manuel cohen

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  • Agnes Sorel Tower, a watchtower built 13th century under Charles VI, and the 14th century section of the Logis Royal, in the Chateau de Loches, built from 1013 by Foulques Nerra, count of Anjou, at the Cite Royale de Loches, Indre-et-Loire, Centre, France. The chateau is a medieval castle in the Loire Valley consisting of the old collegiate Eglise Saint-Ours, the Logis Royal and the keep. It is listed as a historic monument. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC22_FRANCE_MC_1650.jpg
  • Logis Royal, built 14th and 16th century in Renaissance style, in the Chateau de Loches, built from 1013 by Foulques Nerra, count of Anjou, aerial view, at the Cite Royale de Loches, Indre-et-Loire, Centre, France. The chateau is a medieval castle in the Loire Valley consisting of the old collegiate Eglise Saint-Ours, the Logis Royal and the keep. It is listed as a historic monument. On the right is the Tour Saint-Antoine, a fortified Renaissance belfry built 1529-75. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    DRN_LC22_FRANCE_MC_1648.jpg
  • Underground quarry and cellars, 13th century, at the medieval castle of Chateau-Thierry, Picardy, France. From the 11th century, limestone was extracted from under the castle to create underground rooms, which were reinforced in the 12th and 13th centuries, as seen here. By the 16th century, the underground rooms had 2 levels and accessed the dry moat. The first fortifications on this spur over the river Marne date from the 4th century and the first castle was built in the 9th century Merovingian period by the counts of Vermandois. Thibaud II enlarged the castle in the 12th century and built the Tour Thibaud, and Thibaud IV expanded it significantly in the 13th century to include 17 defensive towers in the walls and an East and South gate. The castle was largely destroyed in the French Revolution after having been a royal palace since 1285. In 1814 it was used as a citadel for Napoleonic troops. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC14_France_MC243.jpg
  • Underground quarry and cellars, 13th century, at the medieval castle of Chateau-Thierry, Picardy, France. From the 11th century, limestone was extracted from under the castle to create underground rooms, which were reinforced in the 12th and 13th centuries. By the 16th century, the underground rooms had 2 levels and accessed the dry moat. The first fortifications on this spur over the river Marne date from the 4th century and the first castle was built in the 9th century Merovingian period by the counts of Vermandois. Thibaud II enlarged the castle in the 12th century and built the Tour Thibaud, and Thibaud IV expanded it significantly in the 13th century to include 17 defensive towers in the walls and an East and South gate. The castle was largely destroyed in the French Revolution after having been a royal palace since 1285. In 1814 it was used as a citadel for Napoleonic troops. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC14_France_MC244.jpg
  • Underground quarry and cellars, 13th century, at the medieval castle of Chateau-Thierry, Picardy, France. From the 11th century, limestone was extracted from under the castle to create underground rooms, which were reinforced in the 12th and 13th centuries, as seen here. By the 16th century, the underground rooms had 2 levels and accessed the dry moat. The first fortifications on this spur over the river Marne date from the 4th century and the first castle was built in the 9th century Merovingian period by the counts of Vermandois. Thibaud II enlarged the castle in the 12th century and built the Tour Thibaud, and Thibaud IV expanded it significantly in the 13th century to include 17 defensive towers in the walls and an East and South gate. The castle was largely destroyed in the French Revolution after having been a royal palace since 1285. In 1814 it was used as a citadel for Napoleonic troops. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC14_France_MC245.jpg
  • Foundations of the Tour Thibaud or Thibaud tower, built in the 12th century under Thibaud II count of Champagne (left), supporting wall of the 15th century drawbridge (centre) and wall of the Thibaud Grande Poterie or pottery works, 13th century (right), seen from the moat, at the medieval castle of Chateau-Thierry, Picardy, France. The first fortifications on this spur over the river Marne date from the 4th century and the first castle was built in the 9th century Merovingian period by the counts of Vermandois. Thibaud II enlarged the castle in the 12th century and built the Tour Thibaud, and Thibaud IV expanded it significantly in the 13th century to include 17 defensive towers in the walls and an East and South gate. The castle was largely destroyed in the French Revolution after having been a royal palace since 1285. In 1814 it was used as a citadel for Napoleonic troops. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC14_France_MC221.jpg
  • Well, 3m across and 54m deep, in the underground quarry and cellars, 11th - 16th centuries, at the medieval castle of Chateau-Thierry, Picardy, France. From the 11th century, limestone was extracted from under the castle to create underground rooms, which were reinforced in the 12th and 13th centuries. By the 16th century, the underground rooms had 2 levels and accessed the dry moat. The first fortifications on this spur over the river Marne date from the 4th century and the first castle was built in the 9th century Merovingian period by the counts of Vermandois. Thibaud II enlarged the castle in the 12th century and built the Tour Thibaud, and Thibaud IV expanded it significantly in the 13th century to include 17 defensive towers in the walls and an East and South gate. The castle was largely destroyed in the French Revolution after having been a royal palace since 1285. In 1814 it was used as a citadel for Napoleonic troops. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC14_France_MC242.jpg
  • Wall of the Thibaud Grande Poterie or pottery works, 13th century (left), and the supporting wall of the 15th century drawbridge (centre), with the moat behind, at the medieval castle of Chateau-Thierry, Picardy, France. The first fortifications on this spur over the river Marne date from the 4th century and the first castle was built in the 9th century Merovingian period by the counts of Vermandois. Thibaud II enlarged the castle in the 12th century and built the Tour Thibaud, and Thibaud IV expanded it significantly in the 13th century to include 17 defensive towers in the walls and an East and South gate. The castle was largely destroyed in the French Revolution after having been a royal palace since 1285. In 1814 it was used as a citadel for Napoleonic troops. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC14_France_MC171.jpg
  • Cour d'Honneur, or main courtyard, with (left) south east wing, early 16th century, with its round tower and (right) west wing culminating in the 13th century Square Tower or keep, at the Chateau de Maintenon, built 13th - 18th century, and from 1674, residence of Madame de Maintenon, 1635-1719, second wife of King Louis XIV, at Maintenon, Eure-et-Loir, France. The facades of the main courtyard were changed in the 19th century by the Duke Paul de Noailles and his architect Henri Parent. In the distance is the parterre, designed by Andre Le Notre, and the Aqueduc de Maintenon, an unfinished aqueduct built 1686-89 by Vauban, part of a project to supply water in the Canal de l'Eure or Canal de Louis XIV, across the Eure valley to the Chateau de Versailles. The castle is listed as a historic monument. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC21_FRANCE_MC_0191.jpg
  • The "medieval garden", with the rear view of the Porte Saint Pierre, or St Peter's Gate, 13th century, at the medieval castle of Chateau-Thierry, where St Joan of Arc is said to have entered at the town's surrender to the forces of King Charles VII, Chateau-Thierry, Picardy, France. The Porte Saint Pierre was listed as a Historical Monument in 1886. The first fortifications on this spur over the river Marne date from the 4th century and the first castle was built in the 9th century Merovingian period by the counts of Vermandois. Thibaud II enlarged the castle in the 12th century and built the Tour Thibaud, and Thibaud IV expanded it significantly in the 13th century to include 17 defensive towers in the walls and an East and South gate. The castle was largely destroyed in the French Revolution after having been a royal palace since 1285. In 1814 it was used as a citadel for Napoleonic troops. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC14_France_MC198.jpg
