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  • Chateau d'Amboise illuminated at sunset, above the river Loire, at Amboise, Indre-et-Loire, Centre, France. The chateau is a medieval castle which became a royal residence in the 15th century and was largely reworked in the 15th and 16th centuries. It was rebuilt as a Gothic palace under Charles VIII and Renaissance and Italianate additions were installed under Francois I and Henri II. It is listed as a historic monument and is part of the Loire Valley UNESCO World Heritage Site. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC23_FRANCE_MC_0380.jpg
  • Tour des Minimes and Gothic Charles VIII wing of the logis royal of the Chateau d'Amboise, a medieval castle which became a royal residence in the 15th century and was largely reworked in the 15th and 16th centuries, on the River Loire, at Amboise, Indre-et-Loire, Centre, France. The chateau was rebuilt as a Gothic palace under Charles VIII and Renaissance and Italianate additions were installed under Francois I and Henri II. It is listed as a historic monument and is part of the Loire Valley UNESCO World Heritage Site. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC23_FRANCE_MC_0387.jpg
  • Charles VIII wing of the logis royal, built in Gothic style with the Promenade des Gardes and a wide balcony overlooking the river Loire, at the Chateau d'Amboise, a medieval castle which became a royal residence in the 15th century and was largely reworked in the 15th and 16th centuries, on the River Loire, at Amboise, Indre-et-Loire, Centre, France. The chateau was rebuilt as a Gothic palace under Charles VIII and Renaissance and Italianate additions were installed under Francois I and Henri II. It is listed as a historic monument and is part of the Loire Valley UNESCO World Heritage Site. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC23_FRANCE_MC_0386.jpg
  • Sulptural detail on the rib-vaults of the ceiling of the interior ramp of the Tour des Minimes, with figures holding the coat of arms of the House of Valois with 3 fleur de lys, at the Chateau d'Amboise, a medieval castle of the Loire Valley which became a royal residence in the 15th century and was largely reworked in the 15th and 16th centuries, at Amboise, Indre-et-Loire, Centre, France. The tower has a wide, shallow ramp large enough to allow horses and carriages access to the royal residence. The chateau is listed as a historic monument and is part of the Loire Valley UNESCO World Heritage Site. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC23_FRANCE_MC_0383.jpg
  • Tour des Minimes and Gothic Charles VIII wing of the logis royal of the Chateau d'Amboise, a medieval castle which became a royal residence in the 15th century and was largely reworked in the 15th and 16th centuries, on the River Loire, at Amboise, Indre-et-Loire, Centre, France. The chateau was rebuilt as a Gothic palace under Charles VIII and Renaissance and Italianate additions were installed under Francois I and Henri II. It is listed as a historic monument and is part of the Loire Valley UNESCO World Heritage Site. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC23_FRANCE_MC_0388.jpg
  • Salle des Gardes, or Guardroom, in the Chateau d'Amboise, a medieval castle of the Loire Valley which became a royal residence in the 15th century and was largely reworked in the 15th and 16th centuries, at Amboise, Indre-et-Loire, Centre, France. The chateau was rebuilt as a Gothic palace under Charles VIII and Renaissance and Italianate additions were installed under Francois I and Henri II. It is listed as a historic monument and is part of the Loire Valley UNESCO World Heritage Site. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC23_FRANCE_MC_0382.jpg
  • Ceiling of Gothic choir, 15th century, with tracery and high columns, and High Altarpiece, 18th century, by Sabatini, with statue of the Virgen de la Paz, 12th century, in the centre, Segovia Cathedral, (Catedral de Segovia, Catedral de Santa Maria), 1525-77, by Juan Gil de Hontanon (1480-1526), and continued by his son Rodrigo Gil de Hontanon (1500-1577), Segovia, Castile and Leon, Spain. Last Gothic Cathedral in Spain, commissioned by Carlos V (1500-58), after an earlier cathedral was damaged in the Revolt of the Comuneros, 1520. Cathedral consecrated, 1768. Ground plan has three naves surrounded by chapels. The interior is lit by Flemish windows, 16th-17th century, and centres on Gothic choir (15th century). Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LCSPAIN11_MC234.jpg
  • Ceiling of Gothic choir, 15th century, with tracery and high columns, and High Altarpiece, 18th century, by Sabatini, with statue of the Virgen de la Paz, 12th century, in the centre, Segovia Cathedral, (Catedral de Segovia, Catedral de Santa Maria), 1525-77, by Juan Gil de Hontanon (1480-1526), and continued by his son Rodrigo Gil de Hontanon (1500-1577), Segovia, Castile and Leon, Spain. Last Gothic Cathedral in Spain, commissioned by Carlos V (1500-58), after an earlier cathedral was damaged in the Revolt of the Comuneros, 1520. Cathedral consecrated, 1768. Ground plan has three naves surrounded by chapels. The interior is lit by Flemish windows, 16th-17th century, and centres on Gothic choir (15th century). Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LCSPAIN11_MC233.jpg
  • Statue of St Augustine, 15th century, in the abbey church, originally the 17th century Mauric refectory, recently restored, at the Abbaye Notre-Dame du Bec or Bec Abbey, a Benedictine monastery founded 1034 by Saint Herluin, in Le Bec Hellouin, Eure, Normandy, France. The abbey church was built in the 14th century, the Tour Saint-Nicolas in the 15th century and the current complex contains a 17th century chapter house and cloister and 18th century Regency style convent buildings. The abbey is listed as a historic monument. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC19_FRANCE_MC_0009.jpg
  • The Vienna bedroom on the first floor of the square keep, 12th - 13th century, in the Chateau de Chateauneuf, or Chateauneuf-en-Auxois, a 12th and 15th century castle, Cote d'Or, Burgundy, France. The terracotta floor tiles date to the 15th century, and the wooden panelled and painted alcove with wardrobe and washroom were installed by Charles I in the late 17th century. The decor of gypsum plaster imitating marble is 18th century. The portraits are of Charles I of Vienna and his wife Marguerite Fauche of Domprei. Originally built in 1132 by Jean de Chaudenay, the castle was modified from a medieval fortress to a residence from 1457 under Philippe le Bon, Duc de Bourgogne, or Philip the Good, Duke of Burgundy, who gave the castle to his advisor Philippe Pot. The castle sits on an outcrop overlooking the valley of the Canal de Bourgogne and is listed as a historic monument. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC16_FRANCE_MC_0304.jpg
  • Medieval clock, 14th -15th century, probably the oldest fully preserved and functioning mechanical clock in Europe, near the North entrance of the Cathedrale Saint-Pierre de Beauvais or Cathedral of St Peter of Beauvais, an incomplete Gothic Roman Catholic cathedral consecrated in 1272, Beauvais, Oise, Picardy, France. Painted angels from the 15th century support the clock face which was replaced in the 18th century. The cathedral consists only of a transept built in the 16th century and choir, with apse and 7 polygonal apsidal chapels from the 13th century. It was listed as a historic monument in 1840. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC15_FRANCE_MC0613.jpg
  • Grande Galerie, built 15th century as an arcade along the courtyard and incorporated into the chateau in 17th century, housing a series of Brussels tapestries by Leyniers, 18th century, after cartoons by David Teniers, 1610-90, in the Chateau d'Usse, built 15th - 17th century in medieval and Renaissance style, in Rigny-Usse, Indre-et-Loire, France. An existing ruined castle was rebuilt from 1440s by Jean V de Breuil and later rebuilt by Charles d'Espinay. The chateau is owned by the duc de Blacas and is listed as a historic monument. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC22_FRANCE_MC_1469.jpg
