arrived to convert the locals to Islam. So successful was he that he was assassinated whilst at prayer. His grave remains the centre of the sacred site which grew over many centuries, especially the 14th and 15th, into an architecturally stunning  example of ceramic art. From left to right "Nameless 1" Mausoleum, 1380s, created by Usto Alim Nesefi, which is decorated  with relief painted majolica. The portal decorations are notable for the symbol of "octagonal stars"; on the right of the image is the "Nameless 2" mausoleum, 1390s. Samarkand, a city on the Silk Road, founded as Afrosiab in the 7th century BC, is a meeting point for the world's cultures. Its most important development was in the Timurid period, 14th to 15th centuries. Picture by Manuel Cohen.
    LC_UZBEKISTAN_0710_MC124.jpg
  • General view of octagonal pavilion, Mausoleum of the middle group, 1380s, Shah-I Zindah Complex, Samarkand, Uzbekistan, pictured on July 19, 2010, in the early morning. The Shah-i-Zinda Complex is a necropolis of mausoleums whose legendary origin dates back to 676 when Kussam-ibn-Abbas arrived to convert the locals to Islam. So successful was he that he was assassinated whilst at prayer. His grave remains the centre of the sacred site which grew over many centuries, especially the 14th and 15th, into an architecturally stunning  example of ceramic art. Samarkand, a city on the Silk Road, founded as Afrosiab in the 7th century BC, is a meeting point for the world's cultures. Its most important development was in the Timurid period, 14th to 15th centuries. Picture by Manuel Cohen.
    LC_UZBEKISTAN_0710_MC123.jpg
  • General view of Mausoleum of the middle group, ("Nameless 1" Mausoleum), 1380s, Shah-I Zindah ensemble, and in the distance the blue cupola of the Bibi-Khanym Madrasah and mausoleum, Samarkand, Uzbekistan, pictured on July 19, 2010, at dawn. The Shah-i-Zinda Complex is a necropolis of mausoleums whose legendary origin dates back to 676 when Kussam-ibn-Abbas arrived to convert the locals to Islam. So successful was he that he was assassinated whilst at prayer. His grave remains the centre of the sacred site which grew over many centuries, especially the 14th and 15th, into an architecturally stunning  exampleof ceramic art. The Mausoleum of the middle group.("Nameless 1" Mausoleum) was created by Usto Alim Nesefi, and is decorated with relief painted majolica. The portal decorations are notable for the symbol of "octagonal stars". Samarkand, a city on the Silk Road, founded as Afrosiab in the 7th century BC, is a meeting point for the world's cultures. Its most important development was in the Timurid period, 14th to 15th centuries. Picture by Manuel Cohen.
    LC_UZBEKISTAN_0710_MC121.jpg
  • General view of Hazrat-Hyzr mosque, known as a "Kadamjoy" (place of a Trace), 19th century, Samarkand, Uzbekistan, pictured on July 19, 2010, at dawn.The Hazrat-Hyzr mosque, built in "ayvan" style, is located on a hill in Tashkent Street on the site of the ancient shrine of the holy elder Hyzr, protector of wanderers, and the 11th century site of Samarkand's first mosque, destroyed in the 1220 invasion of Genghiz-khan. Samarkand, a city on the Silk Road, founded as Afrosiab in the 7th century BC, is a meeting point for the world's cultures. Its most important development was in the Timurid period, 14th to 15th centuries. Picture by Manuel Cohen.
    LC_UZBEKISTAN_0710_MC117.jpg
  • General view of Bibi-Khanym Madrasah and Mausoleum, 15th century, Samarkand, Uzbekistan, pictured on July 19, 2010, at dawn with mountains in the background. the mausoleum of Timur's wife is located opposite Mosque also named after her. Both have been extensively restored. Samarkand, a city on the Silk Road, founded as Afrosiab in the 7th century BC, is a meeting point for the world's cultures. Its most important development was in the Timurid period, 14th to 15th centuries. Picture by Manuel Cohen.