  • Ramparts and defensive tower, 13th century, and on the right, the Porte Saint Pierre, or St Peter's Gate, at the medieval castle of Chateau-Thierry, where St Joan of Arc is said to have entered at the town's surrender to the forces of King Charles VII, Chateau-Thierry, Picardy, France. The Porte Saint Pierre was listed as a Historical Monument in 1886. The first fortifications on this spur over the river Marne date from the 4th century and the first castle was built in the 9th century Merovingian period by the counts of Vermandois. Thibaud II enlarged the castle in the 12th century and built the Tour Thibaud, and Thibaud IV expanded it significantly in the 13th century to include 17 defensive towers in the walls and an East and South gate. The castle was largely destroyed in the French Revolution after having been a royal palace since 1285. In 1814 it was used as a citadel for Napoleonic troops. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC14_France_MC199.jpg
  • Ramparts and defensive tower, 13th century, and on the right, the Porte Saint Pierre, or St Peter's Gate, at the medieval castle of Chateau-Thierry, where St Joan of Arc is said to have entered at the town's surrender to the forces of King Charles VII, Chateau-Thierry, Picardy, France. The Porte Saint Pierre was listed as a Historical Monument in 1886. The first fortifications on this spur over the river Marne date from the 4th century and the first castle was built in the 9th century Merovingian period by the counts of Vermandois. Thibaud II enlarged the castle in the 12th century and built the Tour Thibaud, and Thibaud IV expanded it significantly in the 13th century to include 17 defensive towers in the walls and an East and South gate. The castle was largely destroyed in the French Revolution after having been a royal palace since 1285. In 1814 it was used as a citadel for Napoleonic troops. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC14_France_MC200.jpg
  • Ramparts and defensive tower, 13th century, and on the right, the Porte Saint Pierre, or St Peter's Gate, at the medieval castle of Chateau-Thierry, where St Joan of Arc is said to have entered at the town's surrender to the forces of King Charles VII, Chateau-Thierry, Picardy, France. The Porte Saint Pierre was listed as a Historical Monument in 1886. The first fortifications on this spur over the river Marne date from the 4th century and the first castle was built in the 9th century Merovingian period by the counts of Vermandois. Thibaud II enlarged the castle in the 12th century and built the Tour Thibaud, and Thibaud IV expanded it significantly in the 13th century to include 17 defensive towers in the walls and an East and South gate. The castle was largely destroyed in the French Revolution after having been a royal palace since 1285. In 1814 it was used as a citadel for Napoleonic troops. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC14_France_MC224.jpg
  • The Porte Saint Pierre, or St Peter's Gate, 13th century, at the medieval castle of Chateau-Thierry, seen from within the castle, where St Joan of Arc is said to have entered at the town's surrender to the forces of King Charles VII, Chateau-Thierry, Picardy, France. The Porte Saint Pierre was listed as a Historical Monument in 1886. The first fortifications on this spur over the river Marne date from the 4th century and the first castle was built in the 9th century Merovingian period by the counts of Vermandois. Thibaud II enlarged the castle in the 12th century and built the Tour Thibaud, and Thibaud IV expanded it significantly in the 13th century to include 17 defensive towers in the walls and an East and South gate. The castle was largely destroyed in the French Revolution after having been a royal palace since 1285. In 1814 it was used as a citadel for Napoleonic troops. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC14_France_MC231.JPG
  • The Porte Saint Pierre, or St Peter's Gate, 13th century, at the medieval castle of Chateau-Thierry, where St Joan of Arc is said to have entered at the town's surrender to the forces of King Charles VII, Chateau-Thierry, Picardy, France. The Porte Saint Pierre was listed as a Historical Monument in 1886. The first fortifications on this spur over the river Marne date from the 4th century and the first castle was built in the 9th century Merovingian period by the counts of Vermandois. Thibaud II enlarged the castle in the 12th century and built the Tour Thibaud, and Thibaud IV expanded it significantly in the 13th century to include 17 defensive towers in the walls and an East and South gate. The castle was largely destroyed in the French Revolution after having been a royal palace since 1285. In 1814 it was used as a citadel for Napoleonic troops. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC14_France_MC344.jpg
  • Cour d'Honneur, or main courtyard, with the south east wing, early 16th century, with its round tower, at the Chateau de Maintenon, built 13th - 18th century, and from 1674, residence of Madame de Maintenon, 1635-1719, second wife of King Louis XIV, at Maintenon, Eure-et-Loir, France. The facades of the main courtyard were changed in the 19th century by the Duke Paul de Noailles and his architect Henri Parent. On the left is the Square Tower, the original 13th century keep, in the west wing. The castle is listed as a historic monument. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC21_FRANCE_MC_0188.jpg
  • Virgin of the Grapes, or Vierge aux Raisins, detail, early 16th century statue of the Virgin and child with a bird eating a bunch of grapes, by Troyes School, in the Basilique Saint-Urbain de Troyes, or Basilica of Saint Urban of Troyes, a 13th century Gothic church in Troyes, Aube, France. The Virgin is crowned and smiling, standing on a crescent moon, and the Christ child holds a vine, while a bird eats the grapes. Behind is the grisailles stained glass window, 13th century, in the Chapelle de la Vierge, or Chapel of the Virgin. The windows were restored in 1879. The basilica was founded in 1262 under Pope Urban IV and consecrated in 1382, although the building was not completed until the 20th century. It is listed as a national monument. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC17_FRANCE_MC_1454.jpg
  • Gothic Chapel, a 13th century chapel in The Cloisters, a museum specialising in European medieval architecture, sculpture and decorative arts, part of the Metropolitan Museum of Art, at Fort Tryon Park, Manhattan, New York, USA. The stained glass windows, 14th century, are from the Church of Saint Leonhard in Carinthia and the castle chapel at Ebreichsdorf near Vienna, Austria. The chapel contains a mid 13th century tomb effigy of crusader Jean d'Alluye and 14th century Catalan tombs of the counts of Urgell. The Cloisters collection includes Byzantine, Romanesque, Gothic and Renaissance works from 12th to 15th centuries. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC20_NYC_USA_MC127.JPG
  • Gothic Chapel, a 13th century chapel in The Cloisters, a museum specialising in European medieval architecture, sculpture and decorative arts, part of the Metropolitan Museum of Art, at Fort Tryon Park, Manhattan, New York, USA. The stained glass windows, 14th century, are from the Church of Saint Leonhard in Carinthia and the castle chapel at Ebreichsdorf near Vienna, Austria. The chapel contains a mid 13th century tomb effigy of crusader Jean d'Alluye and 14th century Catalan tombs of the counts of Urgell. The Cloisters collection includes Byzantine, Romanesque, Gothic and Renaissance works from 12th to 15th centuries. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC20_NYC_USA_MC052.JPG
  • Looking up inside the lantern tower of Rouen Cathedral or the Cathedrale de Notre Dame de Rouen, built 12th century in Gothic style, with work continuing through the 13th and 14th centuries, Rouen, Normandy, France. The first floor of the lantern tower was built in the 13th century, and the second in the 16th century. A neo-Gothic iron spire was added in the 19th century, temporarily making this the tallest building in the world. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC15_FRANCE_MC0080.jpg
  • Looking up inside the lantern tower of Rouen Cathedral or the Cathedrale de Notre Dame de Rouen, built 12th century in Gothic style, with work continuing through the 13th and 14th centuries, Rouen, Normandy, France. The first floor of the lantern tower was built in the 13th century, and the second in the 16th century. A neo-Gothic iron spire was added in the 19th century, temporarily making this the tallest building in the world. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC15_FRANCE_MC0034.jpg
  • Aerial view of the Cathedral Saint-Samson, begun in the 13th century on the site of an older church and completed in the 18th century, in Dol-de-Bretagne, Brittany, France. The cathedral is dedicated to one of the founding saints of Brittany and until 1801 was the seat of the archbishopric of Dol. The North tower was built in the 16th century and never completed, the South tower was built 13th - 17th centuries. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    DRN_LC18_FRANCE_MC_0108.jpg
  • Facade of the Cathedral Saint-Samson seen behind a fountain, begun in the 13th century on the site of an older church and completed in the 18th century, in Dol-de-Bretagne, Brittany, France. The cathedral is dedicated to one of the founding saints of Brittany and until 1801 was the seat of the archbishopric of Dol. The North tower was built in the 16th century and never completed, the South tower was built 13th - 17th centuries. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC18_FRANCE_MC_0042.jpg