  • The Chateau de Chateauneuf, or Chateauneuf-en-Auxois, a 12th and 15th century castle, Chateauneuf, Cote d'Or, Burgundy, France. Originally built in 1132 by Jean de Chaudenay, the castle was modified from a medieval fortress to a residence from 1457 under Philippe le Bon, Duc de Bourgogne, or Philip the Good, Duke of Burgundy, who gave the castle to his advisor Philippe Pot. The castle sits on an outcrop overlooking the valley of the Canal de Bourgogne, and consists of the 12th century keep, 14th century curtain walls with 5 towers built during the Hundred Years War, and later 15th century chapel and courtyard in Gothic style. The chateau and village are listed as a historic monument. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC16_FRANCE_MC_0301.jpg
  • The Chateau de Chateauneuf, or Chateauneuf-en-Auxois, a 12th and 15th century castle, with the village of Chateauneuf to the left and church to the right, Cote d'Or, Burgundy, France. Originally built in 1132 by Jean de Chaudenay, the castle was modified from a medieval fortress to a residence from 1457 under Philippe le Bon, Duc de Bourgogne, or Philip the Good, Duke of Burgundy, who gave the castle to his advisor Philippe Pot. The castle sits on an outcrop overlooking the valley of the Canal de Bourgogne, and consists of the 12th century keep, 14th century curtain walls with 5 towers built during the Hundred Years War, and later 15th century chapel and courtyard in Gothic style. The chateau and village are listed as a historic monument. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC16_FRANCE_MC_0309.jpg
  • Internal courtyard of the Chateau de Chateauneuf, or Chateauneuf-en-Auxois, with 15th century buildings in Flamboyant Gothic style, with the Logis des Hotes (centre), restored and used as an interpretation centre for visitors, Chateauneuf, Cote d'Or, Burgundy, France. Originally built in 1132 by Jean de Chaudenay, the castle was modified from a medieval fortress to a residence from 1457 under Philippe le Bon, Duc de Bourgogne, or Philip the Good, Duke of Burgundy, who gave the castle to his advisor Philippe Pot. The castle sits on an outcrop overlooking the valley of the Canal de Bourgogne, and consists of the 12th century keep, 14th century curtain walls with 5 towers built during the Hundred Years War, and later 15th century chapel and courtyard in Gothic style. The chateau and village are listed as a historic monument. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC16_FRANCE_MC_0295.jpg
  • The Chateau de Chateauneuf, or Chateauneuf-en-Auxois, a 12th and 15th century castle, with the village of Chateauneuf to the left and church to the right, Cote d'Or, Burgundy, France. Originally built in 1132 by Jean de Chaudenay, the castle was modified from a medieval fortress to a residence from 1457 under Philippe le Bon, Duc de Bourgogne, or Philip the Good, Duke of Burgundy, who gave the castle to his advisor Philippe Pot. The castle sits on an outcrop overlooking the valley of the Canal de Bourgogne, and consists of the 12th century keep, 14th century curtain walls with 5 towers built during the Hundred Years War, and later 15th century chapel and courtyard in Gothic style. The chateau and village are listed as a historic monument. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC16_FRANCE_MC_0297.jpg
  • Foundations of the Tour Thibaud or Thibaud tower, built in the 12th century under Thibaud II count of Champagne (left), supporting wall of the 15th century drawbridge (centre) and wall of the Thibaud Grande Poterie or pottery works, 13th century (right), seen from the moat, at the medieval castle of Chateau-Thierry, Picardy, France. The first fortifications on this spur over the river Marne date from the 4th century and the first castle was built in the 9th century Merovingian period by the counts of Vermandois. Thibaud II enlarged the castle in the 12th century and built the Tour Thibaud, and Thibaud IV expanded it significantly in the 13th century to include 17 defensive towers in the walls and an East and South gate. The castle was largely destroyed in the French Revolution after having been a royal palace since 1285. In 1814 it was used as a citadel for Napoleonic troops. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC14_France_MC221.jpg
  • Chateau des Ponts-de-Ce, model of the chateau in its pre 1847 state, 1996-97, by Alain Brifault, at Ponts-de-Ce, Angers, Maine-et-Loire, France. The 15th century keep on the river Loire was originally a summer residence of King Rene, duke of Anjou. The castle also served to protect the only crossing point of the Loire between Saumur and Nantes. It was built in the 13th century on the site of an earlier 9th century fortress, and reworked in the 15th century under King Rene. It is listed as a historic monument and is now the Musee des Coiffes et des Tradition. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC21_FRANCE_MC_0539.jpg
  • The Chateau de Chateauneuf, or Chateauneuf-en-Auxois, a 12th and 15th century castle, Chateauneuf, Cote d'Or, Burgundy, France. Originally built in 1132 by Jean de Chaudenay, the castle was modified from a medieval fortress to a residence from 1457 under Philippe le Bon, Duc de Bourgogne, or Philip the Good, Duke of Burgundy, who gave the castle to his advisor Philippe Pot. The castle sits on an outcrop overlooking the valley of the Canal de Bourgogne, and consists of the 12th century keep, 14th century curtain walls with 5 towers built during the Hundred Years War, and later 15th century chapel and courtyard in Gothic style. The chateau and village are listed as a historic monument. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC16_FRANCE_MC_0300.jpg
  • The Chateau de Chateauneuf, or Chateauneuf-en-Auxois, a 12th and 15th century castle, with the church and village (right), Chateauneuf, Cote d'Or, Burgundy, France. Originally built in 1132 by Jean de Chaudenay, the castle was modified from a medieval fortress to a residence from 1457 under Philippe le Bon, Duc de Bourgogne, or Philip the Good, Duke of Burgundy, who gave the castle to his advisor Philippe Pot. The castle sits on an outcrop overlooking the valley of the Canal de Bourgogne, and consists of the 12th century keep, 14th century curtain walls with 5 towers built during the Hundred Years War, and later 15th century chapel and courtyard in Gothic style. The chateau and village are listed as a historic monument. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC16_FRANCE_MC_0307.jpg
  • The Chateau de Chateauneuf, or Chateauneuf-en-Auxois, a 12th and 15th century castle, Chateauneuf, Cote d'Or, Burgundy, France. Originally built in 1132 by Jean de Chaudenay, the castle was modified from a medieval fortress to a residence from 1457 under Philippe le Bon, Duc de Bourgogne, or Philip the Good, Duke of Burgundy, who gave the castle to his advisor Philippe Pot. The castle sits on an outcrop overlooking the valley of the Canal de Bourgogne, and consists of the 12th century keep, 14th century curtain walls with 5 towers built during the Hundred Years War, and later 15th century chapel and courtyard in Gothic style. The chateau and village are listed as a historic monument. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC16_FRANCE_MC_0308.jpg
  • The Chateau de Chateauneuf, or Chateauneuf-en-Auxois, a 12th and 15th century castle, with the village of Chateauneuf to the left and church to the right, Cote d'Or, Burgundy, France. Originally built in 1132 by Jean de Chaudenay, the castle was modified from a medieval fortress to a residence from 1457 under Philippe le Bon, Duc de Bourgogne, or Philip the Good, Duke of Burgundy, who gave the castle to his advisor Philippe Pot. The castle sits on an outcrop overlooking the valley of the Canal de Bourgogne, and consists of the 12th century keep, 14th century curtain walls with 5 towers built during the Hundred Years War, and later 15th century chapel and courtyard in Gothic style. The chateau and village are listed as a historic monument. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC16_FRANCE_MC_0310.jpg
  • The Chateau de Chateauneuf, or Chateauneuf-en-Auxois, a 12th and 15th century castle, Chateauneuf, Cote d'Or, Burgundy, France. Originally built in 1132 by Jean de Chaudenay, the castle was modified from a medieval fortress to a residence from 1457 under Philippe le Bon, Duc de Bourgogne, or Philip the Good, Duke of Burgundy, who gave the castle to his advisor Philippe Pot. The castle sits on an outcrop overlooking the valley of the Canal de Bourgogne, and consists of the 12th century keep, 14th century curtain walls with 5 towers built during the Hundred Years War, and later 15th century chapel and courtyard in Gothic style. The chateau and village are listed as a historic monument. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC16_FRANCE_MC_0311.jpg