    LC_UZBEKISTAN_0710_MC115.jpg
  • View from the front of statue of Amir Timur, Samarkand, Uzbekistan, pictured on July 19, 2010, at dawn. Amir Timur (1336-1405) ruler and warrior founded the Timurid dynasty. He is also known as Tamerlane, or Tamberlaine. Samarkand, a city on the Silk Road, founded as Afrosiab in the 7th century BC, is a meeting point for the world's cultures. Its most important development was in the Timurid period, 14th to 15th centuries. Picture by Manuel Cohen.
    LC_UZBEKISTAN_0710_MC114.jpg
  • Detail of head and shoulders of statue of Amir Timur, Samarkand, Uzbekistan, pictured on July 19, 2010, at dawn. Amir Timur (1336-1405) ruler and warrior founded the Timurid dynasty. He is also known as Tamerlane, or Tamberlaine. Samarkand, a city on the Silk Road, founded as Afrosiab in the 7th century BC, is a meeting point for the world's cultures. Its most important development was in the Timurid period, 14th to 15th centuries. Picture by Manuel Cohen.
    LC_UZBEKISTAN_0710_MC113.jpg
  • View from below of interior,  Ak-Sarai Mausoleum, (White Palace), Samarkand, Uzbekistan, pictured on July 18, 2010. The Ak-Sarai Mausoleum, located South East of the Gur-Emir Mausoleum, is also a Timurid tomb, commissioned by Abu Sa'id (1451-1468/9). It has an underground octahedral crypt where a headless skeleton was discovered in a  niche by the eastern wall, possibly Ulugh Beg's eldest son Abd al-Latif (c.1420-50), who ordered his father's death, and was later executed himself. Samarkand, a city on the Silk Road, founded as Afrosiab in the 7th century BC, is a meeting point for the world's cultures. Its most important development was in the Timurid period, 14th to 15th centuries. Picture by Manuel Cohen.
    LC_UZBEKISTAN_0710_MC108.jpg
  • View from below of interior,  Ak-Sarai Mausoleum, (White Palace), Samarkand, Uzbekistan, pictured on July 18, 2010. The Ak-Sarai Mausoleum, located South East of the Gur-Emir Mausoleum, is also a Timurid tomb, commissioned by Abu Sa'id (1451-1468/9). It has an underground octahedral crypt where a headless skeleton was discovered in a  niche by the eastern wall, possibly Ulugh Beg's eldest son Abd al-Latif (c.1420-50), who ordered his father's death, and was later executed himself. Samarkand, a city on the Silk Road, founded as Afrosiab in the 7th century BC, is a meeting point for the world's cultures. Its most important development was in the Timurid period, 14th to 15th centuries. Picture by Manuel Cohen.
    LC_UZBEKISTAN_0710_MC106.jpg
  • Oblique low angle view of main building, Bibi-Khanym Mosque, 15th century, Samarkand, Uzbekistan, pictured on July 17, 2010, in the afternoon. Named after the wife of Amir Timur, 14th century ruler, the mosque was constructed following his 1399 Indian campaign. It collapsed after an earthquake in 1897 and was restored in the late 20th century. The main building was used to be also as a huge Mihrhab. Seen here are the side of the gate of this main building and its huge blue dome. Samarkand, a city on the Silk Road, founded as Afrosiab in the 7th century BC, is a meeting point for the world's cultures. Its most important development was in the Timurid period, 14th to 15th centuries. Picture by Manuel Cohen.
    LC_UZBEKISTAN_0710_MC098.jpg
  • Low angle view of one of the 4 corner minarets,Bibi-Khanym Mosque, 15th century,  Samarkand, Uzbekistan, pictured on July 17, 2010, in the afternoon. Named after the wife of Amir Timur, 14th century ruler, the mosque was constructed following his 1399 Indian campaign. It collapsed after an earthquake in 1897 and was restored in the late 20th century. Samarkand, a city on the Silk Road, founded as Afrosiab in the 7th century BC, is a meeting point for the world's cultures. Its most important development was in the Timurid period, 14th to 15th centuries. Picture by Manuel Cohen.
    LC_UZBEKISTAN_0710_MC096.jpg
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