  • Cathedral Saint-Samson, begun in the 13th century on the site of an older church and completed in the 18th century, seen from the Cathedraloscope, a museum dedicated to the history and construction of the cathedral, in Dol-de-Bretagne, Brittany, France. The cathedral is dedicated to one of the founding saints of Brittany and until 1801 was the seat of the archbishopric of Dol. The nave is supported by flying buttresses, and on the right is the Grand Porche. The South tower was built 13th - 17th centuries with the bell tower completed in the 17th century. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC18_FRANCE_MC_0064.jpg
  • Facade of the Cathedral Saint-Samson, begun in the 13th century on the site of an older church and completed in the 18th century, in Dol-de-Bretagne, Brittany, France. The cathedral is dedicated to one of the founding saints of Brittany and until 1801 was the seat of the archbishopric of Dol. The North tower was built in the 16th century and never completed, the South tower was built 13th - 17th centuries. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC18_FRANCE_MC_0054.jpg
  • Cathedral Saint-Samson seen across the town, begun in the 13th century on the site of an older church and completed in the 18th century, in Dol-de-Bretagne, Brittany, France. The cathedral is dedicated to one of the founding saints of Brittany and until 1801 was the seat of the archbishopric of Dol. The North tower was built in the 16th century and never completed, the South tower was built 13th - 17th centuries. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC18_FRANCE_MC_0053.JPG
  • Cathedral Saint-Samson seen across the town, begun in the 13th century on the site of an older church and completed in the 18th century, in Dol-de-Bretagne, Brittany, France. The cathedral is dedicated to one of the founding saints of Brittany and until 1801 was the seat of the archbishopric of Dol. The North tower was built in the 16th century and never completed, the South tower was built 13th - 17th centuries. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC18_FRANCE_MC_0052.jpg
  • Towers on the West facade of the Cathedral Saint-Samson, begun in the 13th century on the site of an older church and completed in the 18th century, seen from the roof terrace, in Dol-de-Bretagne, Brittany, France. The cathedral is dedicated to one of the founding saints of Brittany and until 1801 was the seat of the archbishopric of Dol. The North tower was built in the 16th century and never completed, the South tower was built 13th - 17th centuries. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC18_FRANCE_MC_0046.jpg
  • Facade of the Cathedral Saint-Samson, begun in the 13th century on the site of an older church and completed in the 18th century, in Dol-de-Bretagne, Brittany, France. The cathedral is dedicated to one of the founding saints of Brittany and until 1801 was the seat of the archbishopric of Dol. The North tower was built in the 16th century and never completed, the South tower was built 13th - 17th centuries. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC18_FRANCE_MC_0134.jpg
  • Aerial view of the Cathedral Saint-Samson, begun in the 13th century on the site of an older church and completed in the 18th century, in Dol-de-Bretagne, Brittany, France. The cathedral is dedicated to one of the founding saints of Brittany and until 1801 was the seat of the archbishopric of Dol. The North tower was built in the 16th century and never completed, the South tower was built 13th - 17th centuries. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    DRN_LC18_FRANCE_MC_0124.jpg
  • Aerial view of the Cathedral Saint-Samson, begun in the 13th century on the site of an older church and completed in the 18th century, in Dol-de-Bretagne, Brittany, France. The cathedral is dedicated to one of the founding saints of Brittany and until 1801 was the seat of the archbishopric of Dol. The North tower was built in the 16th century and never completed, the South tower was built 13th - 17th centuries. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    DRN_LC18_FRANCE_MC_0123.JPG
  • Aerial view of the Cathedral Saint-Samson, begun in the 13th century on the site of an older church and completed in the 18th century, in Dol-de-Bretagne, Brittany, France. The cathedral is dedicated to one of the founding saints of Brittany and until 1801 was the seat of the archbishopric of Dol. The North tower was built in the 16th century and never completed, the South tower was built 13th - 17th centuries. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    DRN_LC18_FRANCE_MC_0122.jpg
  • Aerial view of the incomplete North Tower of the Cathedral Saint-Samson, begun in the 13th century on the site of an older church and completed in the 18th century, in Dol-de-Bretagne, Brittany, France. The cathedral is dedicated to one of the founding saints of Brittany and until 1801 was the seat of the archbishopric of Dol. The North tower was built in the 16th century and never completed, the South tower was built 13th - 17th centuries. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    DRN_LC18_FRANCE_MC_0113.jpg
  • Aerial view of the Cathedral Saint-Samson, begun in the 13th century on the site of an older church and completed in the 18th century, in Dol-de-Bretagne, Brittany, France. The cathedral is dedicated to one of the founding saints of Brittany and until 1801 was the seat of the archbishopric of Dol. The North tower was built in the 16th century and never completed, the South tower was built 13th - 17th centuries. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    DRN_LC18_FRANCE_MC_0114.jpg
  • Aerial view of the Cathedral Saint-Samson, begun in the 13th century on the site of an older church and completed in the 18th century, in Dol-de-Bretagne, Brittany, France. The cathedral is dedicated to one of the founding saints of Brittany and until 1801 was the seat of the archbishopric of Dol. The North tower was built in the 16th century and never completed, the South tower was built 13th - 17th centuries. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    DRN_LC18_FRANCE_MC_0112.JPG
  • Aerial view of the Cathedral Saint-Samson, begun in the 13th century on the site of an older church and completed in the 18th century, in Dol-de-Bretagne, Brittany, France. The cathedral is dedicated to one of the founding saints of Brittany and until 1801 was the seat of the archbishopric of Dol. The North tower was built in the 16th century and never completed, the South tower was built 13th - 17th centuries. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    DRN_LC18_FRANCE_MC_0111.jpg
  • Statue of a bishop on top of the gable on the West facade of the Cathedral Saint-Samson, begun in the 13th century on the site of an older church and completed in the 18th century, in Dol-de-Bretagne, Brittany, France. The cathedral is dedicated to one of the founding saints of Brittany and until 1801 was the seat of the archbishopric of Dol. Flanking the statue, the North tower was built in the 16th century and never completed, the South tower was built 13th - 17th centuries. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    DRN_LC18_FRANCE_MC_0110.jpg
  • Aerial view of the Cathedral Saint-Samson, begun in the 13th century on the site of an older church and completed in the 18th century, in Dol-de-Bretagne, Brittany, France. The cathedral is dedicated to one of the founding saints of Brittany and until 1801 was the seat of the archbishopric of Dol. The North tower was built in the 16th century and never completed, the South tower was built 13th - 17th centuries. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    DRN_LC18_FRANCE_MC_0109.jpg
  • The Vienna bedroom on the first floor of the square keep, 12th - 13th century, in the Chateau de Chateauneuf, or Chateauneuf-en-Auxois, a 12th and 15th century castle, Cote d'Or, Burgundy, France. The terracotta floor tiles date to the 15th century, and the wooden panelled and painted alcove with wardrobe and washroom were installed by Charles I in the late 17th century. The decor of gypsum plaster imitating marble is 18th century. The portraits are of Charles I of Vienna and his wife Marguerite Fauche of Domprei. Originally built in 1132 by Jean de Chaudenay, the castle was modified from a medieval fortress to a residence from 1457 under Philippe le Bon, Duc de Bourgogne, or Philip the Good, Duke of Burgundy, who gave the castle to his advisor Philippe Pot. The castle sits on an outcrop overlooking the valley of the Canal de Bourgogne and is listed as a historic monument. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC16_FRANCE_MC_0304.jpg