  • The Chateau de Chateauneuf, or Chateauneuf-en-Auxois, a 12th and 15th century castle, with the village of Chateauneuf to the left and church to the right, Cote d'Or, Burgundy, France. Originally built in 1132 by Jean de Chaudenay, the castle was modified from a medieval fortress to a residence from 1457 under Philippe le Bon, Duc de Bourgogne, or Philip the Good, Duke of Burgundy, who gave the castle to his advisor Philippe Pot. The castle sits on an outcrop overlooking the valley of the Canal de Bourgogne, and consists of the 12th century keep, 14th century curtain walls with 5 towers built during the Hundred Years War, and later 15th century chapel and courtyard in Gothic style. The chateau and village are listed as a historic monument. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC16_FRANCE_MC_0296.jpg
  • The Chateau de Chateauneuf, or Chateauneuf-en-Auxois, a 12th and 15th century castle, Cote d'Or, Burgundy, France. Originally built in 1132 by Jean de Chaudenay, the castle was modified from a medieval fortress to a residence from 1457 under Philippe le Bon, Duc de Bourgogne, or Philip the Good, Duke of Burgundy, who gave the castle to his advisor Philippe Pot. The castle sits on an outcrop overlooking the valley of the Canal de Bourgogne, and consists of the 12th century keep, 14th century curtain walls with 5 towers built during the Hundred Years War, and later 15th century chapel and courtyard in Gothic style. The chateau and village are listed as a historic monument. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC16_FRANCE_MC_0299.jpg
  • The Chateau de Chateauneuf, or Chateauneuf-en-Auxois, a 12th and 15th century castle, with the village of Chateauneuf to the left and church to the right, Cote d'Or, Burgundy, France. Originally built in 1132 by Jean de Chaudenay, the castle was modified from a medieval fortress to a residence from 1457 under Philippe le Bon, Duc de Bourgogne, or Philip the Good, Duke of Burgundy, who gave the castle to his advisor Philippe Pot. The castle sits on an outcrop overlooking the valley of the Canal de Bourgogne, and consists of the 12th century keep, 14th century curtain walls with 5 towers built during the Hundred Years War, and later 15th century chapel and courtyard in Gothic style. The chateau and village are listed as a historic monument. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC16_FRANCE_MC_0298.jpg
  • An ivory chesspiece, 10th - 11th centuries, made into a whistle (called 'le fou chantant') in the 15th century and discarded in the 16th century, from the 1995 excavations led by Francois Blary, from the North section of the upper courtyard in the kitchen area at the medieval castle of Chateau-Thierry, Picardy, France. The first fortifications on this spur over the river Marne date from the 4th century and the first castle was built in the 9th century Merovingian period by the counts of Vermandois. Thibaud II enlarged the castle in the 12th century and built the Tour Thibaud, and Thibaud IV expanded it significantly in the 13th century to include 17 defensive towers in the walls and an East and South gate. The castle was largely destroyed in the French Revolution after having been a royal palace since 1285. In 1814 it was used as a citadel for Napoleonic troops. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC14_France_MC299.jpg
  • An ivory chesspiece, 10th - 11th centuries, made into a whistle (called 'le fou chantant') in the 15th century and discarded in the 16th century, from the 1995 excavations led by Francois Blary, from the North section of the upper courtyard in the kitchen area at the medieval castle of Chateau-Thierry, Picardy, France. The first fortifications on this spur over the river Marne date from the 4th century and the first castle was built in the 9th century Merovingian period by the counts of Vermandois. Thibaud II enlarged the castle in the 12th century and built the Tour Thibaud, and Thibaud IV expanded it significantly in the 13th century to include 17 defensive towers in the walls and an East and South gate. The castle was largely destroyed in the French Revolution after having been a royal palace since 1285. In 1814 it was used as a citadel for Napoleonic troops. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC14_France_MC300.jpg
  • An ivory chesspiece, 10th - 11th centuries, made into a whistle (called 'le fou chantant') in the 15th century and discarded in the 16th century, from the 1995 excavations led by Francois Blary, from the North section of the upper courtyard in the kitchen area at the medieval castle of Chateau-Thierry, Picardy, France. The first fortifications on this spur over the river Marne date from the 4th century and the first castle was built in the 9th century Merovingian period by the counts of Vermandois. Thibaud II enlarged the castle in the 12th century and built the Tour Thibaud, and Thibaud IV expanded it significantly in the 13th century to include 17 defensive towers in the walls and an East and South gate. The castle was largely destroyed in the French Revolution after having been a royal palace since 1285. In 1814 it was used as a citadel for Napoleonic troops. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC14_France_MC301.jpg
  • Detail of Philippe Pot, 1428-93, from a stained glass window of Philippe Pot praying to the Virgin and child, with his motto Tant LVault, copy by the studio of Weinling of an original destroyed in the 15th century in the Couvent des Cordeliers in Dijon, in the Grande Salle, a ceremonial room used for public meetings, receptions and banquets, in the main 15th century building of the Chateau de Chateauneuf, or Chateauneuf-en-Auxois, a 12th and 15th century castle, Cote d'Or, Burgundy, France. Originally built in 1132 by Jean de Chaudenay, the castle was modified from a medieval fortress to a residence from 1457 under Philippe le Bon, Duc de Bourgogne, or Philip the Good, Duke of Burgundy, who gave the castle to his advisor Philippe Pot. The castle sits on an outcrop overlooking the valley of the Canal de Bourgogne and is listed as a historic monument. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC16_FRANCE_MC_0287.jpg
  • Chateau des Ponts-de-Ce, engraving, a 15th century keep on the river Loire, originally a summer residence of King Rene, duke of Anjou, in Angers, Maine-et-Loire, France. The castle also served to protect the only crossing point of the Loire between Saumur and Nantes. It was built in the 13th century on the site of an earlier 9th century fortress, and reworked in the 15th century under King Rene. It is listed as a historic monument and is now the Musee des Coiffes et des Tradition. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC21_FRANCE_MC_0537.jpg
  • Wooden roof framework in a room in the keep, at the Chateau des Ponts-de-Ce, a 15th century keep on the river Loire, originally a summer residence of King Rene, duke of Anjou, in Angers, Maine-et-Loire, France. The castle also served to protect the only crossing point of the Loire between Saumur and Nantes. It was built in the 13th century on the site of an earlier 9th century fortress, and reworked in the 15th century under King Rene. It is listed as a historic monument and is now the Musee des Coiffes et des Tradition. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC21_FRANCE_MC_0536.jpg
  • Chateau des Ponts-de-Ce, a 15th century keep, with a tufa spur to protect it from the waters of the Loire, originally a summer residence of King Rene, duke of Anjou, in Angers, Maine-et-Loire, France. The castle also served to protect the only crossing point of the Loire between Saumur and Nantes. It was built in the 13th century on the site of an earlier 9th century fortress, and reworked in the 15th century under King Rene. It is listed as a historic monument and is now the Musee des Coiffes et des Tradition. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC21_FRANCE_MC_0535.jpg
  • Altarpiece, 17th century, donated by the Marechal de Brissac in 1616, and chestnut wood vaulted ceiling from 1452, in the 15th century Chapel at the Ancien Couvent de la Beaumette, also known as the Couvent des Cordeliers d'Angers, a convent built 1452-54 and founded by King Rene, in Angers, Maine-et-Loire, France. The convent complex consists of living quarters, an 18th century cloister, a 15th century chapel, courtyards, a cemetery, gardens and frescoes. The convent is listed as a historic monument. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC21_FRANCE_MC_0529.jpg
  • Chateau des Ponts-de-Ce, a 15th century keep on the river Loire, originally a summer residence of King Rene, duke of Anjou, in Angers, Maine-et-Loire, France. The castle also served to protect the only crossing point of the Loire between Saumur and Nantes. It was built in the 13th century on the site of an earlier 9th century fortress, and reworked in the 15th century under King Rene. It is listed as a historic monument and is now the Musee des Coiffes et des Tradition. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC21_FRANCE_MC_0591.jpg
  • Chateau des Ponts-de-Ce, a 15th century keep on the river Loire, originally a summer residence of King Rene, duke of Anjou, in Angers, Maine-et-Loire, France. The castle also served to protect the only crossing point of the Loire between Saumur and Nantes. It was built in the 13th century on the site of an earlier 9th century fortress, and reworked in the 15th century under King Rene. It is listed as a historic monument and is now the Musee des Coiffes et des Traditions. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC21_FRANCE_MC_0589.jpg
  • Dubrovnik Cathedral, built 12th - 14th century in Romanesque style, and on the left, the Rector's Palace, built in the 15th century by Onofrio di Giordano della Cava, in Gothic and Renaissance style, Dubrovnik, Croatia. The city developed as an important port in the 15th and 16th centuries and has had a multicultural history, allied to the Romans, Ostrogoths, Byzantines, Ancona, Hungary and the Ottomans. In 1979 the city was listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC15_DUBROVNIK_MC017.jpg
  • Wall of the Thibaud Grande Poterie or pottery works, 13th century (left), and the supporting wall of the 15th century drawbridge (centre), with the moat behind, at the medieval castle of Chateau-Thierry, Picardy, France. The first fortifications on this spur over the river Marne date from the 4th century and the first castle was built in the 9th century Merovingian period by the counts of Vermandois. Thibaud II enlarged the castle in the 12th century and built the Tour Thibaud, and Thibaud IV expanded it significantly in the 13th century to include 17 defensive towers in the walls and an East and South gate. The castle was largely destroyed in the French Revolution after having been a royal palace since 1285. In 1814 it was used as a citadel for Napoleonic troops. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC14_France_MC171.jpg
  • Chateau des Ponts-de-Ce, aerial view, a 15th century keep, with a tufa spur to protect it from the waters of the Loire, originally a summer residence of King Rene, duke of Anjou, in Angers, Maine-et-Loire, France. The castle also served to protect the only crossing point of the Loire between Saumur and Nantes. It was built in the 13th century on the site of an earlier 9th century fortress, and reworked in the 15th century under King Rene. It is listed as a historic monument and is now the Musee des Coiffes et des Tradition. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    DRN_LC21_FRANCE_MC_0321.jpg
  • Chateau des Ponts-de-Ce, aerial view, a 15th century keep, with a tufa spur to protect it from the waters of the Loire, originally a summer residence of King Rene, duke of Anjou, in Angers, Maine-et-Loire, France. The castle also served to protect the only crossing point of the Loire between Saumur and Nantes. It was built in the 13th century on the site of an earlier 9th century fortress, and reworked in the 15th century under King Rene. It is listed as a historic monument and is now the Musee des Coiffes et des Tradition. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    DRN_LC21_FRANCE_MC_0320.jpg
  • Chateau des Ponts-de-Ce, a 15th century keep, with a tufa spur to protect it from the waters of the Loire, originally a summer residence of King Rene, duke of Anjou, in Angers, Maine-et-Loire, France. The castle also served to protect the only crossing point of the Loire between Saumur and Nantes. It was built in the 13th century on the site of an earlier 9th century fortress, and reworked in the 15th century under King Rene. It is listed as a historic monument and is now the Musee des Coiffes et des Tradition. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC21_FRANCE_MC_0534.jpg
  • Altarpiece, 17th century, donated by the Marechal de Brissac in 1616, and chestnut wood vaulted ceiling from 1452, in the 15th century Chapel at the Ancien Couvent de la Beaumette, also known as the Couvent des Cordeliers d'Angers, a convent built 1452-54 and founded by King Rene, in Angers, Maine-et-Loire, France. The convent complex consists of living quarters, an 18th century cloister, a 15th century chapel, courtyards, a cemetery, gardens and frescoes. The convent is listed as a historic monument. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC21_FRANCE_MC_0530.jpg
  • Corbelled rampart walk in the Chateau des Ponts-de-Ce, a 15th century keep on the river Loire, originally a summer residence of King Rene, duke of Anjou, in Angers, Maine-et-Loire, France. The castle also served to protect the only crossing point of the Loire between Saumur and Nantes. It was built in the 13th century on the site of an earlier 9th century fortress, and reworked in the 15th century under King Rene. It is listed as a historic monument and is now the Musee des Coiffes et des Tradition. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC21_FRANCE_MC_0538.jpg
  • Chateau des Ponts-de-Ce, a 15th century keep, with a tufa spur to protect it from the waters of the Loire, originally a summer residence of King Rene, duke of Anjou, in Angers, Maine-et-Loire, France. The castle also served to protect the only crossing point of the Loire between Saumur and Nantes. It was built in the 13th century on the site of an earlier 9th century fortress, and reworked in the 15th century under King Rene. It is listed as a historic monument and is now the Musee des Coiffes et des Tradition. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC21_FRANCE_MC_0569.jpg
  • Chateau des Ponts-de-Ce, a 15th century keep on the river Loire, originally a summer residence of King Rene, duke of Anjou, in Angers, Maine-et-Loire, France. The castle also served to protect the only crossing point of the Loire between Saumur and Nantes. It was built in the 13th century on the site of an earlier 9th century fortress, and reworked in the 15th century under King Rene. It is listed as a historic monument and is now the Musee des Coiffes et des Tradition. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC21_FRANCE_MC_0590.jpg
  • Column meets Ceiling, Gothic choir, 15th century, Segovia Cathedral, (Catedral de Segovia, Catedral de Santa Maria), 1525-77, by Juan Gil de Hontanon (1480-1526), and continued by his son Rodrigo Gil de Hontanon (1500-1577), Segovia, Castile and Leon, Spain. Last Gothic Cathedral in Spain, commissioned by Carlos V (1500-58), after an earlier cathedral was damaged in the Revolt of the Comuneros, 1520. Cathedral consecrated, 1768. Ground plan has three naves surrounded by chapels. The interior is lit by Flemish windows, 16th-17th century, and centres on Gothic choir (15th century). Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LCSPAIN11_MC239.jpg
  • Low angle view of the side of the gate of the main building, Bibi-Khanym Mosque, 15th century, Samarkand, Uzbekistan, pictured on July 16, 2010, in the morning. Named after the wife of Amir Timur, 14th century ruler, the mosque was constructed following his 1399 Indian campaign. It collapsed after an earthquake in 1897 and was restored in the late 20th century. Samarkand, a city on the Silk Road, founded as Afrosiab in the 7th century BC, is a meeting point for the world's cultures. Its most important development was in the Timurid period, 14th to 15th centuries. Picture by Manuel Cohen.