  • The Alcazaba, the defensive fortress of the Alhambra Palace, Granada, Andalusia, Southern Spain, built under Mohammed I in the 13th century, seen from the San Cristobal viewpoint. In the foreground is the Muralla de la Alcazaba, an 8th century wall protecting El Albayzin, the medieval Moorish old town of Granada. The Alhambra was begun in the 11th century as a castle, and in the 13th and 14th centuries served as the royal palace of the Nasrid sultans. The huge complex contains the Alcazaba, Nasrid palaces, gardens and Generalife. In the distance are the snow-capped peaks of the Sierra Nevada. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC14_GRANADA_MC170.jpg
  • Ramparts with the Tour Bouillon, which was the pedestrian entrance gate for the villagers, 13th century, at the medieval castle of Chateau-Thierry, Picardy, France. The first fortifications on this spur over the river Marne date from the 4th century and the first castle was built in the 9th century Merovingian period by the counts of Vermandois. Thibaud II enlarged the castle in the 12th century and built the Tour Thibaud, and Thibaud IV expanded it significantly in the 13th century to include 17 defensive towers in the walls and an East and South gate. The castle was largely destroyed in the French Revolution after having been a royal palace since 1285. In 1814 it was used as a citadel for Napoleonic troops. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC14_France_MC190.jpg
  • Ramparts, Tour du Tresor or Treasury Tower (centre) and Tour Rouge or Red Tower (left), 13th century, at the medieval castle of Chateau-Thierry, Picardy, France. The first fortifications on this spur over the river Marne date from the 4th century and the first castle was built in the 9th century Merovingian period by the counts of Vermandois. Thibaud II enlarged the castle in the 12th century and built the Tour Thibaud, and Thibaud IV expanded it significantly in the 13th century to include 17 defensive towers in the walls and an East and South gate. The castle was largely destroyed in the French Revolution after having been a royal palace since 1285. In 1814 it was used as a citadel for Napoleonic troops. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC14_France_MC206.jpg
  • Ramparts with the Tour Bouillon with its pedestrian entrance gate for the villagers, 13th century, at the medieval castle of Chateau-Thierry, Picardy, France. The first fortifications on this spur over the river Marne date from the 4th century and the first castle was built in the 9th century Merovingian period by the counts of Vermandois. Thibaud II enlarged the castle in the 12th century and built the Tour Thibaud, and Thibaud IV expanded it significantly in the 13th century to include 17 defensive towers in the walls and an East and South gate. The castle was largely destroyed in the French Revolution after having been a royal palace since 1285. In 1814 it was used as a citadel for Napoleonic troops. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC14_France_MC210.jpg
  • Ramparts with the Tour Bouillon with its pedestrian entrance gate for the villagers, 13th century, seen through a gateway with steps, at the medieval castle of Chateau-Thierry, Picardy, France. The first fortifications on this spur over the river Marne date from the 4th century and the first castle was built in the 9th century Merovingian period by the counts of Vermandois. Thibaud II enlarged the castle in the 12th century and built the Tour Thibaud, and Thibaud IV expanded it significantly in the 13th century to include 17 defensive towers in the walls and an East and South gate. The castle was largely destroyed in the French Revolution after having been a royal palace since 1285. In 1814 it was used as a citadel for Napoleonic troops. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC14_France_MC209.jpg
  • Ramparts and Tour Rouge or Red Tower in the distance, 13th century, at the medieval castle of Chateau-Thierry, Picardy, France. The first fortifications on this spur over the river Marne date from the 4th century and the first castle was built in the 9th century Merovingian period by the counts of Vermandois. Thibaud II enlarged the castle in the 12th century and built the Tour Thibaud, and Thibaud IV expanded it significantly in the 13th century to include 17 defensive towers in the walls and an East and South gate. The castle was largely destroyed in the French Revolution after having been a royal palace since 1285. In 1814 it was used as a citadel for Napoleonic troops. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC14_France_MC211.jpg
  • Narrow arched doorway in the Tour Bouillon, the pedestrian entrance gate for the villagers, 13th century, at the medieval castle of Chateau-Thierry, Picardy, France. The first fortifications on this spur over the river Marne date from the 4th century and the first castle was built in the 9th century Merovingian period by the counts of Vermandois. Thibaud II enlarged the castle in the 12th century and built the Tour Thibaud, and Thibaud IV expanded it significantly in the 13th century to include 17 defensive towers in the walls and an East and South gate. The castle was largely destroyed in the French Revolution after having been a royal palace since 1285. In 1814 it was used as a citadel for Napoleonic troops. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC14_France_MC212.jpg
  • Ramparts with the Tour Bouillon, pedestrian entrance gate for the villagers (left) and Tour Rouge or Red Tower (right), 13th century, at the medieval castle of Chateau-Thierry, Picardy, France. The first fortifications on this spur over the river Marne date from the 4th century and the first castle was built in the 9th century Merovingian period by the counts of Vermandois. Thibaud II enlarged the castle in the 12th century and built the Tour Thibaud, and Thibaud IV expanded it significantly in the 13th century to include 17 defensive towers in the walls and an East and South gate. The castle was largely destroyed in the French Revolution after having been a royal palace since 1285. In 1814 it was used as a citadel for Napoleonic troops. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC14_France_MC216.JPG
  • Ramparts and the Tour du Tresor or Treasury tower, 13th century, at the medieval castle of Chateau-Thierry, Picardy, France. The first fortifications on this spur over the river Marne date from the 4th century and the first castle was built in the 9th century Merovingian period by the counts of Vermandois. Thibaud II enlarged the castle in the 12th century and built the Tour Thibaud, and Thibaud IV expanded it significantly in the 13th century to include 17 defensive towers in the walls and an East and South gate. The castle was largely destroyed in the French Revolution after having been a royal palace since 1285. In 1814 it was used as a citadel for Napoleonic troops. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC14_France_MC217.jpg
  • Ramparts and the Tour du Tresor or Treasury tower, 13th century, at the medieval castle of Chateau-Thierry, Picardy, France. The first fortifications on this spur over the river Marne date from the 4th century and the first castle was built in the 9th century Merovingian period by the counts of Vermandois. Thibaud II enlarged the castle in the 12th century and built the Tour Thibaud, and Thibaud IV expanded it significantly in the 13th century to include 17 defensive towers in the walls and an East and South gate. The castle was largely destroyed in the French Revolution after having been a royal palace since 1285. In 1814 it was used as a citadel for Napoleonic troops. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC14_France_MC219.jpg
  • Ramparts, Tour du Tresor or Treasury Tower (centre) and Tour Rouge or Red Tower (left), 13th century, at the medieval castle of Chateau-Thierry, Picardy, France. The first fortifications on this spur over the river Marne date from the 4th century and the first castle was built in the 9th century Merovingian period by the counts of Vermandois. Thibaud II enlarged the castle in the 12th century and built the Tour Thibaud, and Thibaud IV expanded it significantly in the 13th century to include 17 defensive towers in the walls and an East and South gate. The castle was largely destroyed in the French Revolution after having been a royal palace since 1285. In 1814 it was used as a citadel for Napoleonic troops. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC14_France_MC230.jpg
  • A goblet in blue glass, 13th century, from excavations before 1986 in the lower courtyard at the medieval castle of Chateau-Thierry, Picardy, France. The first fortifications on this spur over the river Marne date from the 4th century and the first castle was built in the 9th century Merovingian period by the counts of Vermandois. Thibaud II enlarged the castle in the 12th century and built the Tour Thibaud, and Thibaud IV expanded it significantly in the 13th century to include 17 defensive towers in the walls and an East and South gate. The castle was largely destroyed in the French Revolution after having been a royal palace since 1285. In 1814 it was used as a citadel for Napoleonic troops. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC14_France_MC278.jpg