    LC_UZBEKISTAN_0710_MC134.jpg
  • Capitals, by Pere Gregori and Jordi de Deu, 15th century, in the cloister, in Santa Maria de Ripoll, or Ripoll monastery, a Benedictine monastery built in Romanesque style, founded by Guifre el Pilos, or count Wilfred the Hairy, in 888, and built 9th - 12th century mainly under the abbots Arnulfo and Oliva, in Ripoll, Girona, Catalonia, Spain. The cloister is 2 storeys, the lower floor built 12th - 15th century and the upper floor built 15th - 16th century. The monastery was founded at the time of the splitting of the Carolingian empire into counties and the beginnings of Catalonia and Barcelona. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC21_SPAIN_MC_0599.jpg
  • Nave, choir and transept of the Eglise Saint-Martin d'Angers, a collegiate Carolingian church, Angers, Maine-et-Loire, France. The main nave is 11th century Romanesque, the large brick arches to the sides are 10th century and the choir was extended in the 12th century in Gothic style. The medieval church was expanded many times and the transept was expanded under King Rene in the 15th century. The church is listed as a historic monument. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC21_FRANCE_MC_0661.jpg
  • Column meets Ceiling, Gothic choir, 15th century, Segovia Cathedral, (Catedral de Segovia, Catedral de Santa Maria), 1525-77, by Juan Gil de Hontanon (1480-1526), and continued by his son Rodrigo Gil de Hontanon (1500-1577), Segovia, Castile and Leon, Spain. Last Gothic Cathedral in Spain, commissioned by Carlos V (1500-58), after an earlier cathedral was damaged in the Revolt of the Comuneros, 1520. Cathedral consecrated, 1768. Ground plan has three naves surrounded by chapels. The interior is lit by Flemish windows, 16th-17th century, and centres on Gothic choir (15th century). Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LCSPAIN11_MC238.jpg
  • Ceiling of Gothic choir, 15th century, with tracery and high columns, Segovia Cathedral, (Catedral de Segovia, Catedral de Santa Maria), 1525-77, by Juan Gil de Hontanon (1480-1526), and continued by his son Rodrigo Gil de Hontanon (1500-1577), Segovia, Castile and Leon, Spain. Last Gothic Cathedral in Spain, commissioned by Carlos V (1500-58), after an earlier cathedral was damaged in the Revolt of the Comuneros, 1520. Cathedral consecrated, 1768. Ground plan has three naves surrounded by chapels. The interior is lit by Flemish windows, 16th-17th century, and centres on Gothic choir (15th century). Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LCSPAIN11_MC226.jpg
  • Panoramic view of Bibi-Khanym Mosque, 15th century,  Samarkand, Uzbekistan, pictured on July 19, 2010, at dawn. Named after the wife of Amir Timur, 14th century ruler, the mosque was constructed following his 1399 Indian campaign. It collapsed after an earthquake in 1897 and was restored in the late 20th century. Picture shows main entrance portal, (left), main building which was used as a huge Mihrab, (centre), one of the three domed buildings (right) and the 4 corner minarets. Samarkand, a city on the Silk Road, founded as Afrosiab in the 7th century BC, is a meeting point for the world's cultures. Its most important development was in the Timurid period, 14th to 15th centuries. Picture by Manuel Cohen.
    LC_UZBEKISTAN_0710_MC136.jpg
  • High angle view of Bibi-Khanym Mosque, 15th century,  Samarkand, Uzbekistan, pictured on July 19, 2010, at dawn. Named after the wife of Amir Timur, 14th century ruler, the mosque was constructed following his 1399 Indian campaign. It collapsed after an earthquake in 1897 and was restored in the late 20th century. Pictured are main building (used as a huge Mihrab), one of the three dome buildings (right) and 2 minarets. Samarkand, a city on the Silk Road, founded as Afrosiab in the 7th century BC, is a meeting point for the world's cultures. Its most important development was in the Timurid period, 14th to 15th centuries. Picture by Manuel Cohen.
    LC_UZBEKISTAN_0710_MC116.jpg
  • General view of one of the three smaller domed buildings, Bibi-Khanym Mosque, 15th century,  Samarkand, Uzbekistan, pictured on July 17, 2010, in the afternoon. Named after the wife of Amir Timur, 14th century ruler, the mosque was constructed following his 1399 Indian campaign. It collapsed after an earthquake in 1897 and was restored in the late 20th century. Samarkand, a city on the Silk Road, founded as Afrosiab in the 7th century BC, is a meeting point for the world's cultures. Its most important development was in the Timurid period, 14th to 15th centuries. Picture by Manuel Cohen.
    LC_UZBEKISTAN_0710_MC097.jpg
  • Low angle view of one of the 4 corner minarets,Bibi-Khanym Mosque, 15th century,  Samarkand, Uzbekistan, pictured on July 17, 2010, in the afternoon. Named after the wife of Amir Timur, 14th century ruler, the mosque was constructed following his 1399 Indian campaign. It collapsed after an earthquake in 1897 and was restored in the late 20th century. Samarkand, a city on the Silk Road, founded as Afrosiab in the 7th century BC, is a meeting point for the world's cultures. Its most important development was in the Timurid period, 14th to 15th centuries. Picture by Manuel Cohen.
    LC_UZBEKISTAN_0710_MC096.jpg
  • General view of one of the three smaller domed buildings with one of the corner minarets of the front (east) facade, Bibi-Khanym Mosque, 15th century,  Samarkand, Uzbekistan, pictured on July 16, 2010, in the morning. Named after the wife of Amir Timur, 14th century ruler, the mosque was constructed following his 1399 Indian campaign. It collapsed after an earthquake in 1897 and was restored in the late 20th century. Samarkand, a city on the Silk Road, founded as Afrosiab in the 7th century BC, is a meeting point for the world's cultures. Its most important development was in the Timurid period, 14th to 15th centuries. Picture by Manuel Cohen.
    LC_UZBEKISTAN_0710_MC089.jpg
  • Low angle view of huge lecturn, Bibi-Khanym Mosque, 15th century, Samarkand, Uzbekistan, pictured on July 16, 2010, at dawn. Named after the wife of Amir Timur, 14th century ruler, the mosque was constructed following his 1399 Indian campaign. It collapsed after an earthquake in 1897 and was restored in the late 20th century. In the middle of the yard there was a pavilion for ritual ablution. Nowadays a marble lectern for the huge Koran stands here. Samarkand, a city on the Silk Road, founded as Afrosiab in the 7th century BC, is a meeting point for the world's cultures. Its most important development was in the Timurid period, 14th to 15th centuries. Picture by Manuel Cohen.
    LC_UZBEKISTAN_0710_MC086.jpg
  • Detail of dome, Bibi-Khanym Mosque, 15th century, Samarkand, Uzbekistan, pictured on July 16, 2010, at dawn. Named after the wife of Amir Timur, 14th century ruler, the mosque was constructed following his 1399 Indian campaign. It collapsed after an earthquake in 1897 and was restored in the late 20th century. Samarkand, a city on the Silk Road, founded as Afrosiab in the 7th century BC, is a meeting point for the world's cultures. Its most important development was in the Timurid period, 14th to 15th centuries. Picture by Manuel Cohen.
    LC_UZBEKISTAN_0710_MC083.jpg
  • Nave, choir and transept of the Eglise Saint-Martin d'Angers, a collegiate Carolingian church, Angers, Maine-et-Loire, France. The main nave is 11th century Romanesque, the large brick arches to the sides are 10th century and the choir was extended in the 12th century in Gothic style. The medieval church was expanded many times and the transept was expanded under King Rene in the 15th century. The church is listed as a historic monument. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC21_FRANCE_MC_0452.jpg
  • Ceiling of Gothic choir, 15th century, with tracery and high columns, Segovia Cathedral, (Catedral de Segovia, Catedral de Santa Maria), 1525-77, by Juan Gil de Hontanon (1480-1526), and continued by his son Rodrigo Gil de Hontanon (1500-1577), Segovia, Castile and Leon, Spain. Last Gothic Cathedral in Spain, commissioned by Carlos V (1500-58), after an earlier cathedral was damaged in the Revolt of the Comuneros, 1520. Cathedral consecrated, 1768. Ground plan has three naves surrounded by chapels. The interior is lit by Flemish windows, 16th-17th century, and centres on Gothic choir (15th century). Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LCSPAIN11_MC232.jpg
  • Ceiling of Gothic choir, 15th century, with tracery and high columns, Segovia Cathedral, (Catedral de Segovia, Catedral de Santa Maria), 1525-77, by Juan Gil de Hontanon (1480-1526), and continued by his son Rodrigo Gil de Hontanon (1500-1577), Segovia, Castile and Leon, Spain. Last Gothic Cathedral in Spain, commissioned by Carlos V (1500-58), after an earlier cathedral was damaged in the Revolt of the Comuneros, 1520. Cathedral consecrated, 1768. Ground plan has three naves surrounded by chapels. The interior is lit by Flemish windows, 16th-17th century, and centres on Gothic choir (15th century). Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LCSPAIN11_MC228.jpg
  • General view of Bibi-Khanym Mosque, 15th century, Samarkand, Uzbekistan, pictured on July 19, 2010, at dawn. Named after the wife of Amir Timur, 14th century ruler, the mosque was constructed following his 1399 Indian campaign. It collapsed after an earthquake in 1897 and was restored in the late 20th century. Picture shows main entrance gate (left), main building (a huge Mihrab), dome of one of three domed buildings, and 3 minarets. Samarkand, a city on the Silk Road, founded as Afrosiab in the 7th century BC, is a meeting point for the world's cultures. Its most important development was in the Timurid period, 14th to 15th centuries. Picture by Manuel Cohen.
    LC_UZBEKISTAN_0710_MC118.jpg
  • Low angle view of blue dome of main building, Bibi-Khanym Mosque, 15th century, Samarkand, Uzbekistan, pictured on July 17, 2010, in the afternoon. Named after the wife of Amir Timur, 14th century ruler, the mosque was constructed following his 1399 Indian campaign. It collapsed after an earthquake in 1897 and was restored in the late 20th century. Samarkand, a city on the Silk Road, founded as Afrosiab in the 7th century BC, is a meeting point for the world's cultures. Its most important development was in the Timurid period, 14th to 15th centuries. Picture by Manuel Cohen.
    LC_UZBEKISTAN_0710_MC099.jpg
  • Oblique low angle view of main building, Bibi-Khanym Mosque, 15th century, Samarkand, Uzbekistan, pictured on July 17, 2010, in the afternoon. Named after the wife of Amir Timur, 14th century ruler, the mosque was constructed following his 1399 Indian campaign. It collapsed after an earthquake in 1897 and was restored in the late 20th century. The main building was used to be also as a huge Mihrhab. Seen here are the side of the gate of this main building and its huge blue dome. Samarkand, a city on the Silk Road, founded as Afrosiab in the 7th century BC, is a meeting point for the world's cultures. Its most important development was in the Timurid period, 14th to 15th centuries. Picture by Manuel Cohen.
    LC_UZBEKISTAN_0710_MC098.jpg
  • Detail of one of the corner minarets, main gate, Bibi-Khanym Mosque, 15th century,  Samarkand, Uzbekistan, pictured on July 17, 2010, in the afternoon. Named after the wife of Amir Timur, 14th century ruler, the mosque was constructed following his 1399 Indian campaign. It collapsed after an earthquake in 1897 and was restored in the late 20th century. Samarkand, a city on the Silk Road, founded as Afrosiab in the 7th century BC, is a meeting point for the world's cultures. Its most important development was in the Timurid period, 14th to 15th centuries. Picture by Manuel Cohen.
    LC_UZBEKISTAN_0710_MC095.jpg
  • Low angle view of main building, which was used as a huge Mihrab (left) and one of the three domed buildings (right), Bibi-Khanym Mosque, 15th century,  Samarkand, Uzbekistan, pictured on July 16, 2010, at dawn. Named after the wife of Amir Timur, 14th century ruler, the mosque was constructed following his 1399 Indian campaign. It collapsed after an earthquake in 1897 and was restored in the late 20th century. Samarkand, a city on the Silk Road, founded as Afrosiab in the 7th century BC, is a meeting point for the world's cultures. Its most important development was in the Timurid period, 14th to 15th centuries. Picture by Manuel Cohen.
    LC_UZBEKISTAN_0710_MC087.jpg
  • Detail of huge lecturn, Bibi-Khanym Mosque, 15th century, Samarkand, Uzbekistan, pictured on July 16, 2010, at dawn. Named after the wife of Amir Timur, 14th century ruler, the mosque was constructed following his 1399 Indian campaign. It collapsed after an earthquake in 1897 and was restored in the late 20th century. In the middle of the yard there was a pavilion for ritual ablution. Nowadays a marble lectern for the huge Koran stands here. Samarkand, a city on the Silk Road, founded as Afrosiab in the 7th century BC, is a meeting point for the world's cultures. Its most important development was in the Timurid period, 14th to 15th centuries. Picture by Manuel Cohen.
    LC_UZBEKISTAN_0710_MC085.jpg
  • Low angle view of main building which was used as a huge Mihrab, Bibi-Khanym Mosque, 15th century, Samarkand, Uzbekistan, pictured on July 16, 2010, at dawn. Named after the wife of Amir Timur, 14th century ruler, the mosque was constructed following his 1399 Indian campaign. It collapsed after an earthquake in 1897 and was restored in the late 20th century. Samarkand, a city on the Silk Road, founded as Afrosiab in the 7th century BC, is a meeting point for the world's cultures. Its most important development was in the Timurid period, 14th to 15th centuries. Picture by Manuel Cohen.
    LC_UZBEKISTAN_0710_MC084.jpg
  • Low angle view of the Bibi-Khanym Mosque (Juma mosque), Registan square, early 15th century, Samarkand, Uzbekistan, seen at sunrise on July 16, 2010, showing the huge entrance gateway. Named after the wife of Amir Timur, 14th century ruler, the mosque was constructed following his 1399 Indian campaign. It collapsed after an earthquake in 1897 and was restored in the late 20th century. Samarkand, a city on the Silk Road, founded as Afrosiab in the 7th century BC, is a meeting point for the world's cultures. Its most important development was in the Timurid period, 14th to 15th centuries.
    LC_Uzbekistan_0710_MC037.jpg
  • Tapestry and safe chest, made 16th century in Nuremberg with a 20-pin lock, for storing important documents, in the Salle des gardes, or Guards room, used as a security entrance, drawbridge lookout and for weapons training by the lord's guards, now displaying weapons and armour from 15th-19th century, in the Chateau de Chaumont-sur-Loire, in the Loire Valley, Loir-et-Cher, Centre, France, rebuilt in the 15th century by Charles I d'Amboise on the site of a 10th century Burgundian castle founded by Odo I count of Blois. The chateau is listed as a historic monument and is part of the Loire Valley UNESCO World Heritage Site. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC22_FRANCE_MC_1246.jpg
  • Toothpick set made from bone, 15th - 17th centuries, from the 1998 excavations led by Francois Blary, from the North section of the upper courtyard in the kitchen area at the medieval castle of Chateau-Thierry, Picardy, France. The first fortifications on this spur over the river Marne date from the 4th century and the first castle was built in the 9th century Merovingian period by the counts of Vermandois. Thibaud II enlarged the castle in the 12th century and built the Tour Thibaud, and Thibaud IV expanded it significantly in the 13th century to include 17 defensive towers in the walls and an East and South gate. The castle was largely destroyed in the French Revolution after having been a royal palace since 1285. In 1814 it was used as a citadel for Napoleonic troops. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC14_France_MC324.jpg
  • Toothpick set made from bone, 15th - 17th centuries, from the 1998 excavations led by Francois Blary, from the North section of the upper courtyard in the kitchen area at the medieval castle of Chateau-Thierry, Picardy, France. The first fortifications on this spur over the river Marne date from the 4th century and the first castle was built in the 9th century Merovingian period by the counts of Vermandois. Thibaud II enlarged the castle in the 12th century and built the Tour Thibaud, and Thibaud IV expanded it significantly in the 13th century to include 17 defensive towers in the walls and an East and South gate. The castle was largely destroyed in the French Revolution after having been a royal palace since 1285. In 1814 it was used as a citadel for Napoleonic troops. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC14_France_MC325.jpg
  • Toothpick set made from bone, 15th - 17th centuries, from the 1998 excavations led by Francois Blary, from the North section of the upper courtyard in the kitchen area at the medieval castle of Chateau-Thierry, Picardy, France. The first fortifications on this spur over the river Marne date from the 4th century and the first castle was built in the 9th century Merovingian period by the counts of Vermandois. Thibaud II enlarged the castle in the 12th century and built the Tour Thibaud, and Thibaud IV expanded it significantly in the 13th century to include 17 defensive towers in the walls and an East and South gate. The castle was largely destroyed in the French Revolution after having been a royal palace since 1285. In 1814 it was used as a citadel for Napoleonic troops. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC14_France_MC323.jpg