  • A goblet in blue glass, 13th century, from excavations before 1986 in the lower courtyard at the medieval castle of Chateau-Thierry, Picardy, France. The first fortifications on this spur over the river Marne date from the 4th century and the first castle was built in the 9th century Merovingian period by the counts of Vermandois. Thibaud II enlarged the castle in the 12th century and built the Tour Thibaud, and Thibaud IV expanded it significantly in the 13th century to include 17 defensive towers in the walls and an East and South gate. The castle was largely destroyed in the French Revolution after having been a royal palace since 1285. In 1814 it was used as a citadel for Napoleonic troops. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC14_France_MC279.jpg
  • A glass phial, c. 13th century, from excavations before 1986 in the lower courtyard at the medieval castle of Chateau-Thierry, Picardy, France. The first fortifications on this spur over the river Marne date from the 4th century and the first castle was built in the 9th century Merovingian period by the counts of Vermandois. Thibaud II enlarged the castle in the 12th century and built the Tour Thibaud, and Thibaud IV expanded it significantly in the 13th century to include 17 defensive towers in the walls and an East and South gate. The castle was largely destroyed in the French Revolution after having been a royal palace since 1285. In 1814 it was used as a citadel for Napoleonic troops. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC14_France_MC281.jpg
  • A glass phial, c. 13th century, from excavations before 1986 in the lower courtyard at the medieval castle of Chateau-Thierry, Picardy, France. The first fortifications on this spur over the river Marne date from the 4th century and the first castle was built in the 9th century Merovingian period by the counts of Vermandois. Thibaud II enlarged the castle in the 12th century and built the Tour Thibaud, and Thibaud IV expanded it significantly in the 13th century to include 17 defensive towers in the walls and an East and South gate. The castle was largely destroyed in the French Revolution after having been a royal palace since 1285. In 1814 it was used as a citadel for Napoleonic troops. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC14_France_MC283.jpg
  • Ramparts with the Tour du Roi or King's tower, 13th century, at the medieval castle of Chateau-Thierry, Picardy, France. The first fortifications on this spur over the river Marne date from the 4th century and the first castle was built in the 9th century Merovingian period by the counts of Vermandois. Thibaud II enlarged the castle in the 12th century and built the Tour Thibaud, and Thibaud IV expanded it significantly in the 13th century to include 17 defensive towers in the walls and an East and South gate. The castle was largely destroyed in the French Revolution after having been a royal palace since 1285. In 1814 it was used as a citadel for Napoleonic troops. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC14_France_MC343.jpg
  • Cathedral Saint-Samson, begun in the 13th century on the site of an older church and completed in the 18th century, seen from the Cathedraloscope, a museum dedicated to the history and construction of the cathedral, in Dol-de-Bretagne, Brittany, France. The cathedral is dedicated to one of the founding saints of Brittany and until 1801 was the seat of the archbishopric of Dol. The nave is supported by flying buttresses, and the South tower was built 13th - 17th centuries with the bell tower completed in the 17th century. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC18_FRANCE_MC_0065.jpg
  • Cathedral Saint-Samson, begun in the 13th century on the site of an older church and completed in the 18th century, seen from the Cathedraloscope, a museum dedicated to the history and construction of the cathedral, in Dol-de-Bretagne, Brittany, France. The cathedral is dedicated to one of the founding saints of Brittany and until 1801 was the seat of the archbishopric of Dol. The nave is supported by flying buttresses, and on the right is the Grand Porche. The South tower was built 13th - 17th centuries with the bell tower completed in the 17th century. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC18_FRANCE_MC_0074.jpg
  • Facade of the Cathedral Saint-Samson, begun in the 13th century on the site of an older church and completed in the 18th century, in Dol-de-Bretagne, Brittany, France. The cathedral is dedicated to one of the founding saints of Brittany and until 1801 was the seat of the archbishopric of Dol. The North tower was built in the 16th century and never completed, the South tower was built 13th - 17th centuries. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC18_FRANCE_MC_0135.jpg
  • Aerial view of the Cathedral Saint-Samson, begun in the 13th century on the site of an older church and completed in the 18th century, in Dol-de-Bretagne, Brittany, France. The cathedral is dedicated to one of the founding saints of Brittany and until 1801 was the seat of the archbishopric of Dol. The North tower was built in the 16th century and never completed, the South tower was built 13th - 17th centuries. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    DRN_LC18_FRANCE_MC_0115.jpg
  • Ramparts with the Tour du Roi or King's tower, 13th century, at the medieval castle of Chateau-Thierry, Picardy, France. The first fortifications on this spur over the river Marne date from the 4th century and the first castle was built in the 9th century Merovingian period by the counts of Vermandois. Thibaud II enlarged the castle in the 12th century and built the Tour Thibaud, and Thibaud IV expanded it significantly in the 13th century to include 17 defensive towers in the walls and an East and South gate. The castle was largely destroyed in the French Revolution after having been a royal palace since 1285. In 1814 it was used as a citadel for Napoleonic troops. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC14_France_MC191.jpg
  • Ramparts with the Tour du Roi or King's tower, 13th century, at the medieval castle of Chateau-Thierry, Picardy, France. The first fortifications on this spur over the river Marne date from the 4th century and the first castle was built in the 9th century Merovingian period by the counts of Vermandois. Thibaud II enlarged the castle in the 12th century and built the Tour Thibaud, and Thibaud IV expanded it significantly in the 13th century to include 17 defensive towers in the walls and an East and South gate. The castle was largely destroyed in the French Revolution after having been a royal palace since 1285. In 1814 it was used as a citadel for Napoleonic troops. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC14_France_MC192.jpg
  • Ramparts and Tour Rouge or Red Tower, 13th century, at the medieval castle of Chateau-Thierry, Picardy, France. The first fortifications on this spur over the river Marne date from the 4th century and the first castle was built in the 9th century Merovingian period by the counts of Vermandois. Thibaud II enlarged the castle in the 12th century and built the Tour Thibaud, and Thibaud IV expanded it significantly in the 13th century to include 17 defensive towers in the walls and an East and South gate. The castle was largely destroyed in the French Revolution after having been a royal palace since 1285. In 1814 it was used as a citadel for Napoleonic troops. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC14_France_MC207.JPG
  • Ramparts with the Tour Bouillon with its pedestrian entrance gate for the villagers, 13th century, seen through a gateway, at the medieval castle of Chateau-Thierry, Picardy, France. The first fortifications on this spur over the river Marne date from the 4th century and the first castle was built in the 9th century Merovingian period by the counts of Vermandois. Thibaud II enlarged the castle in the 12th century and built the Tour Thibaud, and Thibaud IV expanded it significantly in the 13th century to include 17 defensive towers in the walls and an East and South gate. The castle was largely destroyed in the French Revolution after having been a royal palace since 1285. In 1814 it was used as a citadel for Napoleonic troops. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC14_France_MC208.jpg
  • Ramparts and Tour Rouge or Red Tower in the distance, 13th century, and the village below, at the medieval castle of Chateau-Thierry, Picardy, France. The first fortifications on this spur over the river Marne date from the 4th century and the first castle was built in the 9th century Merovingian period by the counts of Vermandois. Thibaud II enlarged the castle in the 12th century and built the Tour Thibaud, and Thibaud IV expanded it significantly in the 13th century to include 17 defensive towers in the walls and an East and South gate. The castle was largely destroyed in the French Revolution after having been a royal palace since 1285. In 1814 it was used as a citadel for Napoleonic troops. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC14_France_MC213.jpg