  • Room known as Ruggieri Room, with cabalistic astrology symbols on the 16th century fireplace, and a 17th century canopy bed, in the Chateau de Chaumont-sur-Loire, in the Loire Valley, Loir-et-Cher, Centre, France, rebuilt in the 15th century by Charles I d'Amboise on the site of a 10th century Burgundian castle founded by Odo I count of Blois. The chateau is listed as a historic monument and is part of the Loire Valley UNESCO World Heritage Site. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC22_FRANCE_MC_1240.jpg
  • Cylindrical tower, Castello a Mare or Castellammare, a fortress defending the entrance to the port at Palermo, Sicily, Italy. The cylindrical tower forms part of the 15th century fort defences, and is 25m wide and 3 storeys high. Originally built in the 12th century, the fort was expanded in the 15th and 1th centuries. The site contains a Norman keep, a fortified gate or entrance, and remains of a sophisticated Renaissance star-shaped defence. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC20_ITALY_MC_109.jpg
  • Great Tower of John II, 15th century, Alcazar, 12-16th centuries,  Segovia, Castile and Leon, Spain. The current Alcazar was begun by King Alfonso VIII (1155-1214) and his wife Eleanor of England (1162-1214), and rebuilt 1258. Juan (John) II (1405-54) added the Gothic style Great Tower. Philip II (1527-98) modified the roofs with slate spires in Northern European style. The Alcazar was subsequently a state prison until it became the Royal Artillery School, 1762. It was damaged by fire, 1862 and restored, 1882, becoming a Military College, 1896. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LCSPAIN11_MC211.jpg
  • Great Tower of John II, 15th century, Alcazar, 12-16th centuries,  Segovia, Castile and Leon, Spain. The current Alcazar was begun by King Alfonso VIII (1155-1214) and his wife Eleanor of England (1162-1214), and rebuilt 1258. Juan (John) II (1405-54) added the Gothic style Great Tower. Philip II (1527-98) modified the roofs with slate spires in Northern European style. The Alcazar was subsequently a state prison until it became the Royal Artillery School, 1762. It was damaged by fire, 1862 and restored, 1882, becoming a Military College, 1896. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LCSPAIN11_MC200.jpg
  • Great Tower of John II, 15th century, Alcazar, 12-16th centuries,  Segovia, Castile and Leon, Spain. The current Alcazar was begun by King Alfonso VIII (1155-1214) and his wife Eleanor of England (1162-1214), and rebuilt 1258. Juan (John) II (1405-54) added the Gothic style Great Tower. Philip II (1527-98) modified the roofs with slate spires in Northern European style. The Alcazar was subsequently a state prison until it became the Royal Artillery School, 1762. It was damaged by fire, 1862 and restored, 1882, becoming a Military College, 1896. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LCSPAIN11_MC191.jpg
  • Room known as Ruggieri Room, with cabbalistic astrology symbols on the 16th century fireplace, and a 17th century canopy bed, in the Chateau de Chaumont-sur-Loire, in the Loire Valley, Loir-et-Cher, Centre, France, rebuilt in the 15th century by Charles I d'Amboise on the site of a 10th century Burgundian castle founded by Odo I count of Blois. The chateau is listed as a historic monument and is part of the Loire Valley UNESCO World Heritage Site. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC22_FRANCE_MC_1237.jpg
  • Bedroom of king Henri II, with large canopy bed, jewel chest and tapestries from Brussels and Tournai, 16th and 17th century, in the Louis XII wing of the Chateau d'Amboise, a medieval castle which became a royal residence in the 15th century and was largely reworked in the 15th and 16th centuries, on the River Loire, at Amboise, Indre-et-Loire, Centre, France. The chateau was rebuilt as a Gothic palace under Charles VIII and Renaissance and Italianate additions were installed under Francois I and Henri II. It is listed as a historic monument and is part of the Loire Valley UNESCO World Heritage Site. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC22_FRANCE_MC_0859.jpg
  • Grande Chambre, formerly known as Salle de l'echanson or Hall of the butler, with Gothic and Renaissance furniture and 17th century Aubusson tapestries designed by Le Brun, in the Louis XII wing of the Chateau d'Amboise, a medieval castle which became a royal residence in the 15th century and was largely reworked in the 15th and 16th centuries, on the River Loire, at Amboise, Indre-et-Loire, Centre, France. The chateau was rebuilt as a Gothic palace under Charles VIII and Renaissance and Italianate additions were installed under Francois I and Henri II. It is listed as a historic monument and is part of the Loire Valley UNESCO World Heritage Site. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC22_FRANCE_MC_0855.jpg
  • Cylindrical tower and bulwark of San Giorgio, Castello a Mare or Castellammare, a fortress defending the entrance to the port at Palermo, Sicily, Italy. The cylindrical tower forms part of the 15th century fort defences, and is 25m wide and 3 storeys high. Originally built in the 12th century, the fort was expanded in the 15th and 1th centuries. The site contains a Norman keep, a fortified gate or entrance, and remains of a sophisticated Renaissance star-shaped defence. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC20_ITALY_MC_102.jpg
  • Cylindrical tower and bulwark of San Giorgio, Castello a Mare or Castellammare, a fortress defending the entrance to the port at Palermo, Sicily, Italy. The cylindrical tower forms part of the 15th century fort defences, and is 25m wide and 3 storeys high. Originally built in the 12th century, the fort was expanded in the 15th and 1th centuries. The site contains a Norman keep, a fortified gate or entrance, and remains of a sophisticated Renaissance star-shaped defence. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC20_ITALY_MC_060.jpg
  • Ruins of the cylindrical tower, and on the right, the Arab-Norman keep, also incorporating a Spanish era building, Castello a Mare or Castellammare, a fortress defending the entrance to the port at Palermo, Sicily, Italy. The cylindrical tower forms part of the 15th century fort defences, and is 25m wide and 3 storeys high. The keep was originally on the corner of the fort and twice its current height. It has a square tower and turrets with arrow slits. Originally built in the 12th century, the fort was expanded in the 15th and 1th centuries. The site contains a Norman keep, a fortified gate or entrance, and remains of a sophisticated Renaissance star-shaped defence. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC20_ITALY_MC_120.jpg
  • Great Tower of John II, 15th century, Alcazar, 12-16th centuries,  Segovia, Castile and Leon, Spain. The current Alcazar was begun by King Alfonso VIII (1155-1214) and his wife Eleanor of England (1162-1214), and rebuilt 1258. Juan (John) II (1405-54) added the Gothic style Great Tower. Philip II (1527-98) modified the roofs with slate spires in Northern European style. The Alcazar was subsequently a state prison until it became the Royal Artillery School, 1762. It was damaged by fire, 1862 and restored, 1882, becoming a Military College, 1896. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LCSPAIN11_MC206.jpg
  • Detail of domes and mosaic decoration, Shah-i-Zinda Complex, 14th-15th century, Samarkand, Uzbekistan, pictured on July 16, 2010, in the afternoon. The Shah-i-Zinda Complex is a necropolis of mausoleums whose legendary origin dates back to 676 when Kussam-ibn-Abbas arrived to convert the locals to Islam. So successful was he that he was assassinated whilst at prayer. His grave remains the centre of the sacred site which grew over many centuries, especially the 14th and 15th, into an architecturally stunning  example of ceramic art. Samarkand, a city on the Silk Road, founded as Afrosiab in the 7th century BC, is a meeting point for the world's cultures. Its most important development was in the Timurid period, 14th to 15th centuries. Picture by Manuel Cohen.