  • Ramparts and the Tour du Tresor or Treasury tower, 13th century, at the medieval castle of Chateau-Thierry, Picardy, France. The first fortifications on this spur over the river Marne date from the 4th century and the first castle was built in the 9th century Merovingian period by the counts of Vermandois. Thibaud II enlarged the castle in the 12th century and built the Tour Thibaud, and Thibaud IV expanded it significantly in the 13th century to include 17 defensive towers in the walls and an East and South gate. The castle was largely destroyed in the French Revolution after having been a royal palace since 1285. In 1814 it was used as a citadel for Napoleonic troops. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC14_France_MC218.jpg
  • Defensive tower, 13th century, in the ramparts of the medieval castle of Chateau-Thierry, Picardy, France. The first fortifications on this spur over the river Marne date from the 4th century and the first castle was built in the 9th century Merovingian period by the counts of Vermandois. Thibaud II enlarged the castle in the 12th century and built the Tour Thibaud, and Thibaud IV expanded it significantly in the 13th century to include 17 defensive towers in the walls and an East and South gate. The castle was largely destroyed in the French Revolution after having been a royal palace since 1285. In 1814 it was used as a citadel for Napoleonic troops. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC14_France_MC225.jpg
  • Ramparts and defensive tower, 13th century, with giant outdoor chessboard for visitors, at the medieval castle of Chateau-Thierry, Picardy, France. The first fortifications on this spur over the river Marne date from the 4th century and the first castle was built in the 9th century Merovingian period by the counts of Vermandois. Thibaud II enlarged the castle in the 12th century and built the Tour Thibaud, and Thibaud IV expanded it significantly in the 13th century to include 17 defensive towers in the walls and an East and South gate. The castle was largely destroyed in the French Revolution after having been a royal palace since 1285. In 1814 it was used as a citadel for Napoleonic troops. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC14_France_MC226.jpg
  • Ramparts and defensive tower, 13th century, at the medieval castle of Chateau-Thierry, Picardy, France. The first fortifications on this spur over the river Marne date from the 4th century and the first castle was built in the 9th century Merovingian period by the counts of Vermandois. Thibaud II enlarged the castle in the 12th century and built the Tour Thibaud, and Thibaud IV expanded it significantly in the 13th century to include 17 defensive towers in the walls and an East and South gate. The castle was largely destroyed in the French Revolution after having been a royal palace since 1285. In 1814 it was used as a citadel for Napoleonic troops. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC14_France_MC227.jpg
  • Ramparts with the Tour Bouillon, the pedestrian entrance gate for villagers, 13th century, at the medieval castle of Chateau-Thierry, Picardy, France. The first fortifications on this spur over the river Marne date from the 4th century and the first castle was built in the 9th century Merovingian period by the counts of Vermandois. Thibaud II enlarged the castle in the 12th century and built the Tour Thibaud, and Thibaud IV expanded it significantly in the 13th century to include 17 defensive towers in the walls and an East and South gate. The castle was largely destroyed in the French Revolution after having been a royal palace since 1285. In 1814 it was used as a citadel for Napoleonic troops. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC14_France_MC235.jpg
  • Roof of the Tour du Roi or King's tower, 13th century, with a view over the town beyond, at the medieval castle of Chateau-Thierry, Picardy, France. The first fortifications on this spur over the river Marne date from the 4th century and the first castle was built in the 9th century Merovingian period by the counts of Vermandois. Thibaud II enlarged the castle in the 12th century and built the Tour Thibaud, and Thibaud IV expanded it significantly in the 13th century to include 17 defensive towers in the walls and an East and South gate. The castle was largely destroyed in the French Revolution after having been a royal palace since 1285. In 1814 it was used as a citadel for Napoleonic troops. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC14_France_MC234.jpg
  • A goblet in blue glass, 13th century, from excavations before 1986 in the lower courtyard at the medieval castle of Chateau-Thierry, Picardy, France. The first fortifications on this spur over the river Marne date from the 4th century and the first castle was built in the 9th century Merovingian period by the counts of Vermandois. Thibaud II enlarged the castle in the 12th century and built the Tour Thibaud, and Thibaud IV expanded it significantly in the 13th century to include 17 defensive towers in the walls and an East and South gate. The castle was largely destroyed in the French Revolution after having been a royal palace since 1285. In 1814 it was used as a citadel for Napoleonic troops. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC14_France_MC280.jpg
  • A glass phial, c. 13th century, from excavations before 1986 in the lower courtyard at the medieval castle of Chateau-Thierry, Picardy, France. The first fortifications on this spur over the river Marne date from the 4th century and the first castle was built in the 9th century Merovingian period by the counts of Vermandois. Thibaud II enlarged the castle in the 12th century and built the Tour Thibaud, and Thibaud IV expanded it significantly in the 13th century to include 17 defensive towers in the walls and an East and South gate. The castle was largely destroyed in the French Revolution after having been a royal palace since 1285. In 1814 it was used as a citadel for Napoleonic troops. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC14_France_MC282.jpg
  • Tour de Boissy, first floor, built late 13th - early 14th century with rib vaulted ceiling, giving access to the logis royaux from the 15th century, at the Chateau de Chinon or Forteresse royale de Chinon, on the Vienne river, Indre-et-Loire, France. The chateau was founded in the 11th century by Theobald I, count of Blois. King Henry II of England lived and died here in the 12th century and the chateau has been out of use since the late 16th century. It is listed as a historic monument and part of the Loire Valley UNESCO World Heritage Site. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC22_FRANCE_MC_1332.jpg
  • Medieval clock, 14th -15th century, probably the oldest fully preserved and functioning mechanical clock in Europe, near the North entrance of the Cathedrale Saint-Pierre de Beauvais or Cathedral of St Peter of Beauvais, an incomplete Gothic Roman Catholic cathedral consecrated in 1272, Beauvais, Oise, Picardy, France. Painted angels from the 15th century support the clock face which was replaced in the 18th century. The cathedral consists only of a transept built in the 16th century and choir, with apse and 7 polygonal apsidal chapels from the 13th century. It was listed as a historic monument in 1840. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC15_FRANCE_MC0613.jpg
  • Cathedral, built 1235-70, at the Rock of Cashel, at Cashel, County Tipperary, Ireland. The complex includes a 12th century round tower, High Cross, Romanesque chapel, 13th century Gothic cathedral, 15th century castle and the restored Hall of the Vicars Choral. According to legend, St Patrick converted Aenghus, King of Munster to christianity here in the 5th century AD. The current buildings date to the 12th and 13th centuries. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC18_Ireland_MC_079.jpeg
  • Hydraulic pumping system, 19th century, at a well in a 13th century underground tunnel, pumping the saline water up from the layer of rock salt 250m below ground, in the Museum of Salt or Musee du Sel, designed by architects Malcotti-Roussey and opened May 2009, in the Great Saltworks at Salins-les-Bains, Jura, Bourgogne-Franche-Comte, France. 15th century saltworks were replaced by industrial buildings in the 18th century, where saline water was pumped from underground wells and evaporated to form salt. Saline water was also piped from here from 1780 until 1895 through 21km of wood then cast iron pipes to the Royal Saltworks or Saline Royale at Arc-et-Senans to be processed. The saltworks at Salins-les-Bains ceased production in 1962 and are now listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC17_FRANCE_MC_0946.jpg
  • Watchtower and walls, Chateau Royal, Collioure, France. Much of the castle was built in the 13th and 14th centuries by the Dukes of Roussillon and the Knights Templar. In the 16th century Collioure was under Spanish control and Philip II modernised and reinforced the castle. It was taken by the French in 1659 after which the bastions were built by Vauban (1633-1707). Picture by Manuel Cohen.
    LC_Collioure_11_MC067.jpg
  • Gothic Chapel, a 13th century chapel in The Cloisters, a museum specialising in European medieval architecture, sculpture and decorative arts, part of the Metropolitan Museum of Art, at Fort Tryon Park, Manhattan, New York, USA. The chapel contains a mid 13th century tomb effigy of crusader Jean d'Alluye and 14th century Catalan tombs of the counts of Urgell. The Cloisters collection includes Byzantine, Romanesque, Gothic and Renaissance works from 12th to 15th centuries. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC20_NYC_USA_MC176.jpg
  • Gothic Chapel, a 13th century chapel in The Cloisters, a museum specialising in European medieval architecture, sculpture and decorative arts, part of the Metropolitan Museum of Art, at Fort Tryon Park, Manhattan, New York, USA. The chapel contains a mid 13th century tomb effigy of crusader Jean d'Alluye and 14th century Catalan tombs of the counts of Urgell. The Cloisters collection includes Byzantine, Romanesque, Gothic and Renaissance works from 12th to 15th centuries. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC20_NYC_USA_MC175.jpg
  • Gothic Chapel, a 13th century chapel in The Cloisters, a museum specialising in European medieval architecture, sculpture and decorative arts, part of the Metropolitan Museum of Art, at Fort Tryon Park, Manhattan, New York, USA. The chapel contains a mid 13th century tomb effigy of crusader Jean d'Alluye and 14th century Catalan tombs of the counts of Urgell. The Cloisters collection includes Byzantine, Romanesque, Gothic and Renaissance works from 12th to 15th centuries. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC20_NYC_USA_MC053.jpg
  • The lower courtyard, between the Porte Saint Jean or St John's Gate (seen here), built 1286-1306, and the dry moat, covering one hectare, at the medieval castle of Chateau-Thierry, Picardy, France. From the 12th century until the 18th this area was used for housing, workshops and cellars and evidence of these buildings remain. The first fortifications on this spur over the river Marne date from the 4th century and the first castle was built in the 9th century Merovingian period by the counts of Vermandois. Thibaud II enlarged the castle in the 12th century and built the Tour Thibaud, and Thibaud IV expanded it significantly in the 13th century to include 17 defensive towers in the walls and an East and South gate. The castle was largely destroyed in the French Revolution after having been a royal palace since 1285. In 1814 it was used as a citadel for Napoleonic troops. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC14_France_MC184.jpg
  • Nave, 12th-13th century, Bayeux Cathedral (Notre Dame de Bayeux), 11th-19th century, Bayeux, France. The arcaded lower levels of the nave are Romanesque, 12th century, the Upper tiers are 13th century Gothic. The Romanesque section of the Cathedral, dedicated 1077, was reconstructed in the 12th century. Here William forced Harold to take the oath which led to the Norman Conquest of England. Gothic and Neo-Gothic sections were added until the 19th century. Photograph by Manuel Cohen.
    LC12_FRANCE_MC_099.jpg
  • Underground tunnels, 13th century, linking 2 wells, 1 of which has a 19th century hydraulic pump which is still in working order, which pumped the saline water up from the layer of rock salt 250m below ground, in the Museum of Salt or Musee du Sel, designed by architects Malcotti-Roussey and opened May 2009, in the Great Saltworks at Salins-les-Bains, Jura, Bourgogne-Franche-Comte, France. 15th century saltworks were replaced by industrial buildings in the 18th century, where saline water was pumped from underground wells and evaporated to form salt. Saline water was also piped from here from 1780 until 1895 through 21km of wood then cast iron pipes to the Royal Saltworks or Saline Royale at Arc-et-Senans to be processed. The saltworks at Salins-les-Bains ceased production in 1962 and are now listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC17_FRANCE_MC_0944.jpg
  • Marble font, 18th century, with 16th century Gothic frescoes behind, in the Baptismal Chapel or Chapelle des fonts baptismaux or Chapelle de Sainte Cecile, in the Cathedrale Saint-Pierre de Beauvais or Cathedral of St Peter of Beauvais, an incomplete Gothic Roman Catholic cathedral consecrated in 1272, Beauvais, Oise, Picardy, France. The cathedral consists only of a transept built in the 16th century and choir, with apse and 7 polygonal apsidal chapels from the 13th century. It was listed as a historic monument in 1840. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC15_FRANCE_MC0627.jpg
  • The lower courtyard, between the Porte Saint Jean or St John's Gate (in distance), built 1286-1306, and the dry moat, covering one hectare, at the medieval castle of Chateau-Thierry, Picardy, France. From the 12th century until the 18th this area was used for housing, workshops and cellars and evidence of these buildings remain. The first fortifications on this spur over the river Marne date from the 4th century and the first castle was built in the 9th century Merovingian period by the counts of Vermandois. Thibaud II enlarged the castle in the 12th century and built the Tour Thibaud, and Thibaud IV expanded it significantly in the 13th century to include 17 defensive towers in the walls and an East and South gate. The castle was largely destroyed in the French Revolution after having been a royal palace since 1285. In 1814 it was used as a citadel for Napoleonic troops. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC14_France_MC183.jpg
  • Chateau des Ponts-de-Ce, model of the chateau in its pre 1847 state, 1996-97, by Alain Brifault, at Ponts-de-Ce, Angers, Maine-et-Loire, France. The 15th century keep on the river Loire was originally a summer residence of King Rene, duke of Anjou. The castle also served to protect the only crossing point of the Loire between Saumur and Nantes. It was built in the 13th century on the site of an earlier 9th century fortress, and reworked in the 15th century under King Rene. It is listed as a historic monument and is now the Musee des Coiffes et des Tradition. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC21_FRANCE_MC_0539.jpg
  • Crypte des Eveques, or Bishops' Crypt, part of the former 16th century choir apse, at the Eglise Saint-Sulpice, originally a 13th century Romanesque church rebuilt in Baroque style 1646-1870, in the 6th arrondissement of Paris, France. This is 1 of nearly 30 intersections of the foundations of the current church with those of the 13th and 15th centuries. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC19_PARIS_MC_0525.JPG
  • Ulldecona Castle, aerial view, at Ulldecona, Catalonia, Spain. The castle was built as an Andalusian fort under the Moors 8th - 11th centuries, then owned by the Montcada family of Tortosa, who in 1148 gave it to the Order of Knights of the Hospital of Saint John of Jerusalem, when it became a Christian castle. A 16th century church, a 12th century circular watch tower and a 13th century square keep remain, built on top of the original Arabic fort and earlier Iberian settlements. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    DRN_LC18_SPAIN_MC_028.JPG
  • Ulldecona Castle, aerial view, at Ulldecona, Catalonia, Spain. The castle was built as an Andalusian fort under the Moors 8th - 11th centuries, then owned by the Montcada family of Tortosa, who in 1148 gave it to the Order of Knights of the Hospital of Saint John of Jerusalem, when it became a Christian castle. A 16th century church, a 12th century circular watch tower and a 13th century square keep remain, built on top of the original Arabic fort and earlier Iberian settlements. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    DRN_LC18_SPAIN_MC_027.JPG