    LC_UZBEKISTAN_0710_MC090.jpg
  • Grande Chambre, formerly known as Salle de l'echanson or Hall of the butler, with Gothic and Renaissance furniture and 17th century Aubusson tapestries designed by Le Brun, in the Louis XII wing of the Chateau d'Amboise, a medieval castle which became a royal residence in the 15th century and was largely reworked in the 15th and 16th centuries, on the River Loire, at Amboise, Indre-et-Loire, Centre, France. The chateau was rebuilt as a Gothic palace under Charles VIII and Renaissance and Italianate additions were installed under Francois I and Henri II. It is listed as a historic monument and is part of the Loire Valley UNESCO World Heritage Site. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC22_FRANCE_MC_0856.jpg
  • Chateau de Beaufort en Vallee, aerial view, originally built in the 11th century then rebuilt in the 13th and 14th century and used by King Rene duc d'Anjou and Jeanne de Laval in the 15th century, in Beaufort-en-Anjou, Maine-et-Loire, France. The castle was built to protect the village and the Authion valley. It is now in ruins and is listed as a historic monument. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    DRN_LC21_FRANCE_MC_0777.jpg
  • Aragonese gate, Castello a Mare or Castellammare, a fortress defending the entrance to the port at Palermo, Sicily, Italy. This gate was the main entrance to the fort and the remaining building dates to the 15th century, with 2 towers in Catalan-Aragonese style. Originally built in the 12th century, the fort was expanded in the 15th and 1th centuries. The site contains a Norman keep, a fortified gate or entrance, and remains of a sophisticated Renaissance star-shaped defence. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC20_ITALY_MC_110.jpg
  • Cylindrical tower and bulwark of San Giorgio, Castello a Mare or Castellammare, a fortress defending the entrance to the port at Palermo, Sicily, Italy. The cylindrical tower forms part of the 15th century fort defences, and is 25m wide and 3 storeys high. Originally built in the 12th century, the fort was expanded in the 15th and 1th centuries. The site contains a Norman keep, a fortified gate or entrance, and remains of a sophisticated Renaissance star-shaped defence. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC20_ITALY_MC_104.jpg
  • Aragonese gate, Castello a Mare or Castellammare, a fortress defending the entrance to the port at Palermo, Sicily, Italy. This gate was the main entrance to the fort and the remaining building dates to the 15th century, with 2 towers in Catalan-Aragonese style. Originally built in the 12th century, the fort was expanded in the 15th and 1th centuries. The site contains a Norman keep, a fortified gate or entrance, and remains of a sophisticated Renaissance star-shaped defence. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC20_ITALY_MC_101.jpg
  • Aragonese gate, Castello a Mare or Castellammare, a fortress defending the entrance to the port at Palermo, Sicily, Italy. This gate was the main entrance to the fort and the remaining building dates to the 15th century, with 2 towers in Catalan-Aragonese style. Originally built in the 12th century, the fort was expanded in the 15th and 1th centuries. The site contains a Norman keep, a fortified gate or entrance, and remains of a sophisticated Renaissance star-shaped defence. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC20_ITALY_MC_062.jpg
  • Aragonese gate, Castello a Mare or Castellammare, a fortress defending the entrance to the port at Palermo, Sicily, Italy. This gate was the main entrance to the fort and the remaining building dates to the 15th century, with 2 towers in Catalan-Aragonese style. Originally built in the 12th century, the fort was expanded in the 15th and 1th centuries. The site contains a Norman keep, a fortified gate or entrance, and remains of a sophisticated Renaissance star-shaped defence. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC20_ITALY_MC_061.jpg
  • Aragonese gate, Castello a Mare or Castellammare, a fortress defending the entrance to the port at Palermo, Sicily, Italy. This gate was the main entrance to the fort and the remaining building dates to the 15th century, with 2 towers in Catalan-Aragonese style. Originally built in the 12th century, the fort was expanded in the 15th and 1th centuries. The site contains a Norman keep, a fortified gate or entrance, and remains of a sophisticated Renaissance star-shaped defence. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC20_ITALY_MC_059.jpg
  • Aragonese gate, Castello a Mare or Castellammare, a fortress defending the entrance to the port at Palermo, Sicily, Italy. This gate was the main entrance to the fort and the remaining building dates to the 15th century, with 2 towers in Catalan-Aragonese style. Originally built in the 12th century, the fort was expanded in the 15th and 1th centuries. The site contains a Norman keep, a fortified gate or entrance, and remains of a sophisticated Renaissance star-shaped defence. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC20_ITALY_MC_058.jpg
  • Moat with arched bridge and diamond shaped fortifications, and behind, the Aragonese gate, at Castello a Mare or Castellammare, a fortress defending the entrance to the port at Palermo, Sicily, Italy. This gate was the main entrance to the fort and the remaining building dates to the 15th century, with 2 towers in Catalan-Aragonese style. Originally built in the 12th century, the fort was expanded in the 15th and 1th centuries. The site contains a Norman keep, a fortified gate or entrance, and remains of a sophisticated Renaissance star-shaped defence. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC20_ITALY_MC_121.jpg
  • Stained glass window of St Catherine, known the Dukes Window, 15th century, with St Catherine figure added 16th century, in the Cathedrale Notre-Dame-de-l'Annonciation de Moulins, originally built as a Flamboyant Gothic collegiate church in the 15th century, and became a cathedral with a Neo-Gothic nave added by Jean-Baptiste Lassus, Eugene Millet and Paul Selmersheim in the 19th century, at Moulins, Allier, Auvergne-Rhone-Alpes, France. On the left is Catherine of Armagnac, John II's wife, on her knees with a rosary and behind, St Anne teaching the Virgin. Next is Anne de Beaujeu in prayer with her husband, Duke Peter II, his daughter Suzanne and his son Charles with an angel above. In the centre, St Catherine tramples emperor Maxence. On the right is Duke John II on his knees with Charlemagne and Charles Cardinal of Bourbon. The cathedral is listed as a historic monument. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC19_FRANCE_MC_0495.jpg
  • Huge kitchen area to the North of the upper courtyard, with an open square where the cooking took place and behind a storeroom complex with a fishpond, 14th - 15th centuries, at the medieval castle of Chateau-Thierry, Picardy, France. The first fortifications on this spur over the river Marne date from the 4th century and the first castle was built in the 9th century Merovingian period by the counts of Vermandois. Thibaud II enlarged the castle in the 12th century and built the Tour Thibaud, and Thibaud IV expanded it significantly in the 13th century to include 17 defensive towers in the walls and an East and South gate. The castle was largely destroyed in the French Revolution after having been a royal palace since 1285. In 1814 it was used as a citadel for Napoleonic troops. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC14_France_MC178.jpg
  • Storeroom complex with a fishpond in the huge kitchen area to the North of the upper courtyard, 14th - 15th centuries, at the medieval castle of Chateau-Thierry, Picardy, France. The first fortifications on this spur over the river Marne date from the 4th century and the first castle was built in the 9th century Merovingian period by the counts of Vermandois. Thibaud II enlarged the castle in the 12th century and built the Tour Thibaud, and Thibaud IV expanded it significantly in the 13th century to include 17 defensive towers in the walls and an East and South gate. The castle was largely destroyed in the French Revolution after having been a royal palace since 1285. In 1814 it was used as a citadel for Napoleonic troops. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC14_France_MC194.jpg
  • Storeroom complex with a fishpond in the huge kitchen area to the North of the upper courtyard, 14th - 15th centuries, at the medieval castle of Chateau-Thierry, Picardy, France. The first fortifications on this spur over the river Marne date from the 4th century and the first castle was built in the 9th century Merovingian period by the counts of Vermandois. Thibaud II enlarged the castle in the 12th century and built the Tour Thibaud, and Thibaud IV expanded it significantly in the 13th century to include 17 defensive towers in the walls and an East and South gate. The castle was largely destroyed in the French Revolution after having been a royal palace since 1285. In 1814 it was used as a citadel for Napoleonic troops. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC14_France_MC240.jpg
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