  • Ulldecona Castle, aerial view, at Ulldecona, Catalonia, Spain. The castle was built as an Andalusian fort under the Moors 8th - 11th centuries, then owned by the Montcada family of Tortosa, who in 1148 gave it to the Order of Knights of the Hospital of Saint John of Jerusalem, when it became a Christian castle. A 16th century church, a 12th century circular watch tower and a 13th century square keep remain, built on top of the original Arabic fort and earlier Iberian settlements. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    DRN_LC18_SPAIN_MC_026.JPG
  • Underground tunnels, 13th century, linking 2 wells, 1 of which has a 19th century hydraulic pump which is still in working order, which pumped the saline water up from the layer of rock salt 250m below ground, in the Museum of Salt or Musee du Sel, designed by architects Malcotti-Roussey and opened May 2009, in the Great Saltworks at Salins-les-Bains, Jura, Bourgogne-Franche-Comte, France. 15th century saltworks were replaced by industrial buildings in the 18th century, where saline water was pumped from underground wells and evaporated to form salt. Saline water was also piped from here from 1780 until 1895 through 21km of wood then cast iron pipes to the Royal Saltworks or Saline Royale at Arc-et-Senans to be processed. The saltworks at Salins-les-Bains ceased production in 1962 and are now listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC17_FRANCE_MC_0943.jpg
  • Underground tunnels, 13th century, linking 2 wells, 1 of which has a 19th century hydraulic pump which is still in working order, which pumped the saline water up from the layer of rock salt 250m below ground, in the Museum of Salt or Musee du Sel, designed by architects Malcotti-Roussey and opened May 2009, in the Great Saltworks at Salins-les-Bains, Jura, Bourgogne-Franche-Comte, France. 15th century saltworks were replaced by industrial buildings in the 18th century, where saline water was pumped from underground wells and evaporated to form salt. Saline water was also piped from here from 1780 until 1895 through 21km of wood then cast iron pipes to the Royal Saltworks or Saline Royale at Arc-et-Senans to be processed. The saltworks at Salins-les-Bains ceased production in 1962 and are now listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC17_FRANCE_MC_0945.jpg
  • Underground tunnels, 13th century, linking 2 wells, 1 of which has a 19th century hydraulic pump which is still in working order, which pumped the saline water up from the layer of rock salt 250m below ground, in the Museum of Salt or Musee du Sel, designed by architects Malcotti-Roussey and opened May 2009, in the Great Saltworks at Salins-les-Bains, Jura, Bourgogne-Franche-Comte, France. 15th century saltworks were replaced by industrial buildings in the 18th century, where saline water was pumped from underground wells and evaporated to form salt. Saline water was also piped from here from 1780 until 1895 through 21km of wood then cast iron pipes to the Royal Saltworks or Saline Royale at Arc-et-Senans to be processed. The saltworks at Salins-les-Bains ceased production in 1962 and are now listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC17_FRANCE_MC_0942.jpg
  • Underground tunnels, 13th century, linking 2 wells, 1 of which has a 19th century hydraulic pump which is still in working order, which pumped the saline water up from the layer of rock salt 250m below ground, in the Museum of Salt or Musee du Sel, designed by architects Malcotti-Roussey and opened May 2009, in the Great Saltworks at Salins-les-Bains, Jura, Bourgogne-Franche-Comte, France. 15th century saltworks were replaced by industrial buildings in the 18th century, where saline water was pumped from underground wells and evaporated to form salt. Saline water was also piped from here from 1780 until 1895 through 21km of wood then cast iron pipes to the Royal Saltworks or Saline Royale at Arc-et-Senans to be processed. The saltworks at Salins-les-Bains ceased production in 1962 and are now listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC17_FRANCE_MC_0941.jpg
  • Underground tunnels, 13th century, linking 2 wells, 1 of which has a 19th century hydraulic pump which is still in working order, which pumped the saline water up from the layer of rock salt 250m below ground, in the Museum of Salt or Musee du Sel, designed by architects Malcotti-Roussey and opened May 2009, in the Great Saltworks at Salins-les-Bains, Jura, Bourgogne-Franche-Comte, France. 15th century saltworks were replaced by industrial buildings in the 18th century, where saline water was pumped from underground wells and evaporated to form salt. Saline water was also piped from here from 1780 until 1895 through 21km of wood then cast iron pipes to the Royal Saltworks or Saline Royale at Arc-et-Senans to be processed. The saltworks at Salins-les-Bains ceased production in 1962 and are now listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC17_FRANCE_MC_0939.jpg
  • Underground tunnels, 13th century, linking 2 wells, 1 of which has a 19th century hydraulic pump which is still in working order, which pumped the saline water up from the layer of rock salt 250m below ground, in the Museum of Salt or Musee du Sel, designed by architects Malcotti-Roussey and opened May 2009, in the Great Saltworks at Salins-les-Bains, Jura, Bourgogne-Franche-Comte, France. 15th century saltworks were replaced by industrial buildings in the 18th century, where saline water was pumped from underground wells and evaporated to form salt. Saline water was also piped from here from 1780 until 1895 through 21km of wood then cast iron pipes to the Royal Saltworks or Saline Royale at Arc-et-Senans to be processed. The saltworks at Salins-les-Bains ceased production in 1962 and are now listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC17_FRANCE_MC_0940.jpg
  • View from the Port D'Avall beach of the Chateau Royal, Collioure, France, with the Eglise Notre Dame des Anges (right) in the distance. Much of the castle was built in the 13th and 14th centuries by the Dukes of Roussillon and the Knights Templar. In the 16th century Collioure was under Spanish control and Philip II modernised and reinforced the castle. It was taken by the French in 1659 after which the bastions were built by Vauban (1633-1707). Picasso, Matisse, Derain, Dufy, Chagall, Marquet, and many others immortalized the small Catalan harbour in their works. Picture by Manuel Cohen.
    LC_Collioure_11_MC031.jpg
  • Chateau de Beaufort en Vallee, originally built in the 11th century then rebuilt in the 13th and 14th century and used by King Rene duc d'Anjou and Jeanne de Laval in the 15th century, in Beaufort-en-Anjou, Maine-et-Loire, France. The castle was built to protect the village and the Authion valley. It is now in ruins and is listed as a historic monument. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    LC21_FRANCE_MC_0733.jpg
  • Chateau de Beaufort en Vallee, aerial view, originally built in the 11th century then rebuilt in the 13th and 14th century and used by King Rene duc d'Anjou and Jeanne de Laval in the 15th century, in Beaufort-en-Anjou, Maine-et-Loire, France. The castle was built to protect the village and the Authion valley. It is now in ruins and is listed as a historic monument. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    DRN_LC21_FRANCE_MC_0778.jpg
  • Chateau de Beaufort en Vallee, aerial view, originally built in the 11th century then rebuilt in the 13th and 14th century and used by King Rene duc d'Anjou and Jeanne de Laval in the 15th century, in Beaufort-en-Anjou, Maine-et-Loire, France. The castle was built to protect the village and the Authion valley. It is now in ruins and is listed as a historic monument. Picture by Manuel Cohen
    DRN_LC21_FRANCE_MC_0777.jpg
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